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? ?阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选A：如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选C。 ...
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DonthesitatetoletmeknowifthereisanythingIcandoforyou.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Nursesoftenearnasmuchmoneyasphysiciansdobecausetheytendtoworklongdaysandatoddhours.
OnAntibodies Substancesforeigntothebodysuchasdisease-causingbacteriaandvirusesandotherinfectiousagentsarerecognizedbythebodysimmunesystemasinvaders.Ournaturaldefensesagainsttheseinfectiousagentsareantibodiesproteinsthatseekouttheantigens抗原andhelpdestroythem. Antibodieshavetwoveryusefulcharacteristics.Firsttheyareextremelyspecific;thatiseachantibodybindstoandattacksoneparticularantigen.Secondsomeantibodiesonceactivatedbytheoccurrenceofadiseasecontinuetoconferresistanceagainstthatdisease.Classicexamplearetheantibodiestothechildhooddiseasesofchickenpox水痘andmeasles. Thesecondcharacteristicofantibodiesmakesitpossibletodevelopvaccines.Avaccine痘苗isapreparationofkilledorweakenedbacteriaorvirusesthatwhenintroducedintothebodystimulatestheproductionofantibodiesagainsttheantigensitcontains. Itisthefirsttraitofantibodiestheirspecificitythatmakesmonoclonalantibodytechnologysovaluable.Notonlycanantibodiesbeusedtherapeutically在治疗上toprotectagainstdisease;theycanalsohelpto.diagnoseawidevarietyofillnessesandcandetectthepresenceofdrugsviralandbacterialproductsandotherunusualorabnormalsubstancesintheblood. Givensuchadiversityofusesforthesediseased-fightingsubstancestheirproductioninpurequantitieshaslongbeenthefocusofscientificinvestigation.Theconventionalmethodwastoinjectalaboratoryanimalwithanantigenandthenafterantibodieshadbeenformedcollectthoseantibodiesfromthebloodserum血清Antibodycontainingbloodserumiscalledantiserum抗血清.Therearetwoproblemswiththismethod:Ityieldsantiserumthatcontainsundesiredsubstancesanditprovidesaverysmallamountofusableantibody. Monoclonalantibodytechnologyallowsustoproducelargeamountsofpureantibodies.inthefollowingway:wecanobtaincellsthatproduceantibodiesnaturally;wealsohaveavailableaclassofcellsthatcangrowcontinuallyincellculture培养.Ifweformahybrid混血儿thatcombinesthecharacteristicofimmortality永生withtheabilitytoproducethedesiredsubstancewewouldhaveineffectafactorytoproduceantibodiesthatworkaroundtheclock. Inmonoclonalantibodytechnologytumorcellsthatcanreplicate重复endlesslyarefusedwithmammaliancellsthatproduceanantibody.Theresultofthiscellfusionisahybridoma杂交瘤whichwillcontinuallyproduceantibodies.Theseantibodiesarecalledmonoclonalbecausetheycomefromonlyonetypeofcellthehybridomacell;antibodiesproducedbyconventionalmethodsontheotherhandarederivedfrompreparationscontainingmanykindsofcellsandhencearecalledpolyclonal.Anexampleofhowmonoclonalantibodiesarederivedisdescribedbelow. Amyelomaisatumorofthebonemarrow骨髓thatcanbeadaptedtogrowpermanendyincellculture.Whenmyelomacellswerefusedwithantibody-producingmammalianspleencellsitwasfoundthattheresultinghybridcellsorhybridomasproducedlargeamountsofmonoclonal骨髓瘤antibody.Thisproductofcellfusioncombinedthedesiredqualitiesofthetwodifferenttypesofcells:theabilitytogrowcontinuallyandtheabilitytoproducelargeamountsofpureantibody. Becauseselectedhybridcellsproduceonlyonespecificantibodytheyaremorepurethanthepolyclonalantibodiesproducedbyconventionaltechniques.Theyarepotentiallymoreeffectivethanconventionaldrugsinfightingdiseasesincedrugsattacknotonlytheforeignsubstancebutthebody’sowncellsaswellsometimesproducingundesirablesideeffectssuchasnausea恶心andallergicreactions.Monoclonalantibodiesattackthetargetmoleculeandonlythetargetmoleculewithnoorgreatlydiminishedsideeffects. Thepolyclonalantibodiesaredifferentfromthemonoclonalonesinallthefollowingwaysexceptthat______.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. ConcerningthedrugquininewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
ThepriceissomewhathigherthanIexpected.
Throughaprocedureknownastime-sharingonelargecomputercanbeemployedsimultaneouslybylotsofsmallusers.
Istheclockinthetoweraccurate?
Theboywasseriouslywoundedintheaccident.
