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As many of the stories in this book are about man-eating tigers, it is perhaps (1) to explain why...
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Therearealways____interestingstoriesintheseriestha
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Hedidn’thavechancetoreadmanybooksbutfolkstories___
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to be told
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SamuelClemens______MarkTwainwrotemanypopularstorie
was known as
known as
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阅读理解Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetopla
根据短文内容完成1-5小题Lilyisarich有钱的andkindgirl.Shehasmanyn
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Longlongagotherewasakingwholikedtowritestories.Hew
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Sheisgoingtocollect________tonight.
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JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.Whyarebusescriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofhigherefficiency
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 43
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Europeneedstoimporttoexport.ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours.ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets.Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth.ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem.MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome.ThewordpityLine3Paragragh5refersto______.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Inthe1960sPeru’ssugarindustrywasamongthemostefficientintheworld.Itwasalldownhillthereafter.Amilitarygovernmentexpropriatedthesugarestatesonthecountry’snorthcoastturningthemintogovernment-ownedco-operatives.Havingpeakedat1mtonnesin1975outputfellto400000tonnesbytheearly1990s.Butsincethenthesugarindustryhaspassedintoprivatehandsagain.Overthepastdecadeproductionhasreturnedtoitshistoricpeak—andisnowsettoboom.Thechangehasbeengradual.Thegovernmenthassolditsstakeintheindustryintranches.Butnowinvestorsarepilingin.AsinotherpartsofSouthandCentralAmericatheyareattractedbyhigherpricesforsugarbecauseofitsuseforethanol.Industrysourcespredictthatlandundersugarwillexpandby10000hectares25000acresayearmorethandoublingoutputoverthenextdecade.ThatwouldturnPeruintoanexporter—thoughnotonthescaleofBrazilorColombia.LastyearlocalinvestorssecuredacontrollingstakeinCasaGrandethelargestsugarplantation.BioterraaSpanishcompanyplansa$90methanolplantnearby.MapleaTexascompanyhasbought10600hectaresoflandinthenortherndepartmentofPiura.Itsplanscallforaninvestmentof$120mandethanolproductionof120mlitresayear.BrazilianandEcuadoreaninvestorsarealsoactive.PartoftheattractionisthatPeruhassignedafree-tradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.ProvidedthatitcansatisfytheconcernsofthenewDemocratic-controlledCongressinWashingtonD.C.abouttheenforcementoflabourrightsthisagreementshouldbeapprovedlaterthisyear.ItwouldrenderpermanentexistingtradepreferencesunderwhichethanolfromPerucanentertheUnitedStatesdutyfree.BycontrastethanolexportedfromBraziltheworld’sbiggestproducermustpayatariffof54centsagallon.Twoharshrealitiesmightsourthesesweetdreams.ColombiaCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublicallenjoysimilarpreferencesandhavesimilarplans.Colombiaalreadyproduces360mlitresayearofethanolmuchofitforexport.Thesecondquestioniswhethersugar—athirstycrop—isthebestuseofPeru’sdesertcoastalstripwithitsprecariouswatersupply.Oneofthecountry’sachievementsofthepastdecadehasbeentheprivatesector’sdevelopmentofnewexportcrops.Itwouldbeironicifthesebusinesseswerethreatenedbysugar’sprivatisation.Whatinformationdoesnotprovideinthefirstparagraph
Inthe1960sPeru’ssugarindustrywasamongthemostefficientintheworld.Itwasalldownhillthereafter.Amilitarygovernmentexpropriatedthesugarestatesonthecountry’snorthcoastturningthemintogovernment-ownedco-operatives.Havingpeakedat1mtonnesin1975outputfellto400000tonnesbytheearly1990s.Butsincethenthesugarindustryhaspassedintoprivatehandsagain.Overthepastdecadeproductionhasreturnedtoitshistoricpeak—andisnowsettoboom.Thechangehasbeengradual.Thegovernmenthassolditsstakeintheindustryintranches.Butnowinvestorsarepilingin.AsinotherpartsofSouthandCentralAmericatheyareattractedbyhigherpricesforsugarbecauseofitsuseforethanol.Industrysourcespredictthatlandundersugarwillexpandby10000hectares25000acresayearmorethandoublingoutputoverthenextdecade.ThatwouldturnPeruintoanexporter—thoughnotonthescaleofBrazilorColombia.LastyearlocalinvestorssecuredacontrollingstakeinCasaGrandethelargestsugarplantation.BioterraaSpanishcompanyplansa$90methanolplantnearby.MapleaTexascompanyhasbought10600hectaresoflandinthenortherndepartmentofPiura.Itsplanscallforaninvestmentof$120mandethanolproductionof120mlitresayear.BrazilianandEcuadoreaninvestorsarealsoactive.PartoftheattractionisthatPeruhassignedafree-tradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.ProvidedthatitcansatisfytheconcernsofthenewDemocratic-controlledCongressinWashingtonD.C.abouttheenforcementoflabourrightsthisagreementshouldbeapprovedlaterthisyear.ItwouldrenderpermanentexistingtradepreferencesunderwhichethanolfromPerucanentertheUnitedStatesdutyfree.BycontrastethanolexportedfromBraziltheworld’sbiggestproducermustpayatariffof54centsagallon.Twoharshrealitiesmightsourthesesweetdreams.ColombiaCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublicallenjoysimilarpreferencesandhavesimilarplans.Colombiaalreadyproduces360mlitresayearofethanolmuchofitforexport.Thesecondquestioniswhethersugar—athirstycrop—isthebestuseofPeru’sdesertcoastalstripwithitsprecariouswatersupply.Oneofthecountry’sachievementsofthepastdecadehasbeentheprivatesector’sdevelopmentofnewexportcrops.Itwouldbeironicifthesebusinesseswerethreatenedbysugar’sprivatisation.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaccordingtothetext
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Aviationexpertsbelievethatthecustomerserviceofthemajorairlines
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.AccordingtotheParagragh3NiklasZennstr.mthinkthat______.
