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Directions: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you sh...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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[A]MoretroublingthandetermininghowtopatentthegenomeisthelargerquestionofwhetheranyoneoughttobelayingclaimtohumanDNAatall.Thisispartlyaneconomicissue.Iftheentiregeneticschematicispre-emptivelyownedbytheresearchteamsstudyingitnowwhereistheincentiveforindependentscientists—oftensourcesofgreatinnovation—toworkonitlaterLicensingcostswarnsJeffreyKahndirectoroftheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforBioethicscouldholdmedicalprogresshostage.Patentingproponentsinsistthatanequallypersuasiveargumentcouldbemadethatthelargegenome-mappinggroupsneedpatentprotectiontomaketheirworkworthwhiletothem [B]It’snotfornothingthatscientistsareinsuchafootracetogetthehumangenomemapped.There’smorethanjustknowledgeatstakeafterall—there’smoney.Whowalksawaywithmostofthebootywon’tbedecidedinlabsoruniversitieshoweverbutincourtsandpatentoffices. [C]Notonlycansuchfilingsbesloppygeneticstheycanalsobebadbusiness.ESTapplicationsmayleadtoso-calledsubmarinepatentsclaimsthataremadetodayandthenvanishonlytoreappearwhensomeunsuspectingscientistfindssomethingusefultodowithgeneshiddeninthepatent.TopreventthisLehmanrequiresthatESTapplicationsincludenomorethan10geneticsequences.Each10afterthatrequiresaseparateapplication—andaseparatefilingfee."Companieswillnowhaveanincentivetofilemoreselectiveapplications"saysLehman. [D]Thebiggestproblemwithpatentinggenesisthatwhilescientistshaveatleastageneralideaofwhatspecificstrandsofgeneticcodingdooftenit’sjustthat—general.Investigatorsdosometimessucceedinisolatingasinglecrispgenewithasingleknownfunction.OftenhoweverresearcherstryingtomapgenesgetnofurtherthanmarkingofffragmentarystretchesofDNAthatmaybethousandsofbasesinlength.Theseso-calledexpressedsequencetagsmayhaverealgeneticinformationembeddedinthembutdeterminingwherethosenuggetsareandwhattheirstructureistakesmoredigging. [E]Stickierthantheeconomicquestionistheethicalone.Mostofusreflexivelyshrinkfromtheideaofanyone’sowningtherightstoanypartofthehumanform.Besidesifthefirstanatomisttospotsaythepancreaswasnotgrantedtitletoitwhyshouldmodemgenome-mappingscientistsbeabletoclaimevenasinglegeneAsKahnpointsout"Youcouldpatentasystemformininggoldfromore.Wedon’tletpeoplepatentthegold."Thatkindofargumentisgroundednotinlawbutintheveryideaofwhatitmeanstobehuman—anissuethateventhehighestfederalcourtisnotlikelytosettle. [F]GeneticistshavelatelybeenfilingpatentapplicationsfortheseESTsanywayfiguringthatit’sbesttoprotecttheirturfnowandgospelunkingaroundinitlater.Inasciencethatprizesprecisionaboveallelsethiscanbeanoddwaytodobusiness."Iwouldguessthatinmanycasesthescientistsdidn’tevenexamineallthematerial"saysBruceLehmancommissionerofthePatentandTrademarkOffice.[ G]ThoughdecipheringtheentirehumangeneticblueprintisstillafewyearsawayscientistshavebegunlayingclaimtothestretchesofDNAwhosecodestheyhavesucceededincracking.InrecentyearsresearchershavefloodedtheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficewithapplicationsforthousandsofgenesandgenefragments—andtheyhavestirredalotofcontroversyintheprocess. 44
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 4
Thefilm-awardsseasonwhichreachesitstearfulclimaxwiththeOscarsnextweekhaslongbeenonlylooselyrelatedtothefilmbusiness.Hollywoodisdedicatedtotheartoffunnelingteenagerspastpopcornstandsnotartitself.Butthisyear’sawardsarelessrelevantthanever.ThetrueworthofafilmisnolongerdecidedbythecrowdthatassemblesintheKodakTheatre—orindeedbyanyAmerican.ItisdecidedbyyoungstersincountriessuchasRussiaChinaandBrazil.Hollywoodhasalwaysbeenaninternationalbusinessbutitisbecomingdramaticallymoreso.Inthepastdecadetotalbox-officespendinghasrisenbyaboutone-thirdinNorthAmericawhilemorethandoublingelsewhere.ThankstoHarryPotterSherlockHolmesandInceptionWarnerBrosmade$2.93billionoutsideNorthAmericalastyearsmashingthestudio’spreviousrecordof$2.24billion.FallingDVDsalesinAmericabyfartheworld’sbiggesthome-entertainmentmarketmeanHollywoodisevenmoredependentonforeignpunters.TherisingforeigntidehasliftedfilmsthatwerevirtuallywrittenoffinAmericasuchasPrinceofPersiaandTheChroniclesofNarnia:theVoyageoftheDawnTreader.DespitestarringthepopularJackBlackGulliver’sTravelshadadisappointingruninNorthAmericataking$42mattheboxofficesofar.ButstrongturnoutinRussiaandSouthKoreahelpeditreachalmost$150minsaleselsewhere.AsaresultitshouldturnaprofitsaysJohnDavisthefilm’sproducer.Thegrowthoftheinternationalboxofficeispartlyaresultofthedollar’sweakness.ItwasalsohelpedbyAvatarandeco-fantasythatmadeastartling$2billionoutsideNorthAmerica.Butthreethingsareparticularlyimportant:acinemaboomintheemergingworldaconcertedeffortbythemajorstudiostomakefilmsthatmightplaywelloutsideAmericaandaglobalmarketingpushtomakesuretheydo.Russiawithitsshrinkingteenagepopulationisanunlikelyspotforabox-officeboom.Yetcinema-buildingisproceedingapaceandsupplyhascreateddemand.Lastyear160mcinematicketsweresoldinRussia—thefirsttimeinrecentyearsthatsaleshaveexceededthecountry’spopulation.Ticketpriceshaveriseninpartbecausethenewcinemasaresuperiorwithdigitalprojectorsthatcanshow3Dfilms.ThebigHollywoodstudiosaremusclingdomesticfilm-makersaside.In2007AmericanfilmsmadealmosttwiceasmuchattheRussianboxofficeasdomesticfilms—8.3billionroubles$325mcomparedwith4.5billion.Lastyeartheimportedstuffmadesome16.4billionroubles:morethanfivetimesasmuchasthehome-grownproductestimatesMovieResearchaMoscowoutfit.EarlierthismonthVladimirPutinRussia’sPrimeMinistersaidthegovernmentwouldspendlessmoneysupportingRussianfilm-makersandmoreonexpandingthenumberofscreens.471wordsWhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonforthegrowthoftheinternationalboxoffice
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 8
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 20
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences. Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.46Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles. Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers. Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.47InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines. Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.48ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.49Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup. 50Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.484words Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat3foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:Morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate-excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thisyearhasturnedouttobeasurprisinglygoodonefortheworldeconomy.Globaloutputhasprobablyrisenbycloseto5%wellaboveitstrendrateandalotfasterthanforecasterswereexpecting12monthsago.Mostofthedangersthatfrightenedfinancialmarketsduringtheyearhavefailedtomaterialize.China’seconomyhasnotsufferedahardlanding.America’smid-yearslowdowndidnotbecomeadouble-diprecession.Grantedthetroublesoftheeuroarea’speripheraleconomieshaveprovedalltooreal.YettheeurozoneasawholehasgrownatadecentrateforanageingcontinentthankstooomphfromGermanythefastest-growingbigricheconomyin2010.Thequestionnowiswhether2011willfollowthesamepattern.Manypeopleseemtothinkso.Consumerandbusinessconfidenceisrisinginmostpartsoftheworld;globalmanufacturingisaccelerating;andfinancialmarketsarebuoyant.TheMSCIindexofglobalsharepriceshasclimbedby20%sinceearlyJuly.Investorstodayareshruggingoffnewsfarmoreominousthanthatwhichrattledthemearlierthisyearfromthesoaringdebtyieldsintheeurozone’speripherytonewsofrisinginflationinChina.Earlierthisyearinvestorsweretoopessimistic.Nowtheirbreezyconfidenceseemsmisplaced.Tooversimplifyalittletheperformanceoftheworldeconomyin2011dependsonwhathappensinthreeplaces:thebigemergingmarketstheeuroareaandAmerica.Thesebigthreeareheadinginverydifferentdirectionswithverydifferentgrowthprospectsandcontradictorypolicychoices.Someofthisdivergenceisinevitable:eventothecasualobserverIndia’seconomyhasalwaysbeenratherdifferentfromAmerica’s.Butnewsplitsareopeningupespeciallyintherichworldandwiththemcomeevermorechancesforfriction.Beginwiththebigemergingmarketsbyfarthebiggestcontributorstoglobalgrowththisyear.Whereitcanforeigncapitalispouringin.Isolatedworriesaboutassetbubbleshavebeenreplacedbyafearofbroaderoverheating.WithBrazilianshopspackedwithshoppersinflationtherehassurgedabove5%andimportsinNovemberwere44%higherthanthepreviousyear.Cheapmoneyisoftentheproblem.Thoughtheslumpof2009isadistantmemorymonetaryconditionsarestillextraordinarilyloosethanksinmanyplacestoeffortstoholddowncurrencies.Thiscombinationisunsustainable.Tostoppricesacceleratingmostemergingeconomieswillneedtighterpoliciesnextyear.Iftheydotoomuchtheirgrowthcouldslowsharply.Iftheydotoolittletheyinvitehigherinflationandabiggertighteninglater.Eitherwaythechancesofamacroeconomicshockcomingfromtheemergingworldarerisingsteeply.449wordsAccordingtoPara.4andPara.5whichofthefollowingistrueoftheemergingmarkets