OnAntibodies Substancesforeigntothebodysuchasdisease-causingbacteriaandvirusesandotherinfectiousagentsarerecognizedbythebodysimmunesystemasinvaders.Ournaturaldefensesagainsttheseinfectiousagentsareantibodiesproteinsthatseekouttheantigens抗原andhelpdestroythem. Antibodieshavetwoveryusefulcharacteristics.Firsttheyareextremelyspecific;thatiseachantibodybindstoandattacksoneparticularantigen.Secondsomeantibodiesonceactivatedbytheoccurrenceofadiseasecontinuetoconferresistanceagainstthatdisease.Classicexamplearetheantibodiestothechildhooddiseasesofchickenpox水痘andmeasles. Thesecondcharacteristicofantibodiesmakesitpossibletodevelopvaccines.Avaccine痘苗isapreparationofkilledorweakenedbacteriaorvirusesthatwhenintroducedintothebodystimulatestheproductionofantibodiesagainsttheantigensitcontains. Itisthefirsttraitofantibodiestheirspecificitythatmakesmonoclonalantibodytechnologysovaluable.Notonlycanantibodiesbeusedtherapeutically在治疗上toprotectagainstdisease;theycanalsohelpto.diagnoseawidevarietyofillnessesandcandetectthepresenceofdrugsviralandbacterialproductsandotherunusualorabnormalsubstancesintheblood. Givensuchadiversityofusesforthesediseased-fightingsubstancestheirproductioninpurequantitieshaslongbeenthefocusofscientificinvestigation.Theconventionalmethodwastoinjectalaboratoryanimalwithanantigenandthenafterantibodieshadbeenformedcollectthoseantibodiesfromthebloodserum血清Antibodycontainingbloodserumiscalledantiserum抗血清.Therearetwoproblemswiththismethod:Ityieldsantiserumthatcontainsundesiredsubstancesanditprovidesaverysmallamountofusableantibody. Monoclonalantibodytechnologyallowsustoproducelargeamountsofpureantibodies.inthefollowingway:wecanobtaincellsthatproduceantibodiesnaturally;wealsohaveavailableaclassofcellsthatcangrowcontinuallyincellculture培养.Ifweformahybrid混血儿thatcombinesthecharacteristicofimmortality永生withtheabilitytoproducethedesiredsubstancewewouldhaveineffectafactorytoproduceantibodiesthatworkaroundtheclock. Inmonoclonalantibodytechnologytumorcellsthatcanreplicate重复endlesslyarefusedwithmammaliancellsthatproduceanantibody.Theresultofthiscellfusionisahybridoma杂交瘤whichwillcontinuallyproduceantibodies.Theseantibodiesarecalledmonoclonalbecausetheycomefromonlyonetypeofcellthehybridomacell;antibodiesproducedbyconventionalmethodsontheotherhandarederivedfrompreparationscontainingmanykindsofcellsandhencearecalledpolyclonal.Anexampleofhowmonoclonalantibodiesarederivedisdescribedbelow. Amyelomaisatumorofthebonemarrow骨髓thatcanbeadaptedtogrowpermanendyincellculture.Whenmyelomacellswerefusedwithantibody-producingmammalianspleencellsitwasfoundthattheresultinghybridcellsorhybridomasproducedlargeamountsofmonoclonal骨髓瘤antibody.Thisproductofcellfusioncombinedthedesiredqualitiesofthetwodifferenttypesofcells:theabilitytogrowcontinuallyandtheabilitytoproducelargeamountsofpureantibody. Becauseselectedhybridcellsproduceonlyonespecificantibodytheyaremorepurethanthepolyclonalantibodiesproducedbyconventionaltechniques.Theyarepotentiallymoreeffectivethanconventionaldrugsinfightingdiseasesincedrugsattacknotonlytheforeignsubstancebutthebody’sowncellsaswellsometimesproducingundesirablesideeffectssuchasnausea恶心andallergicreactions.Monoclonalantibodiesattackthetargetmoleculeandonlythetargetmoleculewithnoorgreatlydiminishedsideeffects. Allthefollowingstatementsaboutantibodiesaretrueexcept______.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Thewordhitinthefirstparagraphrefersto______.
Theeconomicreforminthatcountryhasbeenaccelerated.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Thenurse’sstationistheonlyplacewherenursesinahospitalwardcanbefound.
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Thispassageimpliesthat______.
Manyproblemsthatbotheredpeoplethencontinuetoexisttoday.
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Accordingtothewriteroneofthedisadvantagesofvicevaccineisthat______.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Thenursesinahospitalusuallyspendmoretimewiththepatientsthanthephysicians.
Accordingtothepassageavolcanosendsout
Thechairmanproposedthatweshouldstopthemeeting.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Theover-the-counterdrugsarethosethat______.
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