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Directions: Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3offeryoursuggestions. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 20
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory—there’snowayupandnowayout. AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia. 41.Avoidtakingcover Don’thideoutbehindyourcomputer."Youshouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhave"saysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet. Buildacircleofallies Fortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice."Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesup"saysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes. 42.Loaduponnewtools Thisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown. 43.Lookbeyondyourjobdescription Peopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCO0. 44.ManageyourownPR "Doingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicity"saysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies. Becreative RemembersaysDoliva"peoplehireustothinknotjusttodo."Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou. Takeresponsibilityforyoursuccess Beproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:"Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive."Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills—leadershipmanagementcommunication—coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain. Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout. 45.Adjustyourattitude Don’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead."Onecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforit"saysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind. [A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage. [B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright."HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpected"saysDoliva."TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter."Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference. [C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfield—andwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready. [D]"Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressed"addsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching."Bewhatyouwanttoattract."Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces."Nowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeisoutsideofwork"saysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwith—andthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice. [E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjob—butthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork. [F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforces;andvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatco-workersaren’twillingtotackle. 44
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 10
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 8
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 2
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 14
ErnestHemingwaywasoneofthemostimportantAmericanwritersinthehistoryofcontemporaryAmericanliterature.Hewasthe1spokespersonfortheLostGenerationandalsothesixthAmericantowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature1954.Hiswritingstyleandpersonallife2a3influenceonAmericanwritersofhistime. HemingwaywasbornonJuly211899inadoctor’sfamilyinOakParkinthe4ofChicago.Thenovel5establishedHemingway’s6wasTheSunAlsoRises1926.Thestorydescribedagroupof7AmericansandBritonslivinginFrance.Thatisto8itdescribedthelifeofthemembersofthe9LostGenerationafterWorldWarI.Hemingway’ssecondmajornovelwasAFarewelltoArms1929alovestory10inwartimeItaly.Thatnovelwas11byDeathintheAfternoon1932andGreenHillsofAfrica1935.Histwo12ofshortstoriesMenwithoutWomen1927andWinnerTakeNothing1933establishedhisfame13themasterofshortstories. Inthelate1930’sHemingwaybegantoexpress14aboutsocialproblems.HisnovelToHaveandHaveNot193715economicandpoliticalinjustices.ThenovelForWhomtheBellTolls194016theconflictoftheSpanishCivilWar.In1952Hemingwaypublishedem>TheOldManandtheSeafor17hewonthe1953PulitzerPrize.In1954Hemingwaywas18theNobelPrizeofLiterature.Laterbeing19andillheshot20onJuly21961. 18
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory—there’snowayupandnowayout. AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia. 41.Avoidtakingcover Don’thideoutbehindyourcomputer."Youshouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhave"saysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet. Buildacircleofallies Fortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice."Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesup"saysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes. 42.Loaduponnewtools Thisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown. 43.Lookbeyondyourjobdescription Peopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCO0. 44.ManageyourownPR "Doingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicity"saysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies. Becreative RemembersaysDoliva"peoplehireustothinknotjusttodo."Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou. Takeresponsibilityforyoursuccess Beproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:"Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive."Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills—leadershipmanagementcommunication—coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain. Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout. 45.Adjustyourattitude Don’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead."Onecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforit"saysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind. [A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage. [B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright."HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpected"saysDoliva."TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter."Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference. [C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfield—andwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready. [D]"Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressed"addsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching."Bewhatyouwanttoattract."Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces."Nowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeisoutsideofwork"saysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwith—andthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice. [E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjob—butthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork. [F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforces;andvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatco-workersaren’twillingtotackle. 42
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 50Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydatesaysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis. TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheInternet.Insteadofbuyingaready-madepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577million$1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms. Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhigh-streettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspre-taxprofitriseby16%to￡114million$195millionintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheInternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears. Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay. Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeInternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices.Thisisseenasagrowtharea.Butifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetoo TheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisersLicencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference. Thewordhustleinthetopicsentenceofthefourthparagraphmostprobablydenotes.
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%—almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledover2millionAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece—hardlytheworstplaceonearth—topsthegloom-and-doomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.TheconclusionmadebyMsJamesaccordingtothetextis______.
