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Text 3 Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability...
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Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded.Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind.Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle.Whatistheauthor’sopinionaboutwork
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Askanyemployeeatanlevelinanycompanywhattheydislikeabouttheirjobandsomewhereonthelistyouwillfindacomplaintaboutthesystemofperformanceappraisals.Itdoesseemstrangethatanideawhichwassupposedtobenefitbothindividualsandthecompanyshouldbesouniversallydislikedbutthestaffappraisalisnowoneofthebiggestcausesofdissatisfactionatwork.IntheUnitedStatestherehaveevenbeencasesofunhappyworkerstakingtheiremployerstocourtoverappraisalinterviews.Itisinacompany’sinteresttocombatthissituationbutbeforereversingtheappraisal’snegativeassociationsanorganizationneedstopinpointtheunderlyingreasonswhichhavecontributedtothem.Problemswithappraisalscanfallintotwomainareas--thosearisingfromtheschemeitselfandthosearisingfromtheimplementationandunderstandingofthatscheme.Naturallyitiseasiertotacklethoseintheformercategory;indeedsomecompanieshavedevelopedschemesfollowinglegalguidelines.Theseguidelinessuggestthatasuccessfulschemeshouldhaveaclearappealprocessthatanynegativefeedbackshouldbeaccompaniedbyevidencesuchasdatestimesandoutcomesandthatmostimportantlyratingsshouldreflectspecificmeasurableelementsofthejobrequirements.Itisnotalwaysnecessarytoresorttolegaladvicehowever.Somechangestocurrentschemesaresimplyamatteroflogic.Forinstanceifemployeesareconstantlyencouragedtoworkinteamsandtoassumejointresponsibilityfortheirsuccessesandfailuresitmakeslittlesensefortheappraisalstofocusonindividualsasthismayleadtoresentmentsandcreatedivisionswithinthegroup.Itispossibleandinsomecasesmoresuitabletoarrangeappraisalswhereperformanceisratedforthegroup.Staffalsoneedtobeeducatedaboutthebestwaytoapproachappraisals.Managersoftenfindthattheyareuncomfortablebeingaskedtotakeonamoresupportiverolethantheyareusedtowithouthavinghadanytraining.Thosebeingappraisedmayseeitasachancetoairtheirgrievancesandhighlightthecompany’sfailingsratherthanconsidertheirownrole.Bothpartiesviewtheprocessasanecessaryeviltobegonethroughonceortwiceayearandthenforgottenabout.Theimportancegiventotheappraisalstemsfromthefactthatdespiteallthetalkoftheinterviewbeingachanceformanagementandemployeestocometogetherandexchangeideassetjointtargetsandimprovethewaydecisionsarereachedtherealityisthattheyareoftennothingmorethanthepretextonwhichpayrisesaregivenornotgiven.Payisofcourseasubjectthatalwaysleadstoproblems.GiventheproblemsassociatedwithstaffappraisalswhyisitthatwithnolegalrequirementcompaniescontinuetorunthemTheanswerissimpleitisimpossibletomanagesomethingyouknownothingabout.AsanyHumanResourcesmanagercantellyouthebestwaytolearnaboutsomeoneistotalktothem.Effectivepeoplemanagementreliesonknowledgeandappraisalsarestillthebestwaytobuildupthatbankofknowledge.Individualappraisalsarenotalwaysveryeffectivebecause______.
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces. 42WhentoGo Morethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles. 43GettingThere 44HowtoVisit The142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake. 45ParkInformation Parkopensyear-round. [A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions. [B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable. [C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark. [D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals. [E]ByPlane WestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember. CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark. [F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails. 42
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmtheUnitedStates.46Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcallbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechiefofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.47Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancestomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirmhierarchy.48WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms. Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.49IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthoseislowerinGermanythanitistheUnitedStates.50Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces. 42WhentoGo Morethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles. 43GettingThere 44HowtoVisit The142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake. 45ParkInformation Parkopensyear-round. [A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions. [B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable. [C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark. [D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals. [E]ByPlane WestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember. CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark. [F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails. 44
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded.Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind.Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle.Accordingtothepassagetobetoldtodosomethingisgenerally______.
