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As many of the stories in this book are about man-eating tigers, it is perhaps (1) to explain why...
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Therearealways____interestingstoriesintheseriestha
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
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SamuelClemens______MarkTwainwrotemanypopularstorie
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阅读理解Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetopla
根据短文内容完成1-5小题Lilyisarich有钱的andkindgirl.Shehasmanyn
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
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Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1describethepicturebriefly2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyitand3giveyourcommentsonthisphenomenon.
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.TheexpressionchurnoutLine4Paragraph5mostprobablymeans______.
Europeneedstoimporttoexport.ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours.ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets.Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth.ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem.MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome.WhichofthefollowingisnotabasicstandardofEUforpickingitspartners
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Theemployeesmightthinkifairlinedelayistobeavoidedthekeyfactoris
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.HowdoesGenoaprotectitsarchitecturaltreasures
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Europeneedstoimporttoexport.ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours.ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets.Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth.ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem.MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeauthor’sjudgmentofthestrategy
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 46
Europeneedstoimporttoexport.ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours.ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets.Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth.ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem.MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome.AccordingtotheParagraph1howcanEuropeansgettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.Accordingtothetextthenewrules______.
Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus--andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop’recklessexperimentsit’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret.Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinkinghesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesarighttoresearchhasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars--ThomasEmersonJeromeBarronWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green--wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience.CertainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingitBarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Barnsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbe-causehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthattheFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch.Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBarnsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacetheright-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtothetighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report.Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissibleThegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanproveacompellinginterestlikepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution.TheviewsofKassandO.T.A.oncloningresearchare
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 42
Inthe1960sPeru’ssugarindustrywasamongthemostefficientintheworld.Itwasalldownhillthereafter.Amilitarygovernmentexpropriatedthesugarestatesonthecountry’snorthcoastturningthemintogovernment-ownedco-operatives.Havingpeakedat1mtonnesin1975outputfellto400000tonnesbytheearly1990s.Butsincethenthesugarindustryhaspassedintoprivatehandsagain.Overthepastdecadeproductionhasreturnedtoitshistoricpeak—andisnowsettoboom.Thechangehasbeengradual.Thegovernmenthassolditsstakeintheindustryintranches.Butnowinvestorsarepilingin.AsinotherpartsofSouthandCentralAmericatheyareattractedbyhigherpricesforsugarbecauseofitsuseforethanol.Industrysourcespredictthatlandundersugarwillexpandby10000hectares25000acresayearmorethandoublingoutputoverthenextdecade.ThatwouldturnPeruintoanexporter—thoughnotonthescaleofBrazilorColombia.LastyearlocalinvestorssecuredacontrollingstakeinCasaGrandethelargestsugarplantation.BioterraaSpanishcompanyplansa$90methanolplantnearby.MapleaTexascompanyhasbought10600hectaresoflandinthenortherndepartmentofPiura.Itsplanscallforaninvestmentof$120mandethanolproductionof120mlitresayear.BrazilianandEcuadoreaninvestorsarealsoactive.PartoftheattractionisthatPeruhassignedafree-tradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.ProvidedthatitcansatisfytheconcernsofthenewDemocratic-controlledCongressinWashingtonD.C.abouttheenforcementoflabourrightsthisagreementshouldbeapprovedlaterthisyear.ItwouldrenderpermanentexistingtradepreferencesunderwhichethanolfromPerucanentertheUnitedStatesdutyfree.BycontrastethanolexportedfromBraziltheworld’sbiggestproducermustpayatariffof54centsagallon.Twoharshrealitiesmightsourthesesweetdreams.ColombiaCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublicallenjoysimilarpreferencesandhavesimilarplans.Colombiaalreadyproduces360mlitresayearofethanolmuchofitforexport.Thesecondquestioniswhethersugar—athirstycrop—isthebestuseofPeru’sdesertcoastalstripwithitsprecariouswatersupply.Oneofthecountry’sachievementsofthepastdecadehasbeentheprivatesector’sdevelopmentofnewexportcrops.Itwouldbeironicifthesebusinesseswerethreatenedbysugar’sprivatisation.ThewordprecariousParagraph5mostprobablymeans______.
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 44
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 20
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 48
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./IntheeyesofGreenUnitedAirlines
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Inthe1960sPeru’ssugarindustrywasamongthemostefficientintheworld.Itwasalldownhillthereafter.Amilitarygovernmentexpropriatedthesugarestatesonthecountry’snorthcoastturningthemintogovernment-ownedco-operatives.Havingpeakedat1mtonnesin1975outputfellto400000tonnesbytheearly1990s.Butsincethenthesugarindustryhaspassedintoprivatehandsagain.Overthepastdecadeproductionhasreturnedtoitshistoricpeak—andisnowsettoboom.Thechangehasbeengradual.Thegovernmenthassolditsstakeintheindustryintranches.Butnowinvestorsarepilingin.AsinotherpartsofSouthandCentralAmericatheyareattractedbyhigherpricesforsugarbecauseofitsuseforethanol.Industrysourcespredictthatlandundersugarwillexpandby10000hectares25000acresayearmorethandoublingoutputoverthenextdecade.ThatwouldturnPeruintoanexporter—thoughnotonthescaleofBrazilorColombia.LastyearlocalinvestorssecuredacontrollingstakeinCasaGrandethelargestsugarplantation.BioterraaSpanishcompanyplansa$90methanolplantnearby.MapleaTexascompanyhasbought10600hectaresoflandinthenortherndepartmentofPiura.Itsplanscallforaninvestmentof$120mandethanolproductionof120mlitresayear.BrazilianandEcuadoreaninvestorsarealsoactive.PartoftheattractionisthatPeruhassignedafree-tradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.ProvidedthatitcansatisfytheconcernsofthenewDemocratic-controlledCongressinWashingtonD.C.abouttheenforcementoflabourrightsthisagreementshouldbeapprovedlaterthisyear.ItwouldrenderpermanentexistingtradepreferencesunderwhichethanolfromPerucanentertheUnitedStatesdutyfree.BycontrastethanolexportedfromBraziltheworld’sbiggestproducermustpayatariffof54centsagallon.Twoharshrealitiesmightsourthesesweetdreams.ColombiaCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublicallenjoysimilarpreferencesandhavesimilarplans.Colombiaalreadyproduces360mlitresayearofethanolmuchofitforexport.Thesecondquestioniswhethersugar—athirstycrop—isthebestuseofPeru’sdesertcoastalstripwithitsprecariouswatersupply.Oneofthecountry’sachievementsofthepastdecadehasbeentheprivatesector’sdevelopmentofnewexportcrops.Itwouldbeironicifthesebusinesseswerethreatenedbysugar’sprivatisation.Baseonthesecondparagraphwecanlearnthat______.
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.ThewordonerousLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans______.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 50
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