ErnestHemingwaywasoneofthemostimportantAmericanwritersinthehistoryofcontemporaryAmericanliterature.Hewasthe1spokespersonfortheLostGenerationandalsothesixthAmericantowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature1954.Hiswritingstyleandpersonallife2a3influenceonAmericanwritersofhistime. HemingwaywasbornonJuly211899inadoctor’sfamilyinOakParkinthe4ofChicago.Thenovel5establishedHemingway’s6wasTheSunAlsoRises1926.Thestorydescribedagroupof7AmericansandBritonslivinginFrance.Thatisto8itdescribedthelifeofthemembersofthe9LostGenerationafterWorldWarI.Hemingway’ssecondmajornovelwasAFarewelltoArms1929alovestory10inwartimeItaly.Thatnovelwas11byDeathintheAfternoon1932andGreenHillsofAfrica1935.Histwo12ofshortstoriesMenwithoutWomen1927andWinnerTakeNothing1933establishedhisfame13themasterofshortstories. Inthelate1930’sHemingwaybegantoexpress14aboutsocialproblems.HisnovelToHaveandHaveNot193715economicandpoliticalinjustices.ThenovelForWhomtheBellTolls194016theconflictoftheSpanishCivilWar.In1952Hemingwaypublishedem>TheOldManandtheSeafor17hewonthe1953PulitzerPrize.In1954Hemingwaywas18theNobelPrizeofLiterature.Laterbeing19andillheshot20onJuly21961. 14
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl—America’scollegefootballchampionship—wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor$175each.OntheInternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas$3000apop.NobodyknowshowtocontrolthisobservedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive.Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethesecondarymarketforticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover$10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.CriesofTicketshereticketsherestillringoutbeforekick-off.ButtheInternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.SomeInternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickco.comanddynamiteticketzcornactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmodel—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%.Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround$200millionaretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremainshighlyfragmentedwithtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiednotyetdead.Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets.Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan$2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets.UKismentionedinthetextwiththeintentionto______.
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 12
Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstartingsaysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehindBigBrotherandotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm.Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharestreamedacrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries.MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincludingLostDesperateHousewivesandLaw&Order.TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek.DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125millionmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself.Paragraph2iswrittento______.
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 6
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’90sthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. Itsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathand.E-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandput.intoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted—justasinkisprintedontopaper—ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy—tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips.
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl—America’scollegefootballchampionship—wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor$175each.OntheInternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas$3000apop.NobodyknowshowtocontrolthisobservedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive.Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethesecondarymarketforticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover$10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.CriesofTicketshereticketsherestillringoutbeforekick-off.ButtheInternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.SomeInternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickco.comanddynamiteticketzcornactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmodel—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%.Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround$200millionaretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremainshighlyfragmentedwithtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiednotyetdead.Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets.Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan$2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat______.
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%—almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledover2millionAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece—hardlytheworstplaceonearth—topsthegloom-and-doomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.Franceismentionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.
Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstartingsaysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehindBigBrotherandotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm.Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharestreamedacrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries.MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincludingLostDesperateHousewivesandLaw&Order.TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek.DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125millionmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself.Theworddeviceinthefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphdenotes______.
ErnestHemingwaywasoneofthemostimportantAmericanwritersinthehistoryofcontemporaryAmericanliterature.Hewasthe1spokespersonfortheLostGenerationandalsothesixthAmericantowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature1954.Hiswritingstyleandpersonallife2a3influenceonAmericanwritersofhistime. HemingwaywasbornonJuly211899inadoctor’sfamilyinOakParkinthe4ofChicago.Thenovel5establishedHemingway’s6wasTheSunAlsoRises1926.Thestorydescribedagroupof7AmericansandBritonslivinginFrance.Thatisto8itdescribedthelifeofthemembersofthe9LostGenerationafterWorldWarI.Hemingway’ssecondmajornovelwasAFarewelltoArms1929alovestory10inwartimeItaly.Thatnovelwas11byDeathintheAfternoon1932andGreenHillsofAfrica1935.Histwo12ofshortstoriesMenwithoutWomen1927andWinnerTakeNothing1933establishedhisfame13themasterofshortstories. Inthelate1930’sHemingwaybegantoexpress14aboutsocialproblems.HisnovelToHaveandHaveNot193715economicandpoliticalinjustices.ThenovelForWhomtheBellTolls194016theconflictoftheSpanishCivilWar.In1952Hemingwaypublishedem>TheOldManandtheSeafor17hewonthe1953PulitzerPrize.In1954Hemingwaywas18theNobelPrizeofLiterature.Laterbeing19andillheshot20onJuly21961. 20
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%—almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledover2millionAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece—hardlytheworstplaceonearth—topsthegloom-and-doomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.Thestatisticsareemployedinthefirstparagraphsoastoindicatesortof______.
