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Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. 46)Its goal is to find out...
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41__________.Themysteryinvolvesachangeintheatmoshpere—aholeorthinningoftheozoneintheatmosphereoverAntarctica.Scientistswerenotsurewhatwascausingit. 42__________.Itisfoundbothintheairwebreatheandintheupperatmosphere.Neartheearthozoneintheairisadangertolife.Itisapollutant.Butozonefound10kilometersto50kilometersupintheatmosphereprotectslifeonearth.Ozoneformsintheatmospherethroughtheactionofsolarradiation.Onceformedtheozoneblocksharmfulradiationfromreachingtheearth.Scientistssayadecreaseinozoneandanincreaseintheharmfulradiationwillcausemanymorecasesofskincancerandwillharmcropsanimalsandfish. 43__________. Chlorineisreleasedintotheairfromthechlorofluorocarbons—orCFCs—usedinplasticairconditionersandspraycans.TheuseofCFCshasgreatlyincreasedworldwidesince1960andiscontinuingtoincrease.Thedestructionoftheozoneintheatmospherealsohasincreased. Aninternationaleffortisbeingmadetohaltthelossofatmosphericozone.Butmanyexpertsfeartheeffortwillnotproduceresultsfastenoughtopreventharmtolifeonearth.Thirty-onenationsnegotiatedatreatylastyear1987callingforareductionintheworldwideproductionofchlorofluorocarbons.Itwaspraisedatthetimeasamajorstepinhaltingfurtherdestructionoftheozone.CutsinthepresentproductionofCFCswillbegininthemid-1990s. 44__________. Harmfulchemicalstakefrom7to10yearstoriseupintotheatmosphere.DamagefromtheincreaseuseofCFCsinthispastdecadestillhasnotbeenfelt.Governmentscientistssaymorethantwotimesthemountofthesegaseswillbeintheatmospherebeforethelevelsstoprising. 45__________.Scientistspointoutamoleculeofchlorineremainsintheatmosphereforaslongas100years.Duringthattimeitdestroystensofthousandsofozonemolecules. [A]WhyhastheozoneproblemdevelopedNooneknowsforsure.Butscientistssaytheevidenceisverystrongthatthechlorineinchlorofluorocarbons含氯氟烃iscausingmuchoftheproblem. [B]Almost30yearsafterscientistsdiscoveredthatcommonindustrialgasesweredestroyingEarth’sprotectiveozonelayersatellitereadingsandgroundobservationsshowforthefirsttimethatthedangerousrateofozonelossisfinallyslowing. [C]Ozoneisathree-atomformofoxygengas. [D]Therehavebeensomenewdevelopmentsinacontinuingmysterywehavereportedaboutmanytimes. [E]Scientistsalsosaydamagetoozonewillcontinuebecauseofthelonglifeofthechemicalgasesreleasedintotheatmosphere. [F]TheozoneproblemcausedbyCFCswasfirstnoticedasearlyasthe1960s. [G]Howevermostscientistsnowagreedestructionoftheozonewillcontinuefordecades.Theysaythiswillhappeneventhoughindustriesandgovernmentsdotheirbesttocontrolthedamage. 42
Text3 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Inthetropicalareas
InrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStates.Costsarestaggeringbothforthetaxpayersandthelitigants—andthelitigantsorpartieshavetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeconcerningmethodsofamelioratingthesituationbutasinmostbranchesofgovernmentchangescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathaveanoverabundanceofpendingcasestoborrowjudgesfromotherdistrictsthatdonothavesuchabacklog.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetsinhischamberswiththelitigantsandtheirattorneysinordertonarrowtheissueslimitthewitnessesandprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendleastimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents’evidence.Unfortunatelyatleastonestudyhasshownthatpretrialconferencesactuallyusemorejudicialtimethantheysaverarelyresultinpretrialsettlementsandactuallyresultinhigherdamagesettlements.Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethodsmall-claimscourtsinwhichcasesoversmallsumsofmoneycanbedisposedofwithconsiderabledispatch.Suchproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCaliforniaforexamplethepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceofcounsel.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisnopleading—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlyaone-sentencestatementoftheirclaim.Bygoingtothistypeofcourttheplaintiffwaivesanyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.Incomingyearswecanexpecttoseemoreandmoreinnovationsinthecontinuingefforttoremedyasituationwhichmustberemediedifthecitizenswhohavevalidclaimsaregoingtobeabletohavetheirdayincourt.Whatcanweassumefromthepassage
