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TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 7
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 41
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.ThecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Analyzingthecurrentstateoftheonlineadvertisinginparagraph4theauthorimpliesthat
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatisscientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethoughttobebeyonddispute.WecansafelysaywithafewminorexceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthisperiodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnatureadeviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtotheplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthehome.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todothisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanontheotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkandtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforallwomenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离becaughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythingsunduly过度地不恰当地TheauthorbelievesthatsexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960swas
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法Accordingtoparagraph2theinterestamongphotographersineachofthephotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 19
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 15
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthenwriteasummarybasedonit.Yourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIncreasinglyoverthepasttenyearspeople--especiallyyoungpeople--havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabitsbecausemuchofthefoodtheyeatparticularlyprocessedfoodisnotgoodforthehealth.Consequentlytherehasbeenagrowinginterestinnaturalfoods:foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditivesandwhichhavenotbeenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday.Naturalfoodsforexamplearevegetablesfruitandgrainwhichhavebeengrowninsoilthatisrichinorganicmatter.Insimpletermsthismeansthatthesoilhasbeennourishedbyunusedvegetablematterwhichprovidesitwithessentialvitaminsandminerals.Thisinitselfisanaturalprocesscomparedwiththeuseofchemicalsandfertilizersthemainpurposeofwhichistoincreasetheamount--butnotthequality--offoodsgrownincommercialfarmingareas.Naturalfoodsalsoincludeanimalswhichhavebeenallowedtofeedandmovefreelyinhealthypastures.Comparethiswithwhathappensinthemassproductionofpoultrytherearebatteryfarmsforexamplewherethousandsofchickenslivecrowdedtogetherinonebuildingandarefedonfoodwhichislittlebetterthanrubbish.Chickenskeptinthiswayarenotonlytastelessasfoodtheyalsoproduceeggswhichlackimportantvitamins.Thereareotheraspectsofhealthyeatingwhicharenowreceivingincreasingattentionfromexpertsondiet.Takeforexamplethequestionof’sugar.Thisisactuallyanonessentialfood!Althoughanaturalalternativesuchashoneycanbeusedtosweetenfoodifthisisnecessarywecaninfactdowithoutit.ItistruethatsugarhasgrownsteadilyoverthelasttwocenturiesandinBritaintodayeachpersonConsumesanaverageof200pounds90kgayear!Yetallitdoesistoprovideuswithenergyintheformofcalories.Therearenovitaminsinitnomineralsandnofiber.Itissignificantthatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.Inwhitebreadforexamplethefiberhasbeenremoved.Butitispresentinunrefinedflourandofcourseinvegetables.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantitiesofunrefinedflourandvegetablescertaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.Hencetheemphasisisplacedontheeatingofwhole-mealbreadandmorevegetablesbymodernexpertsonhealthyeating.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 11
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatisscientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethoughttobebeyonddispute.WecansafelysaywithafewminorexceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthisperiodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnatureadeviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtotheplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthehome.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todothisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanontheotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkandtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforallwomenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离becaughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythingsunduly过度地不恰当地Accordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingisthemostimportantreasonforwomentogotowork
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.ThecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatInternetadvertising
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 17
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatisscientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethoughttobebeyonddispute.WecansafelysaywithafewminorexceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusofuncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthisperiodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnatureadeviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtotheplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthehome.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecialidentity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todothisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanontheotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkandtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforallwomenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离becaughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythingsunduly过度地不恰当地Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehaverecognizedthat
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 9
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 1
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.FortheyearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.InadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyofcoursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyothertestthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointingtherearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedforthelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.WiththeeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallytheemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThreeprogram第三个阶段计划Partofthepublicpolicytaskasoutlinedinthetextisto
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 3
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 13
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 43
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeoninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedinastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.FortheyearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundworkforastrongexpansion.InadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythePresidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyofcoursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyothertestthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointingtherearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedforthelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.WiththeeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallytheemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThreeprogram第三个阶段计划Paragraph2mainlydealswith
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 1
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 45
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebannerslinkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurtingsalessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.ThecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Theauthor’sattitudetowardonlineadvertisingcanbesummarizedas
TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat.245words 5
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