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis. TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheInternet.Insteadofbuyingaready-madepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577million$1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms. Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhigh-streettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspre-taxprofitriseby16%to￡114million$195millionintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheInternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears. Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay. Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeInternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices.Thisisseenasagrowtharea.Butifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetoo TheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisersLicencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference. AccordingtothetexttheshiftinthemethodofholidaybookinginUKisassociatedwith
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 16
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 18
ErnestHemingwaywasoneofthemostimportantAmericanwritersinthehistoryofcontemporaryAmericanliterature.Hewasthe1spokespersonfortheLostGenerationandalsothesixthAmericantowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature1954.Hiswritingstyleandpersonallife2a3influenceonAmericanwritersofhistime. HemingwaywasbornonJuly211899inadoctor’sfamilyinOakParkinthe4ofChicago.Thenovel5establishedHemingway’s6wasTheSunAlsoRises1926.Thestorydescribedagroupof7AmericansandBritonslivinginFrance.Thatisto8itdescribedthelifeofthemembersofthe9LostGenerationafterWorldWarI.Hemingway’ssecondmajornovelwasAFarewelltoArms1929alovestory10inwartimeItaly.Thatnovelwas11byDeathintheAfternoon1932andGreenHillsofAfrica1935.Histwo12ofshortstoriesMenwithoutWomen1927andWinnerTakeNothing1933establishedhisfame13themasterofshortstories. Inthelate1930’sHemingwaybegantoexpress14aboutsocialproblems.HisnovelToHaveandHaveNot193715economicandpoliticalinjustices.ThenovelForWhomtheBellTolls194016theconflictoftheSpanishCivilWar.In1952Hemingwaypublishedem>TheOldManandtheSeafor17hewonthe1953PulitzerPrize.In1954Hemingwaywas18theNobelPrizeofLiterature.Laterbeing19andillheshot20onJuly21961. 16
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl—America’scollegefootballchampionship—wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor$175each.OntheInternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas$3000apop."Nobodyknowshowtocontrolthis"observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive. Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethe"secondarymarket"forticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover$10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.Criesof"Ticketshereticketshere"stillringoutbeforekick-off.ButtheInternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.SomeInternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickco.comanddynamiteticketzcornactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmodel—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%. Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround$200millionaretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremains"highlyfragmented"withtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiednotyetdead. Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets. Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan$2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets. Thewordjuicyinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes.
ThecelebrationoftheNewYearistheoldestoneofallholidays.Itwasfirst1in2Babylonabout4000yearsago.NewYear’sDayisan3nationalholidayandbanksandofficeswillbeclosed.ManyfamilieshaveNewyear’sDay4. Traditionallyitwasthoughtthatitcould5thelucktheywouldhave6thecomingyearby7theydidorateonthefirstdayoftheyear.Forthatreasonithasbecomecommonfor8tocelebratethefirstfewminutesofa9newyearinthe10withthefamilyandfriends.Partiesoftenlastintothemiddleofthenightaftertheringingofanewyear.ItwasoncebelievedthatthefirstvisitoronNewYear’sDaywouldbring11goodluckorbadlucktotherestoftheyear.Itwasparticularlyluckyifthatvisitor12tobeatalldark-hairedman. TraditionalNewYear’s13arealsothoughttobringluck.PeopleinmanypartsoftheUScelebratetheNewYearby14black-eyedpeasandcabbage.Black-eyedpeashavebeenconsideredgoodluckinmanycultures.Cabbageleavesareconsidereda15ofprosperitybeing16ofpapercurrency.OthertraditionsoftheseasonincludethemakingofNewYear’sresolutions.Thattraditionalso17backtotheearlyBabylonians.Popularmodernresolutionsmightincludethe18toloseweightorquitsmoking. Thesong"AuldLangSyne"issungatthe19ofmidnightinalmosteveryEnglish-speakingcountryintheworldtobringintheNewYear."AuldLangSyne"literally20"yearningfortheolddays. 4
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