GeorgeBernardShaw1856—1950wasborninDublinIreland.Attheageof14aftergraduatingfrommiddleschoolShawwasputintoajobasclerkinalandagent’soffice.At20hewenttoLondonwhereheremainedjoblessfor9yearsdevotingmuchtimetoself-education.MeantimeShawtookanactivepartinthesocialistmovement.AcontemporaryofShaw’sthuswroteofhim:IusedtobeadailyfrequenteroftheBritishMuseumReadingRoom.Evenmoreassiduousinhisattendancewasayoungman....Mycuriositywaspiquedbytheoddconjunctionofhissubjectsofresearch.Dayafterdayforweekshehadbeforehimtwobooks—KarlMarx’s’DasKapital’inFrenchandanorchestralscore管弦乐乐谱of’TristanandIsolde’.ThoughShawadmittedMarx’sgreatinfluenceonhimhefailedtograspthenecessityofarevolutionaryreconstructionoftheworld.AstronginfluencewasexercisedonShawbytheFabiansocietytheEnglishreformistorganization.IntheearlyperiodofhisliterarycareerShawwrotesomenovelsAnUnsocialSocialistandothersinwhichhedevelopedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismbitterlycriticizingthestupiditysnobbishnessandpettytyrannyofthemiddleclass.IntheninetiesShawturnedtothetheatrefirstworkingasadramaticcriticthenwritingplaysforthestage.Hisroleinthedevelopmentofdramaturgyisverygreat.Shawwasanenemyofartforart’ssake.Hewroteforart’ssakeIwillnotfacethetoilofwritingasentence.Heusedthestagetocriticizetheevilsofcapitalism.Hewrote51playsintotaltheimportantonesincludingWidower’sHousesSaintJoanandTheAppleCart.InhisplaysShawlaidbarethegrossinjusticeandutterinhumanityofthebourgeoissociety.Thisheachievednotsomuchbythestructuresofplotsinhisplaysasbythebrilliantdialoguesbetweenthecharacters.HisexposureofcapitalistsocietyisverysignificantanditplacesShawamongthemostimportantrepresentativesofcriticalrealisminmodernEnglishliterature.InhisplaysShawachievedtheexposureofcapitalistsociety______.
Text1 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibrescancausecancer
Text2 Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty. Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging. Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. Accordingtotheauthoranidealmarriagelife
Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermoretheadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasonshowever.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudiesoneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheuniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburgercarrotsbreadbakingpowdercannedpeachesandpotatoeswiththebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhiteminfifthplaceonbothlistsread1lb.MaxwellHouseCoffeeononelistandNestleInstantCoffeeontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneinagroupoffiftywomenandtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribeasfarastheycouldthekindofwomenpersonalityandcharacterwhowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhandonlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewifewhohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlistaslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.Accordingtothepassagemostpeoplesaidtheydidn’tlikeinstantcoffeebecause______.
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 42
Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermoretheadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasonshowever.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudiesoneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheuniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburgercarrotsbreadbakingpowdercannedpeachesandpotatoeswiththebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhiteminfifthplaceonbothlistsread1lb.MaxwellHouseCoffeeononelistandNestleInstantCoffeeontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneinagroupoffiftywomenandtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribeasfarastheycouldthekindofwomenpersonalityandcharacterwhowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhandonlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewifewhohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlistaslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.Accordingtothepassagemanywomenpreferredregularcoffeetoinstantcoffeebecause______.
InrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStates.Costsarestaggeringbothforthetaxpayersandthelitigants—andthelitigantsorpartieshavetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeconcerningmethodsofamelioratingthesituationbutasinmostbranchesofgovernmentchangescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathaveanoverabundanceofpendingcasestoborrowjudgesfromotherdistrictsthatdonothavesuchabacklog.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetsinhischamberswiththelitigantsandtheirattorneysinordertonarrowtheissueslimitthewitnessesandprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendleastimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents’evidence.Unfortunatelyatleastonestudyhasshownthatpretrialconferencesactuallyusemorejudicialtimethantheysaverarelyresultinpretrialsettlementsandactuallyresultinhigherdamagesettlements.Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethodsmall-claimscourtsinwhichcasesoversmallsumsofmoneycanbedisposedofwithconsiderabledispatch.Suchproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCaliforniaforexamplethepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceofcounsel.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisnopleading—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlyaone-sentencestatementoftheirclaim.Bygoingtothistypeofcourttheplaintiffwaivesanyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.Incomingyearswecanexpecttoseemoreandmoreinnovationsinthecontinuingefforttoremedyasituationwhichmustberemediedifthecitizenswhohavevalidclaimsaregoingtobeabletohavetheirdayincourt.Thewordlitigantsmeansmostnearly______.
OnthegroundfloorofafivestorybuildinginRomeItalyaleadapronedmancarefullyplacesa400-year-o.ldpaintingonatable.Thenhestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50000-voltX-raymachine.Nearbyanotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoaspecialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrombehindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting. SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome’sInstituteofRestoration.41____________IntermsofantreasuresItalyisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939whenItaly’sgovernmentfoundedtheInstitutethecountry"smuseumshadtohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.SaysDoctorUrbani"Mostoftherestorersdidnothavepropertraining.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood." Nowondertheydidharm.42____________. 43____________.Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture. Anynumberofthingscandamage’anartwork.Smogeatsawayatstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodandcanvastoswellshrinkandfinallyrot.ForoneartshowapaintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflightthecanvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbeganpeeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRometherewasahalfbarepainting——andapileoftinycoloredflakes. DoctorUrbaniremembers"Thepaintingwasrushedtous.Itlookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonthsofslowcarefulworkeverypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzledbacktogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowelldonethatnodamagecouldbeseen. Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospitalitgoestothelaboratorywherescientificworkisdone.Infraredandultra-violetphotographsaretaken.44____________.NewercoatsofpaintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaintifthereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowingonthesurfacethepaintingisfinallyX-rayed. Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.45____________.For24hoursadeadlygasseepsintoallthecracksinthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingsontorncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedandironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlifebyoneoftherestorers. [A]Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspotsmostearlyrestorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand. [B]Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaintitbeganremovingdirtandoldyellowedvarnishwithcottondippedinaspecialliquid. [C]HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbanithemenandwomenhereworkatkeepingworksofartingoodhealth. [D]Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethintopcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentoucheduporpaintedoverinthepast. [E]Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoaporscrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples. [F]Tiledoorissealedshut. [G]Aftercleaningtheybeganthejoboffillinginthespotswherepaintwasmissing. 44
InrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStates.Costsarestaggeringbothforthetaxpayersandthelitigants—andthelitigantsorpartieshavetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeconcerningmethodsofamelioratingthesituationbutasinmostbranchesofgovernmentchangescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathaveanoverabundanceofpendingcasestoborrowjudgesfromotherdistrictsthatdonothavesuchabacklog.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetsinhischamberswiththelitigantsandtheirattorneysinordertonarrowtheissueslimitthewitnessesandprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendleastimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents’evidence.Unfortunatelyatleastonestudyhasshownthatpretrialconferencesactuallyusemorejudicialtimethantheysaverarelyresultinpretrialsettlementsandactuallyresultinhigherdamagesettlements.Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethodsmall-claimscourtsinwhichcasesoversmallsumsofmoneycanbedisposedofwithconsiderabledispatch.Suchproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCaliforniaforexamplethepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceofcounsel.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisnopleading—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlyaone-sentencestatementoftheirclaim.Bygoingtothistypeofcourttheplaintiffwaivesanyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.Incomingyearswecanexpecttoseemoreandmoreinnovationsinthecontinuingefforttoremedyasituationwhichmustberemediedifthecitizenswhohavevalidclaimsaregoingtobeabletohavetheirdayincourt.ThepretrialconferenceintheoryissupposedtodoallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.
