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Text 4 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return Since OPEC agreed to suppl...
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Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 12
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytaking’controlofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 48
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethefollowingdrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewithselfishgenesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycallstrongreciprocity.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture.ThewritementionedthecaseofthehunterwhoshareshisspoilswithothersPara.3todemonstrate
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 18
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.16
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.4
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.12
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration.Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewithselfishgenesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate.Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest.Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycallstrongreciprocity.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture.Accordingthetheoryofkinselectionhumanstendtoactaltruistically
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./Itcaninferredfromthetextthat
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.2
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.Thepassageisprimarily______inthedevelopmentofthethesis.
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor--thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells--whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection--itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefar-reachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfull-blownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromising--andsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIV--howeverweakened--intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 44
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytaking’controlofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 50
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor--thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells--whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection--itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefar-reachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfull-blownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromising--andsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIV--howeverweakened--intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 42
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytaking’controlofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. 46
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.18
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.TheDNAdesignedbyEvan’stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfromthatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformerischaracterizedbyits
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Inascience-fictionmoviecalledSpeciesamysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory.GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersofSpeciesdidnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell.MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears.Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possiblemotifsorfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthegenewriter.DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout.AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood.Thispassageismainly
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms.Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons.ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid.Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningoffactsintendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues.Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudiauthorityliesin
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.14
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 14
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 16
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe 7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. 20
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.8
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.10
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.6
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms.Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons.ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid.Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningoffactsintendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues.Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.AccordingtotheauthortheSaudieducationsystemischaracterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison
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