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目前，对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马Ⅲ标准，其中有关腹痛或腹部不适时间的规定是症状出现至少6个月，最近
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目前对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马Ⅱ标准其中有关腹部不适或腹痛时间的规定是在过去12个月
6周
8周
10周
12周
16周
肠易激综合征
目前对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马Ⅱ标准其中有关腹部不适或腹痛时间的规定是在过去12个月
6周
8周
10周
12周
16周
下列描述不符合肠易激综合征罗马Ⅲ诊断标准的是
病程3个月，无明显的腹痛
可有排便费力
症状可在排便后改善
可有粪便性状异常
每天排便可>3次
肠易激综合征腹泻以黏液稀便为特征
女性50岁反复上腹不适多次在医院就诊均诊断为功能性消化不良目前罗马Ⅲ标 准把该病分为哪几个亚型
餐后饱胀综合征
上腹痛综合征
肠易激综合征
餐后不适综合征
下腹痛综合征
根据肠易激综合征罗马Ⅲ诊断标准以下哪项是错误的
缺乏可解释症状的形态学改变和生化异常
病程1年以上且近半年每个月均存在腹部不适或腹痛
症状在排便后改善
症状发生伴随排便次数改变
症状发生伴随粪便性状改变
肠易激综合征的诊断标准中腹痛症状与下列哪种情况有关
嗜睡
腹胀
焦虑
呕吐
排便
肠易激综合征诊断标准中腹痛症状应与下列哪种症状有关
腹胀
排便
嗜睡
焦虑
呕吐
目前对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马I2标准其中有关腹部不适或腹痛时间的规定是在过去12个
6周
8周
10周
12周
16周(68/2006)
肠易激综合征可分为______________________________________三型
据罗马Ⅱ标准对肠易激综合征的诊断必备的条件是
胃肠胀气或腹部膨胀感
黏液便
粪便性状异常
12个月内腹部不适或腹痛（可以是非连续性）累计至少12周
排便频率异常
肠易激综合征缺乏可解释症状的形态学改变和生化异常诊断主要依赖症状学标准
对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马Ⅱ标准其中有关腹部不适或腹痛时间的规定是在过去12个月内至
6周
8周
10周
12周
16周
简述肠易激综合征的主要临床表现
试述肠易激综合征的诊断标准
目前对肠易激综合征的诊断推荐采用国际认同的罗马I2标准其中有关腹部不适或腹痛时间的规定是在过去12个
6周
8周
10周
12周
16周
下列描述不符合肠易激综合征罗马I3诊断标准的是
病程3个月，无明显的腹痛
可有排便费力
症状可在排便后改善
可有粪便性状异常
每天排便可>3次
肠易激综合征治疗的原则是什么
按病因分类肠易激综合征属于
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Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Whichofthefollowingrecommendationsmightbemadebytheauthor
Directions: Youareabouttograduatefromauniversityinthecomingmonth.Rightnowyouaredoingsomejobhunting.WritealetterofapplicationtoanAmericanbankinyourcityto 1introduceyourselfbrieflyand 2expressyourwishtojointhecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentify thecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshave thoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocial conditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshowever haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasand activitiesduringthesameperiod.47Furthermoretheideologicalorigins offeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhen historiansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurring withintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthena trulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeminist activistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswere inrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalready popularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedin thefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentof nineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographical focusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeof socialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentof feminism.Theearliestandmostpopularoftheutopian socialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.Thespecificallyfeministpartof Saint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontribution toearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthe centralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’ energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstood Saint-Simonianism.Moreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedto Saint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFrance andtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’s followersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationof hisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleof spiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaleto representreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarity reflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthat therewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesaw anequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheir utopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof sexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthat individualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandthey ascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50The envisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwould enterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenas wellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
Text2 Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.From July1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowill restaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanoneper-sonusesthem. England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.Theotherthreebitsofthe UnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspaces andthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWestern Europe.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionis finallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthis public-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmore likelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsand la-borerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessional classessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20 cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%of singlemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher; forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshas beenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebig killersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthe developedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfrom howindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthe samepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsof unhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder—job prestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatand unfitandtodrinktoomuch.Thattemptsgovernmentstoshout everlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydoso moreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermore thaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandthe unemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Another reasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaim notonlytoimprovesome-thingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.Athird isthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthose whohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarmingly costly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointless evencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignore measuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoare alreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernment pronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautious marginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingthe rootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.Marmotwhocitesresearchongroups asdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnominees thehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbe attributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivileged positionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthe will-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’s healthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanby targetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocial cohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebigger undertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveand quieter.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforBritain’saggressivenessinthepublic-healthcampaign