Text3 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScotlandandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Improve-meatsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproducedMilkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Be-tween1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermany.featuresthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethes0iltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopweeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. ApieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationOnthefarm.latheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtreesgainandblendfeedanddrygainandhay.EquipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayanexactrowwidthandtocountoutSpaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfricaAgricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlandislaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspal-lingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenot0nlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.ButthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhereIntroducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Bysayingthattheproblemsofmechanizingsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnaturetheauthormeans
Text2 Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty. Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging. Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. Intheauthor'sopinionadivorceisnotanevilact
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif
WiththerapidgrowthofChina’seconomyinrecentyearsChina’sforeigntradehasbegunanumberofnewpragmaticandflexiblepracticesinforeigntradepolicyopendoorpolicyandforeigntradesystem. 46InthefirstplaceChina’sforeigntradepolicyiscoupledwithChina’sdomesticeconomicreformprogram.47ImportpolicyisaimedatacquiringcapitalthatembodiesthemoderntechnologyneededtodevelopChina’seconomy.48China’sexportcapabilityisexpandingduetotheimprovementoftheimportationofforeigncapitaltechnologyandmanagementskills.AccordingtothefiguresissuedbyChina’sMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeMOFERTthetotalvalueofimportsandexportsisincreasingsteadily. NexttherapidgrowthofChina’seconomyneeds"OpenDoorPolicy".ThekeytothispolicyistoopenChinatoinflowsofforeigntechnologyandforeigninvestment.TowardthisendtheChineseestablished"specialeconomiczones"in1979wherespecialincentivesarebeingusedtoattractforeigncapitalandtechnology.FoursuchzonesweresetupthreeinGuangdongProvinceandoneinFujianProvince.49Withtheestablishmentoffourspecialeconomiczones"economicandtechnicaldevelopmentzones"weresetupin14coastalcitiesin1980andasthenextsteptheChinesehaveannouncedthattheywillopenupseveralriverdeltaregionsincludingtheChangjiangRiverdeltaandthePearlRiverdelta. ThirdlyChina’sforeigntradesystemhasundergonesignificantchangesinthelastfewyears.AlthoughforeigntradeisstillcarriedoutbytheForeignTradeCorporationFTCsupervisedbytheMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeChina’sindustrialdepartmentsandprovincialandlocalenterpriseshavetakenamoreactiveroleinChina’sforeigntrade.Manyoftheseorganizationshaveestablishedimportandexportcorporationsoftheirownwiththeauthoritytoconducttechnicalandcommercialnegotiationswithforeignfirms.Industrialcorporationsareresponsiblefortheirownprofitsandlosses.Certainplantsandfactoriesarealsopermittedtohavemorecontactwithforeignfirmsandauthoritytonegotiatesalescontractsbythemselves. 50ThedecentralizatoinofChina’sforeigntradehasbenefitedforeigntradeorganizationsatdifferentlevelscitiesprovincesandautonomousregionswheretheforeigntradehasthereforebeenbetterhandled. China’sexportcapabilityisexpandingduetotheimprovementoftheimportationofforeigncapitaltechnologyandmanagementskills.
