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Directions: Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should ...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 2
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 "Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger." ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: "Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing." Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion." Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable." Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot" But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. WheneuthanasiaiscarriedoutintheNetherlandsthedoctor
Directions Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicturebriefly 2statetheriskscausedbyspeedingand 3suggestpossiblemeasuresagainstspeeding. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Notes:Nosweat!没什么!
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 42
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whatdoesthesentencesocietycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornotmean
Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET220points
Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtopar
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage.
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife.
Text1 On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared. Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo. Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained. Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved. HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow. Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
Text2 "Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger." ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: "Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing." Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion." Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable." Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot" But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. AccordingtothosewhoopposeeuthanasiaCeesVanWendel'scase
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whycanalaborerbecalledawageslave
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. 48
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 44
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whetherajobcanbeclassifiedaslabororworkdependson
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text2 "Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger." ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating. VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject. TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment. ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion: "Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing." Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion." Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable." Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot" But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. Whoisagainsteuthanasia
Text1 On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared. Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo. Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained. Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved. HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow. Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. AllofthefollowingarementionedtosuggestthattheBermudaTriangleisreallyamysteriousareaEXCEPT
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned. Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJavaneseemployeesandtheJavaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnitedStatesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingthe.needtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. 50
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