AsarelatedstudydescribesTwitterhascometoplayacrucialroleinthewaythatnewsfunctionsduringeventsliketheEgyptianrevolution—likeanoverloadednewswirefilledwitheverythingfrombreakingnewstorumorandeverythinginbetween.TheevolutionofwhatmediatheoristJeffJarvisandothershavecallednetworkedjournalismhasmadethebusinessofnewsmuchmorechaoticsinceitnowconsistsofthousandsofvoicesinsteadofjustafewprominentoneswhohappentohavethetoolstomakethemselvesheard.Ifthereisagrowthareainmediaitisinthefieldofcuratednewswherereal-timefiltersverifyandredistributethenewsthatcomesinfromtensofthousandsofsourcesandusetoolslikeStorifytopresentacoherentpictureofwhatishappeningontheground.OneoftheadditionalpointsthestudymakesisthatthepersonalTwitteraccountsbelongingtojournalistswerefarmorelikelytoberetweetedorengagedwithbyothersthanofficialaccountsforthemediaoutletstheyworkedfor.Thepointhereisonewehavetriedtomakerepeatedly:Socialmediaarecalledsocialforareason.They’reabouthumanbeingsconnectingwithotherhumanbeingsaroundaneventandthemorethatmediaoutletstrytostiflethehumanaspectofthesetools—throughrepressivesocial-mediapoliciesforexample—thelesslikelytheywillbetobenefitfromusingthem.AnotherbenefitofadistributedornetworkedversionofjournalismisonesociologistZeynepTufekcihasmadeinthecourseofherresearchintohowTwitterandothersocialtoolsaffectedtheeventsinTunisiaEgyptandelsewhere.Asshewroteinarecentblogpostoneoftherealitiesofmainstreammediaiswhatisoftencalledpackjournalism:thekindthatseeshundredsofjournalistsshowupforofficialbriefingsbygovernmentormilitarysourcesbutfewpursuetheirownstoriesoutsidetheofficial’sphere.Tufekcisayssocialmediaandcitizenjournalismcanbeapowerfulantidotetothiskindofprocessandthat’sfundamentallyapositiveforceforjournalism.AswelookatthewaynewsandinformationflowsinthisnewworldofsocialnetworksandwhatAndyCarvinhascalledrandomactsofjournalismbythosewhomaynotevenseethemselvesasjournalistsit’seasytogetdistractedbyhowchaotictheprocessseemsandhowdifficultitistoseparatethesignalfromthenoise.Butmoreinformationisbetter—evenifitrequiresnewskillsonthepartofjournalistswhenitcomestofilteringthatinformation—andjournalismasJayRosenhaspointedouttendstogetbetterwhenmorepeopledoit.454wordsWhichofthefollowingcanbeststatethemainideaofthepassage
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1describethedrawing2interpretitsintendedmeaningand3giveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 18
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 14
Generallyluckissomethingthathappenstoindividuals.Ifasocietyoracenturyisconsideredasawholetherandomindividualeventsthataresetdowntoluckorfortuneformmorecoherentoverallpatterns;largehistoricalforcesbecomediscernible.Butentiresocietiesshouldnotmockluckeither.46TheclassicMayancivilizationdisappearedsostrangelysounexpectedlythatsomemassivestrokeofbadluckmusthavebeenatwork--asuddenplaguesayaviralriot. OfallcivilizationsAmericaseemedtheluckiest.Withitsvastspacesandimmensenaturalwealthwithitsextraordinaryfreedomfromthestultificationsofcasteandpovertytheplaceseemedborninluck.47OrsoitappearedtothewhiteEuropeanswhosettledthecontinentifnottotheIndianstheyviolentlydisplacedortheAfricanstheyimportedinslaveshipstoworktheplantations.Americanseventuallymadethemistakeofde-scribingtheirnationalluckastheir"manifestdestiny." WhateverthemotionsoffreewillandnecessityHermanMelvillewrote"chancehasthelastfeaturingblowatevents."48Luckmaybesimplyanothernamefortheoddunexpectednotesinthehugesymphonyofthingsofcircumstanceandcoincidencechemistryandcharacterdietanddiseaseweatherandtimingthevastly_subtletotalityofbeing.Butwhatevertheagnosticssayluckisnotcompletelyblindorcompletelywildeither.Withinlimitsitcanbedomesticated-althoughitwillalwaysbepartwolfandmayunexpectedlytummadandeatthechildrenoneafternoon. AsHectorBerliozsaid"Theluckofhavingtalentisnotenough;onemustalsohaveatalentforluck."Geniusinfactmaybedefinedastheabilitytocontrolluck.49"TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Theworld’sdistributionofwealthdependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergyforesightandskill."PhilosopherSidneyHookwroteafewyearsago. 50Surelytheultimatepurposeofluckifthereisoneatallistooffersuchaspectaclethatmenandwomenbesidesbeingvastlyentertainedcometorecognizetheircommonvulnerabilitytoluck’sweirdandend-lesslyinventiveimpulses.Butperhapsluckgoodandbadalsohasadeeperphysiologicalpurposeprogrammedintothehumananimalinthefirstdawnofhisintelligence:tokeeptheadrenaline"flowingmaybeandthe.brainalerttotheworld’sepicofapprehensionterrorgreedandhope. Luckmaybesimplyanothernamefortheoddunexpectednotesinthehugesymphonyofthingsofcircumstanceandcoincidencechemistryandcharacterdietanddiseaseweatherandtimingthevastly_subtletotalityofbeing
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences. Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.46Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles. Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers. Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.47InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines. Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.48ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.49Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup. 50Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.484words Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 10