Askanyemployeeatanlevelinanycompanywhattheydislikeabouttheirjobandsomewhereonthelistyouwillfindacomplaintaboutthesystemofperformanceappraisals.Itdoesseemstrangethatanideawhichwassupposedtobenefitbothindividualsandthecompanyshouldbesouniversallydislikedbutthestaffappraisalisnowoneofthebiggestcausesofdissatisfactionatwork.IntheUnitedStatestherehaveevenbeencasesofunhappyworkerstakingtheiremployerstocourtoverappraisalinterviews.Itisinacompany’sinteresttocombatthissituationbutbeforereversingtheappraisal’snegativeassociationsanorganizationneedstopinpointtheunderlyingreasonswhichhavecontributedtothem.Problemswithappraisalscanfallintotwomainareas--thosearisingfromtheschemeitselfandthosearisingfromtheimplementationandunderstandingofthatscheme.Naturallyitiseasiertotacklethoseintheformercategory;indeedsomecompanieshavedevelopedschemesfollowinglegalguidelines.Theseguidelinessuggestthatasuccessfulschemeshouldhaveaclearappealprocessthatanynegativefeedbackshouldbeaccompaniedbyevidencesuchasdatestimesandoutcomesandthatmostimportantlyratingsshouldreflectspecificmeasurableelementsofthejobrequirements.Itisnotalwaysnecessarytoresorttolegaladvicehowever.Somechangestocurrentschemesaresimplyamatteroflogic.Forinstanceifemployeesareconstantlyencouragedtoworkinteamsandtoassumejointresponsibilityfortheirsuccessesandfailuresitmakeslittlesensefortheappraisalstofocusonindividualsasthismayleadtoresentmentsandcreatedivisionswithinthegroup.Itispossibleandinsomecasesmoresuitabletoarrangeappraisalswhereperformanceisratedforthegroup.Staffalsoneedtobeeducatedaboutthebestwaytoapproachappraisals.Managersoftenfindthattheyareuncomfortablebeingaskedtotakeonamoresupportiverolethantheyareusedtowithouthavinghadanytraining.Thosebeingappraisedmayseeitasachancetoairtheirgrievancesandhighlightthecompany’sfailingsratherthanconsidertheirownrole.Bothpartiesviewtheprocessasanecessaryeviltobegonethroughonceortwiceayearandthenforgottenabout.Theimportancegiventotheappraisalstemsfromthefactthatdespiteallthetalkoftheinterviewbeingachanceformanagementandemployeestocometogetherandexchangeideassetjointtargetsandimprovethewaydecisionsarereachedtherealityisthattheyareoftennothingmorethanthepretextonwhichpayrisesaregivenornotgiven.Payisofcourseasubjectthatalwaysleadstoproblems.GiventheproblemsassociatedwithstaffappraisalswhyisitthatwithnolegalrequirementcompaniescontinuetorunthemTheanswerissimpleitisimpossibletomanagesomethingyouknownothingabout.AsanyHumanResourcesmanagercantellyouthebestwaytolearnaboutsomeoneistotalktothem.Effectivepeoplemanagementreliesonknowledgeandappraisalsarestillthebestwaytobuildupthatbankofknowledge.Inanidealworldanappraisalisanopportunityto______.
Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvinciblesaysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall.Thatwasmehesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995.Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalkASurvivor’sStoryathighschoolsaroundthestate.TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone.ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks.Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed.Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme.Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason.Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsaveliveshesays.Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing./Thewordinvinciblemostprobablymeans______.
