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Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheconstructionofskyscrapersseemstobethatof
Thesimpleperceptionofnaturalformsisadelight.46Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.Tothebodyandmindwhichhavebeencrampedbynoxiousworkorcompanynatureismedicinalandrestorestheirtone.Thetradesmantheattorneycomesoutofthedinandcraftofthestreetandseestheskyandthewoodsandisamanagain.Intheireternalcalmhefindshimself.Thehealthoftheeyeseemstodemandahorizon.Wearenevertiredsolongaswecanseefarenough. 47ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare.Thelongslenderbarsofcloudfloatlikefishesintheseaofcrimsonlight.48FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind.HowdoesNaturedeifyuswithafewandcheapelements!GivemehealthandadayandIwillmakethepompofemperorsridiculous.ThedawnismyAssyria;thesunsetandmoonrisemyPaphosandunimaginablerealmoffaerie;broadnoonshallbemyEnglandofthesensesandtheunderstanding;thenightshallbemyGermanyofmysticphilosophyaddreams. NotlessexcellentexceptforourlesssusceptibilityintheafternoonwasthecharmlasteveningofaJanuarysunset.49Thewesterncloudsdividedandsubdividedthemselvesintopinkflakesmodulatedwithtintsofunspeakablesoftnessandtheairhassomuchlifeandsweetnessthatitwasapaintocomewithindoors.WhatwasitthatnaturewouldsayWastherenomeaninginthelivereposeofthevalleybehindthemillandwhichHomerorShakespearecouldnotreformformeinwords50Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic. FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Thesimpleperceptionofnaturalformsisadelight.46Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.Tothebodyandmindwhichhavebeencrampedbynoxiousworkorcompanynatureismedicinalandrestorestheirtone.Thetradesmantheattorneycomesoutofthedinandcraftofthestreetandseestheskyandthewoodsandisamanagain.Intheireternalcalmhefindshimself.Thehealthoftheeyeseemstodemandahorizon.Wearenevertiredsolongaswecanseefarenough. 47ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare.Thelongslenderbarsofcloudfloatlikefishesintheseaofcrimsonlight.48FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind.HowdoesNaturedeifyuswithafewandcheapelements!GivemehealthandadayandIwillmakethepompofemperorsridiculous.ThedawnismyAssyria;thesunsetandmoonrisemyPaphosandunimaginablerealmoffaerie;broadnoonshallbemyEnglandofthesensesandtheunderstanding;thenightshallbemyGermanyofmysticphilosophyaddreams. NotlessexcellentexceptforourlesssusceptibilityintheafternoonwasthecharmlasteveningofaJanuarysunset.49Thewesterncloudsdividedandsubdividedthemselvesintopinkflakesmodulatedwithtintsofunspeakablesoftnessandtheairhassomuchlifeandsweetnessthatitwasapaintocomewithindoors.WhatwasitthatnaturewouldsayWastherenomeaninginthelivereposeofthevalleybehindthemillandwhichHomerorShakespearecouldnotreformformeinwords50Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic. Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic.
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 44
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 42
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Asusedinthetexthybridnetworksarebestrelatedto
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. CuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulationbecause
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. AfterSeptember11thlongdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseof
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheproposedalternativefundingmodelsParagraph2mightbemoreclearlybasedon
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Withwhichofthefollowingopinionswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Concerninghealth-caresystemsinBritaintheauthorislikelytoagreetothestatementthat
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefoilowingbestdescribesnormalIndianfamilies
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. AccordingtothepassageasthenineteenthcenturyprogressedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Intheauthor'sopinionvisualandspatialabilitiesaregoodfor
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. InthewakeofSeptember11ththeconstructiontechniquesofskyscrapersareinnovatedsoastomakethem
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1interpretthechartand2giveyourcomments.Yourshouldwritenolessthan200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Womenareonthewholemoreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoningwhilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisualspatialabilities.Infactalongwithaggressionthesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencesbetweenthesexes. Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeopleespeciallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.ArethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrainInsomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiologyithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrainmalesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists. Butnooneknowswhatifanythingthismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.Engineeringisbothvisualandspatialandit’struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacartasksthatinvolvevisualspatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputerwhichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendohoweverseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercarrifleorcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating. Whydowomenseemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves
Thesimpleperceptionofnaturalformsisadelight.46Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.Tothebodyandmindwhichhavebeencrampedbynoxiousworkorcompanynatureismedicinalandrestorestheirtone.Thetradesmantheattorneycomesoutofthedinandcraftofthestreetandseestheskyandthewoodsandisamanagain.Intheireternalcalmhefindshimself.Thehealthoftheeyeseemstodemandahorizon.Wearenevertiredsolongaswecanseefarenough. 47ButinotherhoursNaturesatisfiesthesoulpurelybyitslovelinessandwithoutanymixtureofcorporealbenefit.Iseethespectacleofmorningfromthehilltopoveragainstmyhousefromdaybreaktosunrisewithemotionswhichanangelmightshare.Thelongslenderbarsofcloudfloatlikefishesintheseaofcrimsonlight.48FromtheearthasashoreIlookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtoshareitsrapidtransformations;theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust;andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind.HowdoesNaturedeifyuswithafewandcheapelements!GivemehealthandadayandIwillmakethepompofemperorsridiculous.ThedawnismyAssyria;thesunsetandmoonrisemyPaphosandunimaginablerealmoffaerie;broadnoonshallbemyEnglandofthesensesandtheunderstanding;thenightshallbemyGermanyofmysticphilosophyaddreams. NotlessexcellentexceptforourlesssusceptibilityintheafternoonwasthecharmlasteveningofaJanuarysunset.49Thewesterncloudsdividedandsubdividedthemselvesintopinkflakesmodulatedwithtintsofunspeakablesoftnessandtheairhassomuchlifeandsweetnessthatitwasapaintocomewithindoors.WhatwasitthatnaturewouldsayWastherenomeaninginthelivereposeofthevalleybehindthemillandwhichHomerorShakespearecouldnotreformformeinwords50Theleaflesstreesbecomespiresofflameinthesunset;withthebluecastfortheirbackgroundandthestarsofthedeadcalicesofflowersandeverywitheredstemandstubblerimedwithfrostcontributesomethingtothemutemusic. Theinfluenceoftheformsandactionsinnatureissoneedfultomanthatinitslowestfunctionsitseemstolieontheconfinesofcommodityandbeauty.
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