Directions:Title:TheProspectsofthe21stCenturyOutline:1.Whatwilltheworldbelikeinthetwenty-firstcentury2.Yettheeffectoftheadvancedtechnologymayconflictwiththebenefitswewillgainfromthenewageofsciencetechnology.3.Tousstudentthetwenty-firstcenturymorelikelymeansachallengethanachange.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
InaninterviewlastmonthFrankChurchchairmanoftheSenatecommitteethatisinvestigatingtheCIAissuedanobliquebutimpassionedwarningthatthetechnologyofeavesdroppinghadbecomesohighlydevelopedthatAmericansmightsoonbeleftwithnoplacetohide.Thatdaymayhavearrived.Newsweekhaslearnedthatthecountry’smostsecretintelligenceoperationtheNationalSecurityAgencyalreadypossessesthecomputerizedequipmenttomonitornearlyalloverseastelephonecallsandmostdomesticandinternationalprintedmessages.Theagency’sdevicesmonitorthousandsoftelephonecircuitscablelinesandthemicrowavetransmissonsthatcarryanincreasingshareofbothspokenandwrittencommunications.Computersareprogramedtowatchfortriggerwordsorphrasesindicatingthatamessagemightinterestintelligenceanalysiswhenthetriggerispulledentiremessagesaretape-recordedorprintedout.Thatkindofeavesdroppingishoweverrelativelysimplecomparedwiththebreakthroughsthatlieaheadinthefieldofsnoopery.Alreadyitistechnicallyfeasibletobuganelectrictypewriterbypickingupitsfeebleelectronicemissionsfromaremotelocationandthentranslatingthemintowords.Andsomescientistsbelievethatitmaybepossibleinthefutureforremoteelectronicequipmenttointerceptandreadhumanbrainwaves.Wheresuchcapabilitiesexistsotoodoesthepotentialforabuse.Itistheoldstoryoftechnologyrushingforwardwithsomenewwonderbeforethemanwhosupposedlycontrolthemachineshavefigureouthowtopreventthemachinesfromcontrollingthem.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardseavesdropping
GeorgeBernardShaw1856—1950wasborninDublinIreland.Attheageof14aftergraduatingfrommiddleschoolShawwasputintoajobasclerkinalandagent’soffice.At20hewenttoLondonwhereheremainedjoblessfor9yearsdevotingmuchtimetoself-education.MeantimeShawtookanactivepartinthesocialistmovement.AcontemporaryofShaw’sthuswroteofhim:IusedtobeadailyfrequenteroftheBritishMuseumReadingRoom.Evenmoreassiduousinhisattendancewasayoungman....Mycuriositywaspiquedbytheoddconjunctionofhissubjectsofresearch.Dayafterdayforweekshehadbeforehimtwobooks—KarlMarx’s’DasKapital’inFrenchandanorchestralscore管弦乐乐谱of’TristanandIsolde’.ThoughShawadmittedMarx’sgreatinfluenceonhimhefailedtograspthenecessityofarevolutionaryreconstructionoftheworld.AstronginfluencewasexercisedonShawbytheFabiansocietytheEnglishreformistorganization.IntheearlyperiodofhisliterarycareerShawwrotesomenovelsAnUnsocialSocialistandothersinwhichhedevelopedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismbitterlycriticizingthestupiditysnobbishnessandpettytyrannyofthemiddleclass.IntheninetiesShawturnedtothetheatrefirstworkingasadramaticcriticthenwritingplaysforthestage.Hisroleinthedevelopmentofdramaturgyisverygreat.Shawwasanenemyofartforart’ssake.Hewroteforart’ssakeIwillnotfacethetoilofwritingasentence.Heusedthestagetocriticizetheevilsofcapitalism.Hewrote51playsintotaltheimportantonesincludingWidower’sHousesSaintJoanandTheAppleCart.InhisplaysShawlaidbarethegrossinjusticeandutterinhumanityofthebourgeoissociety.Thisheachievednotsomuchbythestructuresofplotsinhisplaysasbythebrilliantdialoguesbetweenthecharacters.HisexposureofcapitalistsocietyisverysignificantanditplacesShawamongthemostimportantrepresentativesofcriticalrealisminmodernEnglishliterature.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisclosestinmeaningtothesecondparagraph
WiththerapidgrowthofChina’seconomyinrecentyearsChina’sforeigntradehasbegunanumberofnewpragmaticandflexiblepracticesinforeigntradepolicyopendoorpolicyandforeigntradesystem. 46InthefirstplaceChina’sforeigntradepolicyiscoupledwithChina’sdomesticeconomicreformprogram.47ImportpolicyisaimedatacquiringcapitalthatembodiesthemoderntechnologyneededtodevelopChina’seconomy.48China’sexportcapabilityisexpandingduetotheimprovementoftheimportationofforeigncapitaltechnologyandmanagementskills.AccordingtothefiguresissuedbyChina’sMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeMOFERTthetotalvalueofimportsandexportsisincreasingsteadily. NexttherapidgrowthofChina’seconomyneeds"OpenDoorPolicy".ThekeytothispolicyistoopenChinatoinflowsofforeigntechnologyandforeigninvestment.TowardthisendtheChineseestablished"specialeconomiczones"in1979wherespecialincentivesarebeingusedtoattractforeigncapitalandtechnology.FoursuchzonesweresetupthreeinGuangdongProvinceandoneinFujianProvince.49Withtheestablishmentoffourspecialeconomiczones"economicandtechnicaldevelopmentzones"weresetupin14coastalcitiesin1980andasthenextsteptheChinesehaveannouncedthattheywillopenupseveralriverdeltaregionsincludingtheChangjiangRiverdeltaandthePearlRiverdelta. ThirdlyChina’sforeigntradesystemhasundergonesignificantchangesinthelastfewyears.AlthoughforeigntradeisstillcarriedoutbytheForeignTradeCorporationFTCsupervisedbytheMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeChina’sindustrialdepartmentsandprovincialandlocalenterpriseshavetakenamoreactiveroleinChina’sforeigntrade.Manyoftheseorganizationshaveestablishedimportandexportcorporationsoftheirownwiththeauthoritytoconducttechnicalandcommercialnegotiationswithforeignfirms.Industrialcorporationsareresponsiblefortheirownprofitsandlosses.Certainplantsandfactoriesarealsopermittedtohavemorecontactwithforeignfirmsandauthoritytonegotiatesalescontractsbythemselves. 50ThedecentralizatoinofChina’sforeigntradehasbenefitedforeigntradeorganizationsatdifferentlevelscitiesprovincesandautonomousregionswheretheforeigntradehasthereforebeenbetterhandled. ThedecentralizatoinofChina’sforeigntradehasbenefitedforeigntradeorganizationsatdifferentlevelscitiesprovincesandautonomousregionswheretheforeigntradehasthereforebeenbetterhandled.