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions: Studythefollowingchartscarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Schoolshootingsacrossthecountrycontinuetodiscussthestoryofthestudentwhoisoutcastbyfellowpeersanddecidestolashout.Thesereportsmayleavesomewonderingifostracismisalegitimatecauseforviolence.KipWilliamsbelievesitis.WilliamsaprofessorofpsychologyatPurdueUniversityrecentlycametocampustospeakabouttheeffectsofbeingostracized.Theseeffectscanbedistressingbuttheyoftengounnoticedhesaid.IwouldhaveratherbeenbeatenorbulliedthanbeignoredWilliamssaidreflectingonwhatsomeoftheparticipantsinhisexperimentsfeltaftertheywereleftoutofagameoftoss.Eventwominutesofinvisibilityispainfulhesaid.OstracismtheactofignoringorexcludingisaphenomenonnotonlyfoundintheadultworldaccordingtoWilliams.Childrenplaysimplegameswhichleavepeersoutwithoutbeingtaughttodoso.EvenanimalsuseformsofostracismWilliamssaid.Lionswolvesandbeesforexampleusethetactictokeepoutburdensomemembersoftheirgroupswhichoftenresultsindeathfortheexcludedmember.Exclusionamonghumanscanbesimilarlydetrimentalhesaid.Williamsconductedacomputergameoftossandshowedtheresultsforthosewhodidnotreceivetheball.Theirangrydisappointedandsaddenedfacesshowedjusthowimportantinclusionisinhumaninteraction.Inanotherexperimenttheexcludedparticipantshadnocontroloverloudnoisesenteringtheirheadphones.Theresultwasthattheychosetoactoutagainstfellowparticipants.ThatlackofcontroliswhatWilliamsbelievestriggersaggression.Whencontrolisrobbedthenpeopledon’tcareabouthowtheyarebeinglikedanymoreWilliamssaid.Theyjustwanttoestablishcontrolbybeingrecognized.PeoplearemorelikelytobeviolentinordertogetthatrecognitionWilliamssaid.Hisresearchhasfoundthatpeoplearegenerallyostracizedatleastonceadaylikethewaiterwhorefillswaterglasseswithoutnoticeorthepersonwhositsnexttoyouonthebuswithoutaglance.TheseinteractionsmaynotseemlikemuchbutWilliamsassertsthateventheslightestsituationsinwhichpeoplefeelinvisiblecanhaveanegativeimpactonthem.Inhisstudiesatotalof70percentofpeoplesaidtheyhadbeengiventhesilenttreatmentbytheirlovedones.According.toWilliamsthevictimsofostracismtendtobe______.
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionallyifperhapstooneatlydividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledoldorAnglo-SaxonEnglishMiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.TheearliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.Dthoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventhcenturyanditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheseventhcenturyorabitlater.BythattimeLatinOldNorsethelanguageoftheVikinginvadersandespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthevocabularyandthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyformthetwelfthcenturythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrenchandLatinoftenbywayofFrenchuponthevocabularycontinuedthroughouttheperiodthelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothersacceleratedandmanychangestookplacewithinthegrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.AtypicalprosepassagespeciallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiodwillnothavesuchaforeignlooktousastheproseofOldEnglishbutitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoourownday.TheearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninvoweldistributionthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelybroughtthelanguagetosomethingresemblingitspresentpattern.OtherimportantearlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinfluenceofLatinandtoalesserextentGreekonthevocabulary.LaterasEnglishcameintocontactwithotherculturesaroundtheworldanddistinctivedialectsofEnglishdevelopedinthemanyareaswhichBritainhadcolonizednumerousotherlanguagesmadesmallbutinterestingcontributionstoourword-stock.WhatisthemainfeatureofthegrammarofOldEnglish
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmtheUnitedStates.46Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcallbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechiefofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.47Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancestomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirmhierarchy.48WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms. Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.49IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthoseislowerinGermanythanitistheUnitedStates.50Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed
Thetermmassagetherapyalsocalledmassageforshort;massagealsoreferstoanindividualtreatmentsessioncoversagroupofpracticesandtechniques.Thereareover80typesofmassagetherapy.Inallofthemtherapistspressrubandotherwisemanipulatethemusclesandothersofttissuesofthebodyoftenvaryingpressureandmovement.Theymostoftenusetheirhandsandfingersbutmayusetheirforearmselbowsorfeet.Typicallytheintentistorelaxthesofttissuesincreasedeliveryofbloodandoxygentothemassagedareaswarmthemanddecreasepain.Massagetherapydatesbackthousandsofyears.ReferencestomassagehavebeenfoundinancientwritingsfrommanyculturesincludingthoseofAncientGreeceAncientRomeJapanChinaEgyptandtheIndiansubcontinent.IntheUnitedStatesmassagetherapyfirstbecamepopularandwaspromotedforavarietyofhealthpurposesstartinginthemid-1800s.Inthe1930sand1940showevermassagefelloutoffavormostlybecauseofscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinmedicaltreatments.Interestinmassagerevivedinthe1970sespeciallyamongathletes.Morerecentlya2002nationalsurveyonAmericans’useofCAMpublishedin2004foundthat5percentofthe31000participantshadusedmassagetherapyinthepreceding12monthsand9.3percenthadeverusedit.Accordingtorecentreviewspeopleusemassageforawidevarietyofhealth-relatedintents:forexampletorelievepainoftenfrommusculoskeletalconditionsbutfromotherconditionsaswell;rehabilitatesportsinjuries;reducestress;increaserelaxation;addressfeelingsofanxietyanddepression;andaidgeneralwellness.Massagetherapyappearstohavefewseriousrisksifappropriatecautionsarefollowed.Averysmallnumberofseriousinjurieshavebeenreportedandtheyappeartohaveoccurredmostlybecausecautionswerenotfollowedoramassagewasgivenbyapersonwhowasnotproperlytrained.Healthcareprovidersrecommendthatpatientsnothavemassagetherapybeforetheyconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheirownhealthconditions.Scientistsarestudyingmassagetounderstandwhateffectsmassagetherapyhasonpatientshowithasthoseeffectsandwhy.Someaspectsofthisarebetterunderstoodthanothers.Therearemanymoreaspectsthatarenotyetknownorwellunderstoodscientifically.Morewell-designedstudiesareneededtounderstandandconfirmthesetheoriesandotherscientificaspectsofmassage.Fromthepassageweknowthatthestudyofmassage______.
Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthatalongwithothersimilarresearchwastoteachusagreatdealaboutthechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoeconceivedbyTrixieandAllenGardner.TheypurchasedaninfantchimpanzeeandbegantoteachherthesignsofASLtheAmericanSignLanguageusedbythedeaf.TwentyyearsearlieranotherhusbandandwifeteamRichardandCathyHayeshadtriedwithanalmosttotallackofsuccesstoteachayoungchimpVikkitotalk.TheHayes*sundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthechimpanzeemindbutVikkialthoughshedidwellinIQtestsandwasclearlyanintelligentyoungstercouldnotlearnhumanspeech.TheGardnershoweverachievedspectacularsuccesswiththeirpupilWashoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasilybutshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.Itwasclearthateachsignevokedinhermindamentalimageoftheobjectitrepresented.Ifforexampleshewasaskedinsignlanguagetofetchanappleshewouldgoandlocateanapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom.OtherchimpsenteredtheprojectsomestartingtheirlivesindeafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoeadoptedaninfantLoulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothoughtofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoehewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumansanyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmadefifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.HowdidhelearnthemMostlyitseemsbyimitatingthebehaviorofWashoeandtheotherthreesigningchimpsDarMojaandTam.SometimesthoughhereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Onedayforexampleshebegantoswaggeraboutbipedallyhairbristlingsigningfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseenahumanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulisonlyeighteenmonthsoldwatchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoestoppedherswaggeringwentovertohimtookhishandandmouldedthesignforfoodfingerspointingtowardsmouth.Anothertimeinasimilarcontextshemadethesignforchewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.OnathirdoccasionWashoepickedupasmallchairtookitovertoLoulissetitdowninfrontofhimandverydistinctlymadethechairsignthreetimeswatchinghimcloselyasshedidso.ThetwofoodsignsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis’svocabularybutthesignforchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimparesimilartothoseofahumanchild!Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesignscreativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhavenosymbol.Washoeforexamplepuzzledhercaretakersbyaskingrepeatedlyforarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshewasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthefirsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimpdescribedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninventsigns.Lucyasshegotolderhadtobeputonaleashforheroutings.Onedayeagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleashshesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingertotheringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary.TheexampleofWashoebeingsenttofetchanapplewhichisinanotherroomindicatesthat______.
Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvinciblesaysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall.Thatwasmehesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995.Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalkASurvivor’sStoryathighschoolsaroundthestate.TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone.ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks.Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed.Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme.Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason.Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsaveliveshesays.Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing./Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage
IfsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmtheUnitedStates.46Skillacquisitionisconsideredasanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcallbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechiefofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.47Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancestomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirmhierarchy.48WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms. Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.49IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthoseislowerinGermanythanitistheUnitedStates.50Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandotheJapaneseorGermanfirms.
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Iwasjustlikeyou--I’thoughtIwasinvinciblesaysAdamBlombergstandingbefore400studentsinadarkenedauditoriumatMiami’sCoralReefSeniorHighSchool.Aphotoofabloodiedandunconsciousteenagerabreathingtubeprotrudingfromhismouthflashesonthewall.Thatwasmehesays.There’sacollectivegaspbeforetheroomgrowssilentandBlomberg31ananesthesiologistwhotrainedatBrighamandWomen’sHospitalinBostonbeginsthestoryofwhathappenedonenightinFebruary1995.Hecreatedapresentationillustratingthedangersofbehavingirresponsiblyinacarfromnotbucklinguptospeedingtodrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholanddrugs.Hetrackeddownphotosofteencrashvictimsfromthecenter’sarchivesthenincorporatedstatisticsandhisownexperience.HespokethefirsttimetoalocalBoyScouttroopandwassoongivinghistalkASurvivor’sStoryathighschoolsaroundthestate.TheBlombergfamilyhadreasontocelebrate.Adamhadfullyrecoveredandwasonhiswaytofulfillinghislifelongdreamofbecomingadoctor.ButinJanuary2000Blomberg’s22-year-oldstep-brotherMichaelwaskilledinacrashwhiledrivingtohisAtlantahomelateonenight.Hewasn’twearingaseatbelt.AftertheaccidentBlombergstoppedtellinghisstorytocrowdsrackedwithguiltoverhisinabilitytoreachMichael.IfBlomberghadfailedhisownbrotherhereasonedhowcouldhepossiblymakeadifferencetoaroomfulofstrangersRequestsfromschoolscontinuedtorollinbutheturneddowneveryone.ThenBlomberggotacallfromahighschoolcounselor.Ashestartedintohisstandardexcuse-lackoftime—helookedacrosstheroomatastackofthank-younotesfromstudentswhohadheardhimspeak.Herealizedthatkidsneededtohearwhathehadtosay.Heagreedtovisittheschoolandbegancontactingothersonthewaitinglistforhistalks.Blombergleavestheschoolhopinghehaschangedsomeone’sbehavior.Herecallsaletterhereceivedfromastudentwhoheardhimspeakandgotintoacrashlaterthatsamedaybutwasunharmed.Shetoldmeshewaswearingherseatbeltbecauseofme.Letterslikethisreinforcehisbeliefthathesurvivedtheaccidentforareason.Therearealotofphysiciansintheworldandweallsaveliveshesays.Ihaveaspecialopportunitytosavelivesnotjustasadoctorbutalsoasahumanbeing./Whydidtheauthorstopgivingspeechesforawhile