Forthemomentmind-readingisstillsciencefiction.Butthatmaynotbetrueformuchlonger.Severallinesofinquiryareconvergingontheideathattheneurologicalactivityofthebraincanbedecodeddirectlyandpeople’sthoughtsrevealedwithoutbeingspoken.Justimaginethepotentialbenefits.Suchadevelopmentwouldallowboththefitandthedisabledtooperatemachinesmerelybychoosingwhattheywantthosemachinestodo.Itwouldpermittheprofoundlyhandicappedtocommunicatemoreeasilythanisnowpossibleevenwiththetext-basedspeechenginesusedbythelikesofStephenHawking.Itmightunlockthementalprisonsofpeopleapparentlyincomaswhoneverthelessshowsomesignsofneuralactivity.Fortheable-bodieditcouldallowworkerstodictatedocumentssilentlytocomputerssimplybythinkingaboutwhattheywanttosay.Themostprofoundimplicationhoweveristhatitwouldabolishtheabilitytolie.WhocouldobjecttothatYouwillnotbearfalsewitness.TellthetruthandshametheDevil.Transparencywhichspeaksforhonestyinmanagementisputforwardastheanswertomostoftoday’sevils.Buthonestlyspeakingthetruthofthematteristhatthiswouldleadtodisasterforlyingisattheheartofcivilization.Peoplearenottheonlycreatureswholie.Speciesfromsquidstochimpanzeeshavebeencaughtdoingitfromtimetotime.Butonlyhumanbeingshaveturnedlyingintoanart.Callitdiplomacypublicrelationsorsimplegoodmanners:lyingisoneofthethingsthatmaketheworldgoround.Theoccasionaluntruthmakesdomesticlifepossibleisessentialintheofficeandformsacrucialpartofparenting.Politicsmightbemoreentertainingwithoutlies—TheprimeministerhasmyfullsupportwouldbetranslatedasIfthathalf-witpersistsinthisinsanecoursewe’llallbeoutonourears—butapartysystemwouldbehardtosustainwithoutthesemblanceofloyaltythatdishonestypermits.Thetrulyscaryprospecthoweveristheeffectmind-readingwouldhaveonrelationsbetweenthestateandtheindividual.Inaworldinwhichtheauthoritiescouldpeepatpeople’sthoughtsspeakingtruthtopowerwouldnolongerbebrave:itwouldbeunavoidable.Informationtechnologyalreadymeansthatphysicalprivacyhasbecomeascarcecommodity.Websitestrackyourinterestsandpurchases.Mobilephonesgiveawayyourlocation.Videocamerasrecordwhatyouareupto.Losementalprivacyaswellandtherereallywillbenowhere.423wordsWhat’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheuseofmind-reading
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences. Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.46Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles. Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers. Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.47InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines. Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.48ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.49Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup. 50Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.484words ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 16
AsarelatedstudydescribesTwitterhascometoplayacrucialroleinthewaythatnewsfunctionsduringeventsliketheEgyptianrevolution—likeanoverloadednewswirefilledwitheverythingfrombreakingnewstorumorandeverythinginbetween.TheevolutionofwhatmediatheoristJeffJarvisandothershavecallednetworkedjournalismhasmadethebusinessofnewsmuchmorechaoticsinceitnowconsistsofthousandsofvoicesinsteadofjustafewprominentoneswhohappentohavethetoolstomakethemselvesheard.Ifthereisagrowthareainmediaitisinthefieldofcuratednewswherereal-timefiltersverifyandredistributethenewsthatcomesinfromtensofthousandsofsourcesandusetoolslikeStorifytopresentacoherentpictureofwhatishappeningontheground.OneoftheadditionalpointsthestudymakesisthatthepersonalTwitteraccountsbelongingtojournalistswerefarmorelikelytoberetweetedorengagedwithbyothersthanofficialaccountsforthemediaoutletstheyworkedfor.Thepointhereisonewehavetriedtomakerepeatedly:Socialmediaarecalledsocialforareason.They’reabouthumanbeingsconnectingwithotherhumanbeingsaroundaneventandthemorethatmediaoutletstrytostiflethehumanaspectofthesetools—throughrepressivesocial-mediapoliciesforexample—thelesslikelytheywillbetobenefitfromusingthem.AnotherbenefitofadistributedornetworkedversionofjournalismisonesociologistZeynepTufekcihasmadeinthecourseofherresearchintohowTwitterandothersocialtoolsaffectedtheeventsinTunisiaEgyptandelsewhere.Asshewroteinarecentblogpostoneoftherealitiesofmainstreammediaiswhatisoftencalledpackjournalism:thekindthatseeshundredsofjournalistsshowupforofficialbriefingsbygovernmentormilitarysourcesbutfewpursuetheirownstoriesoutsidetheofficial’sphere.Tufekcisayssocialmediaandcitizenjournalismcanbeapowerfulantidotetothiskindofprocessandthat’sfundamentallyapositiveforceforjournalism.AswelookatthewaynewsandinformationflowsinthisnewworldofsocialnetworksandwhatAndyCarvinhascalledrandomactsofjournalismbythosewhomaynotevenseethemselvesasjournalistsit’seasytogetdistractedbyhowchaotictheprocessseemsandhowdifficultitistoseparatethesignalfromthenoise.Butmoreinformationisbetter—evenifitrequiresnewskillsonthepartofjournalistswhenitcomestofilteringthatinformation—andjournalismasJayRosenhaspointedouttendstogetbetterwhenmorepeopledoit.454wordsThewordretweetedinPara.3probablymeans______.