Inthe1960sPeru’ssugarindustrywasamongthemostefficientintheworld.Itwasalldownhillthereafter.Amilitarygovernmentexpropriatedthesugarestatesonthecountry’snorthcoastturningthemintogovernment-ownedco-operatives.Havingpeakedat1mtonnesin1975outputfellto400000tonnesbytheearly1990s.Butsincethenthesugarindustryhaspassedintoprivatehandsagain.Overthepastdecadeproductionhasreturnedtoitshistoricpeak—andisnowsettoboom.Thechangehasbeengradual.Thegovernmenthassolditsstakeintheindustryintranches.Butnowinvestorsarepilingin.AsinotherpartsofSouthandCentralAmericatheyareattractedbyhigherpricesforsugarbecauseofitsuseforethanol.Industrysourcespredictthatlandundersugarwillexpandby10000hectares25000acresayearmorethandoublingoutputoverthenextdecade.ThatwouldturnPeruintoanexporter—thoughnotonthescaleofBrazilorColombia.LastyearlocalinvestorssecuredacontrollingstakeinCasaGrandethelargestsugarplantation.BioterraaSpanishcompanyplansa$90methanolplantnearby.MapleaTexascompanyhasbought10600hectaresoflandinthenortherndepartmentofPiura.Itsplanscallforaninvestmentof$120mandethanolproductionof120mlitresayear.BrazilianandEcuadoreaninvestorsarealsoactive.PartoftheattractionisthatPeruhassignedafree-tradeagreementwiththeUnitedStates.ProvidedthatitcansatisfytheconcernsofthenewDemocratic-controlledCongressinWashingtonD.C.abouttheenforcementoflabourrightsthisagreementshouldbeapprovedlaterthisyear.ItwouldrenderpermanentexistingtradepreferencesunderwhichethanolfromPerucanentertheUnitedStatesdutyfree.BycontrastethanolexportedfromBraziltheworld’sbiggestproducermustpayatariffof54centsagallon.Twoharshrealitiesmightsourthesesweetdreams.ColombiaCentralAmericaandtheDominicanRepublicallenjoysimilarpreferencesandhavesimilarplans.Colombiaalreadyproduces360mlitresayearofethanolmuchofitforexport.Thesecondquestioniswhethersugar—athirstycrop—isthebestuseofPeru’sdesertcoastalstripwithitsprecariouswatersupply.Oneofthecountry’sachievementsofthepastdecadehasbeentheprivatesector’sdevelopmentofnewexportcrops.Itwouldbeironicifthesebusinesseswerethreatenedbysugar’sprivatisation.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 41
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 47
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 19
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Theexamplementionedinparagraph3showsthat
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 49
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.Thechangeoftelevisioncanbeattributedto______.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.Whichofthefollowingcanbethemainadvantageofhybridbus
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.WhyTraditionalbroadcasterswanttoextendregulationstothenewbroadcasters
YouwanttoinviteSusantoaparty.Writeaninvitationlettertoherelaboratingonthereasonwhysuchapartyshouldbeheldandwhatactivitieswillbearrangedforthem.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Airlinedelaysmayresultin
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 45
Europeneedstoimporttoexport.ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours.ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets.Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth.ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem.MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome.ThereasonswhytheauthorsaystheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfrontincludethefollowingsexcept______.
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