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis
41__________.Themysteryinvolvesachangeintheatmoshpere—aholeorthinningoftheozoneintheatmosphereoverAntarctica.Scientistswerenotsurewhatwascausingit. 42__________.Itisfoundbothintheairwebreatheandintheupperatmosphere.Neartheearthozoneintheairisadangertolife.Itisapollutant.Butozonefound10kilometersto50kilometersupintheatmosphereprotectslifeonearth.Ozoneformsintheatmospherethroughtheactionofsolarradiation.Onceformedtheozoneblocksharmfulradiationfromreachingtheearth.Scientistssayadecreaseinozoneandanincreaseintheharmfulradiationwillcausemanymorecasesofskincancerandwillharmcropsanimalsandfish. 43__________. Chlorineisreleasedintotheairfromthechlorofluorocarbons—orCFCs—usedinplasticairconditionersandspraycans.TheuseofCFCshasgreatlyincreasedworldwidesince1960andiscontinuingtoincrease.Thedestructionoftheozoneintheatmospherealsohasincreased. Aninternationaleffortisbeingmadetohaltthelossofatmosphericozone.Butmanyexpertsfeartheeffortwillnotproduceresultsfastenoughtopreventharmtolifeonearth.Thirty-onenationsnegotiatedatreatylastyear1987callingforareductionintheworldwideproductionofchlorofluorocarbons.Itwaspraisedatthetimeasamajorstepinhaltingfurtherdestructionoftheozone.CutsinthepresentproductionofCFCswillbegininthemid-1990s. 44__________. Harmfulchemicalstakefrom7to10yearstoriseupintotheatmosphere.DamagefromtheincreaseuseofCFCsinthispastdecadestillhasnotbeenfelt.Governmentscientistssaymorethantwotimesthemountofthesegaseswillbeintheatmospherebeforethelevelsstoprising. 45__________.Scientistspointoutamoleculeofchlorineremainsintheatmosphereforaslongas100years.Duringthattimeitdestroystensofthousandsofozonemolecules. [A]WhyhastheozoneproblemdevelopedNooneknowsforsure.Butscientistssaytheevidenceisverystrongthatthechlorineinchlorofluorocarbons含氯氟烃iscausingmuchoftheproblem. [B]Almost30yearsafterscientistsdiscoveredthatcommonindustrialgasesweredestroyingEarth’sprotectiveozonelayersatellitereadingsandgroundobservationsshowforthefirsttimethatthedangerousrateofozonelossisfinallyslowing. [C]Ozoneisathree-atomformofoxygengas. [D]Therehavebeensomenewdevelopmentsinacontinuingmysterywehavereportedaboutmanytimes. [E]Scientistsalsosaydamagetoozonewillcontinuebecauseofthelonglifeofthechemicalgasesreleasedintotheatmosphere. [F]TheozoneproblemcausedbyCFCswasfirstnoticedasearlyasthe1960s. [G]Howevermostscientistsnowagreedestructionoftheozonewillcontinuefordecades.Theysaythiswillhappeneventhoughindustriesandgovernmentsdotheirbesttocontrolthedamage. 44
Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermoretheadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasonshowever.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudiesoneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheuniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:hamburgercarrotsbreadbakingpowdercannedpeachesandpotatoeswiththebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhiteminfifthplaceonbothlistsread1lb.MaxwellHouseCoffeeononelistandNestleInstantCoffeeontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneinagroupoffiftywomenandtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribeasfarastheycouldthekindofwomenpersonalityandcharacterwhowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhandonlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewifewhohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlistaslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablynotagoodwife!Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.Howmanyitemswereinludedineachshoppingfist
WiththerapidgrowthofChina’seconomyinrecentyearsChina’sforeigntradehasbegunanumberofnewpragmaticandflexiblepracticesinforeigntradepolicyopendoorpolicyandforeigntradesystem. 46InthefirstplaceChina’sforeigntradepolicyiscoupledwithChina’sdomesticeconomicreformprogram.47ImportpolicyisaimedatacquiringcapitalthatembodiesthemoderntechnologyneededtodevelopChina’seconomy.48China’sexportcapabilityisexpandingduetotheimprovementoftheimportationofforeigncapitaltechnologyandmanagementskills.AccordingtothefiguresissuedbyChina’sMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeMOFERTthetotalvalueofimportsandexportsisincreasingsteadily. NexttherapidgrowthofChina’seconomyneeds"OpenDoorPolicy".ThekeytothispolicyistoopenChinatoinflowsofforeigntechnologyandforeigninvestment.TowardthisendtheChineseestablished"specialeconomiczones"in1979wherespecialincentivesarebeingusedtoattractforeigncapitalandtechnology.FoursuchzonesweresetupthreeinGuangdongProvinceandoneinFujianProvince.49Withtheestablishmentoffourspecialeconomiczones"economicandtechnicaldevelopmentzones"weresetupin14coastalcitiesin1980andasthenextsteptheChinesehaveannouncedthattheywillopenupseveralriverdeltaregionsincludingtheChangjiangRiverdeltaandthePearlRiverdelta. ThirdlyChina’sforeigntradesystemhasundergonesignificantchangesinthelastfewyears.AlthoughforeigntradeisstillcarriedoutbytheForeignTradeCorporationFTCsupervisedbytheMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeChina’sindustrialdepartmentsandprovincialandlocalenterpriseshavetakenamoreactiveroleinChina’sforeigntrade.Manyoftheseorganizationshaveestablishedimportandexportcorporationsoftheirownwiththeauthoritytoconducttechnicalandcommercialnegotiationswithforeignfirms.Industrialcorporationsareresponsiblefortheirownprofitsandlosses.Certainplantsandfactoriesarealsopermittedtohavemorecontactwithforeignfirmsandauthoritytonegotiatesalescontractsbythemselves. 50ThedecentralizatoinofChina’sforeigntradehasbenefitedforeigntradeorganizationsatdifferentlevelscitiesprovincesandautonomousregionswheretheforeigntradehasthereforebeenbetterhandled. InthefirstplaceChina’sforeigntradepolicyiscoupledwithChina’sdomesticeconomicreformprogram.
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience
InaninterviewlastmonthFrankChurchchairmanoftheSenatecommitteethatisinvestigatingtheCIAissuedanobliquebutimpassionedwarningthatthetechnologyofeavesdroppinghadbecomesohighlydevelopedthatAmericansmightsoonbeleftwithnoplacetohide.Thatdaymayhavearrived.Newsweekhaslearnedthatthecountry’smostsecretintelligenceoperationtheNationalSecurityAgencyalreadypossessesthecomputerizedequipmenttomonitornearlyalloverseastelephonecallsandmostdomesticandinternationalprintedmessages.Theagency’sdevicesmonitorthousandsoftelephonecircuitscablelinesandthemicrowavetransmissonsthatcarryanincreasingshareofbothspokenandwrittencommunications.Computersareprogramedtowatchfortriggerwordsorphrasesindicatingthatamessagemightinterestintelligenceanalysiswhenthetriggerispulledentiremessagesaretape-recordedorprintedout.Thatkindofeavesdroppingishoweverrelativelysimplecomparedwiththebreakthroughsthatlieaheadinthefieldofsnoopery.Alreadyitistechnicallyfeasibletobuganelectrictypewriterbypickingupitsfeebleelectronicemissionsfromaremotelocationandthentranslatingthemintowords.Andsomescientistsbelievethatitmaybepossibleinthefutureforremoteelectronicequipmenttointerceptandreadhumanbrainwaves.Wheresuchcapabilitiesexistsotoodoesthepotentialforabuse.Itistheoldstoryoftechnologyrushingforwardwithsomenewwonderbeforethemanwhosupposedlycontrolthemachineshavefigureouthowtopreventthemachinesfromcontrollingthem.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobebugged
Text4 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-80whentheyalsoalmosttri-pled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sotherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexperts.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthalthe’sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortItem. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetuxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsinthe’oilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsecouldhemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnettolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.46Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.47"Inshort"paleaderofthenewschoolcontend%"thescientificrevolutionaswecallitwaslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections". 48Overtheyear%toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileoNewtonMaxwellEinsteinandinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportancetoandderivedgreatbenefitfromcraftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments. Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yesgenius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemyanastronomerofthesecondcenturywhoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.49Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvemoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestoryaccordingtothenewschoolofscientistswasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses. Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.50WhethertheGovernmentshouldin-creasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa反之oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce. Sciencemovesforwardtheysaynotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools
Text1 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealdangercomesfrom
Text2 Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty. Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging. Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordshackledmeans
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