Thefilm-awardsseasonwhichreachesitstearfulclimaxwiththeOscarsnextweekhaslongbeenonlylooselyrelatedtothefilmbusiness.Hollywoodisdedicatedtotheartoffunnelingteenagerspastpopcornstandsnotartitself.Butthisyear’sawardsarelessrelevantthanever.ThetrueworthofafilmisnolongerdecidedbythecrowdthatassemblesintheKodakTheatre—orindeedbyanyAmerican.ItisdecidedbyyoungstersincountriessuchasRussiaChinaandBrazil.Hollywoodhasalwaysbeenaninternationalbusinessbutitisbecomingdramaticallymoreso.Inthepastdecadetotalbox-officespendinghasrisenbyaboutone-thirdinNorthAmericawhilemorethandoublingelsewhere.ThankstoHarryPotterSherlockHolmesandInceptionWarnerBrosmade$2.93billionoutsideNorthAmericalastyearsmashingthestudio’spreviousrecordof$2.24billion.FallingDVDsalesinAmericabyfartheworld’sbiggesthome-entertainmentmarketmeanHollywoodisevenmoredependentonforeignpunters.TherisingforeigntidehasliftedfilmsthatwerevirtuallywrittenoffinAmericasuchasPrinceofPersiaandTheChroniclesofNarnia:theVoyageoftheDawnTreader.DespitestarringthepopularJackBlackGulliver’sTravelshadadisappointingruninNorthAmericataking$42mattheboxofficesofar.ButstrongturnoutinRussiaandSouthKoreahelpeditreachalmost$150minsaleselsewhere.AsaresultitshouldturnaprofitsaysJohnDavisthefilm’sproducer.Thegrowthoftheinternationalboxofficeispartlyaresultofthedollar’sweakness.ItwasalsohelpedbyAvatarandeco-fantasythatmadeastartling$2billionoutsideNorthAmerica.Butthreethingsareparticularlyimportant:acinemaboomintheemergingworldaconcertedeffortbythemajorstudiostomakefilmsthatmightplaywelloutsideAmericaandaglobalmarketingpushtomakesuretheydo.Russiawithitsshrinkingteenagepopulationisanunlikelyspotforabox-officeboom.Yetcinema-buildingisproceedingapaceandsupplyhascreateddemand.Lastyear160mcinematicketsweresoldinRussia—thefirsttimeinrecentyearsthatsaleshaveexceededthecountry’spopulation.Ticketpriceshaveriseninpartbecausethenewcinemasaresuperiorwithdigitalprojectorsthatcanshow3Dfilms.ThebigHollywoodstudiosaremusclingdomesticfilm-makersaside.In2007AmericanfilmsmadealmosttwiceasmuchattheRussianboxofficeasdomesticfilms—8.3billionroubles$325mcomparedwith4.5billion.Lastyeartheimportedstuffmadesome16.4billionroubles:morethanfivetimesasmuchasthehome-grownproductestimatesMovieResearchaMoscowoutfit.EarlierthismonthVladimirPutinRussia’sPrimeMinistersaidthegovernmentwouldspendlessmoneysupportingRussianfilm-makersandmoreonexpandingthenumberofscreens.471wordsThewordpunterLine6Para.2mostprobablymeans______.
1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Forthemomentmind-readingisstillsciencefiction.Butthatmaynotbetrueformuchlonger.Severallinesofinquiryareconvergingontheideathattheneurologicalactivityofthebraincanbedecodeddirectlyandpeople’sthoughtsrevealedwithoutbeingspoken.Justimaginethepotentialbenefits.Suchadevelopmentwouldallowboththefitandthedisabledtooperatemachinesmerelybychoosingwhattheywantthosemachinestodo.Itwouldpermittheprofoundlyhandicappedtocommunicatemoreeasilythanisnowpossibleevenwiththetext-basedspeechenginesusedbythelikesofStephenHawking.Itmightunlockthementalprisonsofpeopleapparentlyincomaswhoneverthelessshowsomesignsofneuralactivity.Fortheable-bodieditcouldallowworkerstodictatedocumentssilentlytocomputerssimplybythinkingaboutwhattheywanttosay.Themostprofoundimplicationhoweveristhatitwouldabolishtheabilitytolie.WhocouldobjecttothatYouwillnotbearfalsewitness.TellthetruthandshametheDevil.Transparencywhichspeaksforhonestyinmanagementisputforwardastheanswertomostoftoday’sevils.Buthonestlyspeakingthetruthofthematteristhatthiswouldleadtodisasterforlyingisattheheartofcivilization.Peoplearenottheonlycreatureswholie.Speciesfromsquidstochimpanzeeshavebeencaughtdoingitfromtimetotime.Butonlyhumanbeingshaveturnedlyingintoanart.Callitdiplomacypublicrelationsorsimplegoodmanners:lyingisoneofthethingsthatmaketheworldgoround.Theoccasionaluntruthmakesdomesticlifepossibleisessentialintheofficeandformsacrucialpartofparenting.Politicsmightbemoreentertainingwithoutlies—TheprimeministerhasmyfullsupportwouldbetranslatedasIfthathalf-witpersistsinthisinsanecoursewe’llallbeoutonourears—butapartysystemwouldbehardtosustainwithoutthesemblanceofloyaltythatdishonestypermits.Thetrulyscaryprospecthoweveristheeffectmind-readingwouldhaveonrelationsbetweenthestateandtheindividual.Inaworldinwhichtheauthoritiescouldpeepatpeople’sthoughtsspeakingtruthtopowerwouldnolongerbebrave:itwouldbeunavoidable.Informationtechnologyalreadymeansthatphysicalprivacyhasbecomeascarcecommodity.Websitestrackyourinterestsandpurchases.Mobilephonesgiveawayyourlocation.Videocamerasrecordwhatyouareupto.Losementalprivacyaswellandtherereallywillbenowhere.423wordsWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph1
Forthemomentmind-readingisstillsciencefiction.Butthatmaynotbetrueformuchlonger.Severallinesofinquiryareconvergingontheideathattheneurologicalactivityofthebraincanbedecodeddirectlyandpeople’sthoughtsrevealedwithoutbeingspoken.Justimaginethepotentialbenefits.Suchadevelopmentwouldallowboththefitandthedisabledtooperatemachinesmerelybychoosingwhattheywantthosemachinestodo.Itwouldpermittheprofoundlyhandicappedtocommunicatemoreeasilythanisnowpossibleevenwiththetext-basedspeechenginesusedbythelikesofStephenHawking.Itmightunlockthementalprisonsofpeopleapparentlyincomaswhoneverthelessshowsomesignsofneuralactivity.Fortheable-bodieditcouldallowworkerstodictatedocumentssilentlytocomputerssimplybythinkingaboutwhattheywanttosay.Themostprofoundimplicationhoweveristhatitwouldabolishtheabilitytolie.WhocouldobjecttothatYouwillnotbearfalsewitness.TellthetruthandshametheDevil.Transparencywhichspeaksforhonestyinmanagementisputforwardastheanswertomostoftoday’sevils.Buthonestlyspeakingthetruthofthematteristhatthiswouldleadtodisasterforlyingisattheheartofcivilization.Peoplearenottheonlycreatureswholie.Speciesfromsquidstochimpanzeeshavebeencaughtdoingitfromtimetotime.Butonlyhumanbeingshaveturnedlyingintoanart.Callitdiplomacypublicrelationsorsimplegoodmanners:lyingisoneofthethingsthatmaketheworldgoround.Theoccasionaluntruthmakesdomesticlifepossibleisessentialintheofficeandformsacrucialpartofparenting.Politicsmightbemoreentertainingwithoutlies—TheprimeministerhasmyfullsupportwouldbetranslatedasIfthathalf-witpersistsinthisinsanecoursewe’llallbeoutonourears—butapartysystemwouldbehardtosustainwithoutthesemblanceofloyaltythatdishonestypermits.Thetrulyscaryprospecthoweveristheeffectmind-readingwouldhaveonrelationsbetweenthestateandtheindividual.Inaworldinwhichtheauthoritiescouldpeepatpeople’sthoughtsspeakingtruthtopowerwouldnolongerbebrave:itwouldbeunavoidable.Informationtechnologyalreadymeansthatphysicalprivacyhasbecomeascarcecommodity.Websitestrackyourinterestsandpurchases.Mobilephonesgiveawayyourlocation.Videocamerasrecordwhatyouareupto.Losementalprivacyaswellandtherereallywillbenowhere.423wordsItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that______.
[A]MoretroublingthandetermininghowtopatentthegenomeisthelargerquestionofwhetheranyoneoughttobelayingclaimtohumanDNAatall.Thisispartlyaneconomicissue.Iftheentiregeneticschematicispre-emptivelyownedbytheresearchteamsstudyingitnowwhereistheincentiveforindependentscientists—oftensourcesofgreatinnovation—toworkonitlaterLicensingcostswarnsJeffreyKahndirectoroftheUniversityofMinnesota’sCenterforBioethicscouldholdmedicalprogresshostage.Patentingproponentsinsistthatanequallypersuasiveargumentcouldbemadethatthelargegenome-mappinggroupsneedpatentprotectiontomaketheirworkworthwhiletothem [B]It’snotfornothingthatscientistsareinsuchafootracetogetthehumangenomemapped.There’smorethanjustknowledgeatstakeafterall—there’smoney.Whowalksawaywithmostofthebootywon’tbedecidedinlabsoruniversitieshoweverbutincourtsandpatentoffices. [C]Notonlycansuchfilingsbesloppygeneticstheycanalsobebadbusiness.ESTapplicationsmayleadtoso-calledsubmarinepatentsclaimsthataremadetodayandthenvanishonlytoreappearwhensomeunsuspectingscientistfindssomethingusefultodowithgeneshiddeninthepatent.TopreventthisLehmanrequiresthatESTapplicationsincludenomorethan10geneticsequences.Each10afterthatrequiresaseparateapplication—andaseparatefilingfee."Companieswillnowhaveanincentivetofilemoreselectiveapplications"saysLehman. [D]Thebiggestproblemwithpatentinggenesisthatwhilescientistshaveatleastageneralideaofwhatspecificstrandsofgeneticcodingdooftenit’sjustthat—general.Investigatorsdosometimessucceedinisolatingasinglecrispgenewithasingleknownfunction.OftenhoweverresearcherstryingtomapgenesgetnofurtherthanmarkingofffragmentarystretchesofDNAthatmaybethousandsofbasesinlength.Theseso-calledexpressedsequencetagsmayhaverealgeneticinformationembeddedinthembutdeterminingwherethosenuggetsareandwhattheirstructureistakesmoredigging. [E]Stickierthantheeconomicquestionistheethicalone.Mostofusreflexivelyshrinkfromtheideaofanyone’sowningtherightstoanypartofthehumanform.Besidesifthefirstanatomisttospotsaythepancreaswasnotgrantedtitletoitwhyshouldmodemgenome-mappingscientistsbeabletoclaimevenasinglegeneAsKahnpointsout"Youcouldpatentasystemformininggoldfromore.Wedon’tletpeoplepatentthegold."Thatkindofargumentisgroundednotinlawbutintheveryideaofwhatitmeanstobehuman—anissuethateventhehighestfederalcourtisnotlikelytosettle. [F]GeneticistshavelatelybeenfilingpatentapplicationsfortheseESTsanywayfiguringthatit’sbesttoprotecttheirturfnowandgospelunkingaroundinitlater.Inasciencethatprizesprecisionaboveallelsethiscanbeanoddwaytodobusiness."Iwouldguessthatinmanycasesthescientistsdidn’tevenexamineallthematerial"saysBruceLehmancommissionerofthePatentandTrademarkOffice.[ G]ThoughdecipheringtheentirehumangeneticblueprintisstillafewyearsawayscientistshavebegunlayingclaimtothestretchesofDNAwhosecodestheyhavesucceededincracking.InrecentyearsresearchershavefloodedtheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficewithapplicationsforthousandsofgenesandgenefragments—andtheyhavestirredalotofcontroversyintheprocess. 42
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 6
AsarelatedstudydescribesTwitterhascometoplayacrucialroleinthewaythatnewsfunctionsduringeventsliketheEgyptianrevolution—likeanoverloadednewswirefilledwitheverythingfrombreakingnewstorumorandeverythinginbetween.TheevolutionofwhatmediatheoristJeffJarvisandothershavecallednetworkedjournalismhasmadethebusinessofnewsmuchmorechaoticsinceitnowconsistsofthousandsofvoicesinsteadofjustafewprominentoneswhohappentohavethetoolstomakethemselvesheard.Ifthereisagrowthareainmediaitisinthefieldofcuratednewswherereal-timefiltersverifyandredistributethenewsthatcomesinfromtensofthousandsofsourcesandusetoolslikeStorifytopresentacoherentpictureofwhatishappeningontheground.OneoftheadditionalpointsthestudymakesisthatthepersonalTwitteraccountsbelongingtojournalistswerefarmorelikelytoberetweetedorengagedwithbyothersthanofficialaccountsforthemediaoutletstheyworkedfor.Thepointhereisonewehavetriedtomakerepeatedly:Socialmediaarecalledsocialforareason.They’reabouthumanbeingsconnectingwithotherhumanbeingsaroundaneventandthemorethatmediaoutletstrytostiflethehumanaspectofthesetools—throughrepressivesocial-mediapoliciesforexample—thelesslikelytheywillbetobenefitfromusingthem.AnotherbenefitofadistributedornetworkedversionofjournalismisonesociologistZeynepTufekcihasmadeinthecourseofherresearchintohowTwitterandothersocialtoolsaffectedtheeventsinTunisiaEgyptandelsewhere.Asshewroteinarecentblogpostoneoftherealitiesofmainstreammediaiswhatisoftencalledpackjournalism:thekindthatseeshundredsofjournalistsshowupforofficialbriefingsbygovernmentormilitarysourcesbutfewpursuetheirownstoriesoutsidetheofficial’sphere.Tufekcisayssocialmediaandcitizenjournalismcanbeapowerfulantidotetothiskindofprocessandthat’sfundamentallyapositiveforceforjournalism.AswelookatthewaynewsandinformationflowsinthisnewworldofsocialnetworksandwhatAndyCarvinhascalledrandomactsofjournalismbythosewhomaynotevenseethemselvesasjournalistsit’seasytogetdistractedbyhowchaotictheprocessseemsandhowdifficultitistoseparatethesignalfromthenoise.Butmoreinformationisbetter—evenifitrequiresnewskillsonthepartofjournalistswhenitcomestofilteringthatinformation—andjournalismasJayRosenhaspointedouttendstogetbetterwhenmorepeopledoit.454wordsItcanbeinferredfromPara.1that______.
