首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Write an essay of about 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In this essay, yo...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
热门试题
更多
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. BasedontheinformationinthepassagewhatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach.
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.
Directions. Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 注1．重点作文务必背记 2．第1段第1句译文现在北京有那么多音乐会和话剧供人们选择 3．etiquette礼节interval中间休息时间doone’spart尽责 1describethecartoonbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythecartoonand 3giveyourpointofview. Youshouldwrite160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Advertisersareappreciatedbymanufacturersbecausethey
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 50
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. TheadvertisingmanissaidtosharewiththeChurchtheBarandMedicinetheabilityto
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. TheauthorcitestheexampleofIndiatoshow
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
46A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard:forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances--realorfictional--thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.447words Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 48
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
WhyDoPeopleLiketoTryTheirLuckonLottery1.现在不少人热衷于彩票2.试举例说明其原因Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 44
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 2
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. WhatdoesthesentenceTheairhelpspurifythewaterillustrate
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Thepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickenedbecause
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
The20thcenturymayhavebeentheageofscientificadvancementbutasthenewmillenniumbegins1worldhealththeprogresshasbeensurprisinglyslow. Whowouldbelievethatthereisstillno2forcancerthat100yearsondiarrheaisstillonthetop10listsofworld-widekillersandthattuberculosisusually3.Victoriansqualor--wouldhavereemergedintheWest4growingthreat Thefactisthatdespitegrowinglife5andeconomicgrowthabillionpeopleenteredthe21stcentury6havingashareinmedicaladvances--theirlives7orscarredbydisease. AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization’slatestreportdiarrheakilled2.2mpeoplein1998andyetitisaconditionthatcaneasilybe8throughcheaprehydrationtherapy.Itwasthesixthbiggestkillerof1998anhonoursharedwithstillbirthandinfantdeaths9causeofdeaththatsmacksofthe19th1021stcentury. WHO’stop10killerslistcanalmostbedivideddownthemiddle11infectiousdiseases--afeatureoflowincomecountries--andnon-communicablediseasesuchascancerandhearttrouble12inwealthynations. Howwedieisanindicatorofour13.IntherichWestitisfromcancercardiovasculardiseaseandpsychiatricillnesses14Inpoorcountriesinfectiousdiseasesarestillthebiggestkillers. Itisalmost15thoseofuswhodon’thavetoworryaboutpovertyhavebroughtiii-healthuponourselves.16oncewewouldhuntandwalkwenowremainsedentarysmokeheavilyandputourselvesat17ofheartdiseaseandcancer. Whilewedon’tneedtouseallourenergies18wherethenextmealwillcomefromwehavemoretimeto19onexistentialissuesrelationshipsandourstandardsofliving.Perhapsit’snocoincidencethat20isthreetimesmorelikelytocauselossofhealthyyearsinEuropeandtheUSthaninAfrica. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 42
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Accordingtothepassagecustomersareattractedtoaproductbecauseitappearsto
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Fromthepassagewecanknowthat
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号