Schoolshootingsacrossthecountrycontinuetodiscussthestoryofthestudentwhoisoutcastbyfellowpeersanddecidestolashout.Thesereportsmayleavesomewonderingifostracismisalegitimatecauseforviolence.KipWilliamsbelievesitis.WilliamsaprofessorofpsychologyatPurdueUniversityrecentlycametocampustospeakabouttheeffectsofbeingostracized.Theseeffectscanbedistressingbuttheyoftengounnoticedhesaid.IwouldhaveratherbeenbeatenorbulliedthanbeignoredWilliamssaidreflectingonwhatsomeoftheparticipantsinhisexperimentsfeltaftertheywereleftoutofagameoftoss.Eventwominutesofinvisibilityispainfulhesaid.OstracismtheactofignoringorexcludingisaphenomenonnotonlyfoundintheadultworldaccordingtoWilliams.Childrenplaysimplegameswhichleavepeersoutwithoutbeingtaughttodoso.EvenanimalsuseformsofostracismWilliamssaid.Lionswolvesandbeesforexampleusethetactictokeepoutburdensomemembersoftheirgroupswhichoftenresultsindeathfortheexcludedmember.Exclusionamonghumanscanbesimilarlydetrimentalhesaid.Williamsconductedacomputergameoftossandshowedtheresultsforthosewhodidnotreceivetheball.Theirangrydisappointedandsaddenedfacesshowedjusthowimportantinclusionisinhumaninteraction.Inanotherexperimenttheexcludedparticipantshadnocontroloverloudnoisesenteringtheirheadphones.Theresultwasthattheychosetoactoutagainstfellowparticipants.ThatlackofcontroliswhatWilliamsbelievestriggersaggression.Whencontrolisrobbedthenpeopledon’tcareabouthowtheyarebeinglikedanymoreWilliamssaid.Theyjustwanttoestablishcontrolbybeingrecognized.PeoplearemorelikelytobeviolentinordertogetthatrecognitionWilliamssaid.Hisresearchhasfoundthatpeoplearegenerallyostracizedatleastonceadaylikethewaiterwhorefillswaterglasseswithoutnoticeorthepersonwhositsnexttoyouonthebuswithoutaglance.TheseinteractionsmaynotseemlikemuchbutWilliamsassertsthateventheslightestsituationsinwhichpeoplefeelinvisiblecanhaveanegativeimpactonthem.Inhisstudiesatotalof70percentofpeoplesaidtheyhadbeengiventhesilenttreatmentbytheirlovedones.Whichoneofthefollowingistrueaboutostracism
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded.Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind.Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle.Asputbytheauthormostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodois______.
ThehistoryofEnglishisconventionallyifperhapstooneatlydividedintothreeperiodsusuallycalledoldorAnglo-SaxonEnglishMiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.TheearliestperiodbeginswiththemigrationofcertainGermanictribesfromthecontinenttoBritaininthefifthcenturyA.Dthoughnorecordsoftheirlanguagesurvivefrombeforetheseventhcenturyanditcontinuesuntiltheendoftheseventhcenturyorabitlater.BythattimeLatinOldNorsethelanguageoftheVikinginvadersandespeciallytheAnglo-NormanFrenchofthedominantclassaftertheNormanConquestin1066hadbeguntohaveasubstantialimpactonthevocabularyandthewell-developedinflectionalsystemthattypifiesthegrammarofOldEnglishhadbeguntobreakdown.TheperiodofMiddleEnglishextendsroughlyformthetwelfthcenturythroughthefifteenth.TheinfluenceofFrenchandLatinoftenbywayofFrenchuponthevocabularycontinuedthroughouttheperiodthelossofsomeinflectionsandthereductionofothersacceleratedandmanychangestookplacewithinthegrammaticalsystemsofthelanguage.AtypicalprosepassagespeciallyonefromthelaterpartoftheperiodwillnothavesuchaforeignlooktousastheproseofOldEnglishbutitwillnotbemistakenforcontemporarywritingeither.TheperiodofModernEnglishextendsfromthesixteenthcenturytoourownday.TheearlypartofthisperiodsawthecompletionofarevolutioninvoweldistributionthathadbeguninlateMiddleEnglishandthateffectivelybroughtthelanguagetosomethingresemblingitspresentpattern.OtherimportantearlydevelopmentsincludethestabilizingeffectonspellingoftheprintingpressandthebeginningofthedirectinfluenceofLatinandtoalesserextentGreekonthevocabulary.LaterasEnglishcameintocontactwithotherculturesaroundtheworldanddistinctivedialectsofEnglishdevelopedinthemanyareaswhichBritainhadcolonizednumerousotherlanguagesmadesmallbutinterestingcontributionstoourword-stock.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned
Mostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Theproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Theprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—largenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandois17up.Twothirdsofthepopulation18coveredbymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent--abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
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