Generallyluckissomethingthathappenstoindividuals.Ifasocietyoracenturyisconsideredasawholetherandomindividualeventsthataresetdowntoluckorfortuneformmorecoherentoverallpatterns;largehistoricalforcesbecomediscernible.Butentiresocietiesshouldnotmockluckeither.46TheclassicMayancivilizationdisappearedsostrangelysounexpectedlythatsomemassivestrokeofbadluckmusthavebeenatwork--asuddenplaguesayaviralriot. OfallcivilizationsAmericaseemedtheluckiest.Withitsvastspacesandimmensenaturalwealthwithitsextraordinaryfreedomfromthestultificationsofcasteandpovertytheplaceseemedborninluck.47OrsoitappearedtothewhiteEuropeanswhosettledthecontinentifnottotheIndianstheyviolentlydisplacedortheAfricanstheyimportedinslaveshipstoworktheplantations.Americanseventuallymadethemistakeofde-scribingtheirnationalluckastheir"manifestdestiny." WhateverthemotionsoffreewillandnecessityHermanMelvillewrote"chancehasthelastfeaturingblowatevents."48Luckmaybesimplyanothernamefortheoddunexpectednotesinthehugesymphonyofthingsofcircumstanceandcoincidencechemistryandcharacterdietanddiseaseweatherandtimingthevastly_subtletotalityofbeing.Butwhatevertheagnosticssayluckisnotcompletelyblindorcompletelywildeither.Withinlimitsitcanbedomesticated-althoughitwillalwaysbepartwolfandmayunexpectedlytummadandeatthechildrenoneafternoon. AsHectorBerliozsaid"Theluckofhavingtalentisnotenough;onemustalsohaveatalentforluck."Geniusinfactmaybedefinedastheabilitytocontrolluck.49"TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Theworld’sdistributionofwealthdependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergyforesightandskill."PhilosopherSidneyHookwroteafewyearsago. 50Surelytheultimatepurposeofluckifthereisoneatallistooffersuchaspectaclethatmenandwomenbesidesbeingvastlyentertainedcometorecognizetheircommonvulnerabilitytoluck’sweirdandend-lesslyinventiveimpulses.Butperhapsluckgoodandbadalsohasadeeperphysiologicalpurposeprogrammedintothehumananimalinthefirstdawnofhisintelligence:tokeeptheadrenaline"flowingmaybeandthe.brainalerttotheworld’sepicofapprehensionterrorgreedandhope. Surelytheultimatepurposeofluckifthereisoneatallistooffersuchaspectaclethatmenandwomenbesidesbeingvastlyentertainedcometorecognizetheircommonvulnerabilitytoluck’sweirdandend-lesslyinventiveimpulses.
Thisyearhasturnedouttobeasurprisinglygoodonefortheworldeconomy.Globaloutputhasprobablyrisenbycloseto5%wellaboveitstrendrateandalotfasterthanforecasterswereexpecting12monthsago.Mostofthedangersthatfrightenedfinancialmarketsduringtheyearhavefailedtomaterialize.China’seconomyhasnotsufferedahardlanding.America’smid-yearslowdowndidnotbecomeadouble-diprecession.Grantedthetroublesoftheeuroarea’speripheraleconomieshaveprovedalltooreal.YettheeurozoneasawholehasgrownatadecentrateforanageingcontinentthankstooomphfromGermanythefastest-growingbigricheconomyin2010.Thequestionnowiswhether2011willfollowthesamepattern.Manypeopleseemtothinkso.Consumerandbusinessconfidenceisrisinginmostpartsoftheworld;globalmanufacturingisaccelerating;andfinancialmarketsarebuoyant.TheMSCIindexofglobalsharepriceshasclimbedby20%sinceearlyJuly.Investorstodayareshruggingoffnewsfarmoreominousthanthatwhichrattledthemearlierthisyearfromthesoaringdebtyieldsintheeurozone’speripherytonewsofrisinginflationinChina.Earlierthisyearinvestorsweretoopessimistic.Nowtheirbreezyconfidenceseemsmisplaced.Tooversimplifyalittletheperformanceoftheworldeconomyin2011dependsonwhathappensinthreeplaces:thebigemergingmarketstheeuroareaandAmerica.Thesebigthreeareheadinginverydifferentdirectionswithverydifferentgrowthprospectsandcontradictorypolicychoices.Someofthisdivergenceisinevitable:eventothecasualobserverIndia’seconomyhasalwaysbeenratherdifferentfromAmerica’s.Butnewsplitsareopeningupespeciallyintherichworldandwiththemcomeevermorechancesforfriction.Beginwiththebigemergingmarketsbyfarthebiggestcontributorstoglobalgrowththisyear.Whereitcanforeigncapitalispouringin.Isolatedworriesaboutassetbubbleshavebeenreplacedbyafearofbroaderoverheating.WithBrazilianshopspackedwithshoppersinflationtherehassurgedabove5%andimportsinNovemberwere44%higherthanthepreviousyear.Cheapmoneyisoftentheproblem.Thoughtheslumpof2009isadistantmemorymonetaryconditionsarestillextraordinarilyloosethanksinmanyplacestoeffortstoholddowncurrencies.Thiscombinationisunsustainable.Tostoppricesacceleratingmostemergingeconomieswillneedtighterpoliciesnextyear.Iftheydotoomuchtheirgrowthcouldslowsharply.Iftheydotoolittletheyinvitehigherinflationandabiggertighteninglater.Eitherwaythechancesofamacroeconomicshockcomingfromtheemergingworldarerisingsteeply.449wordsItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat______.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 12
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14%. Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar.289words 2
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