Text2 Ifyousmokeyou’dbetterhurry.From July1stpubsalloverEnglandwillbylawbeno-smokingareas.Sowill restaurantsofficesandevencompanycarsifmorethanoneper-sonusesthem. England’ssmokersarefollowingawell-troddenpath.Theotherthreebitsofthe UnitedKingdomhavealreadybannedsmokinginalmostallenclosedpublicspaces andthereareanti-smokinglawsofvaryingstrictnessovermostofWestern Europe.Thesmoker’sjourneyfromglamourthroughtolerationtosuspicionis finallyreachingitsendinpariahstatus.Butbehindthis public-healthsuccessstoryliesadarkertale.Poorerpeoplearemuchmore likelytosmokethanricherones—achangefromthe1950swhenprofessionalsand la-borerswereequallykeen.Todayonly15%ofmeninthehighestprofessional classessmokebut42%ofunskilledworkersdo.Despitepunitivetaxation—20 cigarettescostaround￡5.00$10.00three-quartersofwhichistax—55%of singlemothersonbenefitssmoke.Thefigureforhomelessmenisevenhigher; forhard-drugusersitispractically100%.Themessagethatsmokingkillshas beenhearditseemsbutnotbyall.Havingdefeatedthebig killersofthepast—wantexposurepoorsanitation—governmentsalloverthe developedworldareturningtheirattentiontodiseasesthatstemmostlyfrom howindividualschoosetolivetheirlives.Butthesamedeafnessafflictsthe samepeoplewhentheyarestronglyencouragedtogiveupothersortsof unhealthybehavior.Thelowerdowntheyareonpracticallyanypeckingorder—job prestigeincomeeducationbackground-themorelikelypeoplearetobefatand unfitandtodrinktoomuch.Thattemptsgovernmentstoshout everlouderinanattempttogetthepublictolistenandnowheredotheydoso moreaggressivelythaninBritain.Onereasonisthatpeckingordersmattermore thaninmostotherrichcountries:incomedistributionisveryunequalandthe unemployeddisaffectedill-educatedrumpiscomparativelylarge.Another reasonisthefrustrationofagovernmentaddictedtotargetswhichoftenaim notonlytoimprovesome-thingbuttolesseninequalityintheprocess.Athird isthattheNationalHealthServiceisfreetopatientsandpayingforthose whohavearguablybroughttheirill-healthonthemselvesgrowsalarmingly costly.Britain’saggressivenesshowevermaybepointless evencounter-productive.Thereisnoreasontobelievethatthosewhoignore measuredvoiceswilllistentoshouting.Itirritatesthemajoritywhoare alreadybehavingresponsiblyanditmayalsoundermineallgovernment pronouncementsonhealthbyconvincingpeoplethattheyhaveanultra-cautious marginoferrorbuiltin.Suchhectoringmayalsobemissingthe rootcauseoftheproblem.AccordingtoMr.Marmotwhocitesresearchongroups asdiverseasbaboonsincaptivityBritishcivilservantsandOscarnominees thehigherratesofillhealthamongthoseinmoremodestwalksoflifecanbe attributedtowhathecallsthestatussyndrome.Peopleinprivileged positionsthinktheyareworththeeffortofbehavinghealthilyandfindthe will-powertodoso.Theimplicationisthatitiseasiertoimproveaperson’s healthbyweakeningtheconnectionbetweensocialpositionandhealththanby targetingbehaviordirectly.Somepublic-healthexpertsspeakofsocial cohesionsupportforfamiliesandbettereducationforall.Thesearebigger undertakingsthanabossycampaign;butmoreeffectiveand quieter.Theauthorseemstobesuspiciousofthepublic-healthsuccessbecause
Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenina wrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizethese paragraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineach numberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouin Boxes.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. [A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountains nearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthe vastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamilies perished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierra NevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.Itwasluckyfor themitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmost desolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwas the49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname.[B]Thecompletion oftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalso broughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotheranchers whowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightcars. Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnow stretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedfor stealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank. Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyon theirhorsesandtheirguns.Ifamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedeserts mountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodno chance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndians wouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveand resourcefulinthosedays.[D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwas givenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadone ofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.Congressdecidedthatthelayingof thetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothe buildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraph systemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplains progressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsor bridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867. Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarkthe occasion.[E]Desertsmountainsandforestsarestillthe frontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulated wildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymore than500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasand Reno.[F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusioned soldiersunabletofindworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydid notfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.Itwastheywho foundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorand courageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsinthe USA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.Americansdonotlikebeing withoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowing acourageandanenterprisewhichisun-usualinmostoftheolderEuropean countries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedy inaspeechtothenationspokeofthisNewFrontier.Thefrontierspirit certainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentof allfrontierstobecrossed.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Thewordcasteline4paragraph1mostprobablymeans
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Paragraph2iswritteninthepassage
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Theauthor’stoneintalkingaboutfireantsintheUSseemstobe
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Text4 Itishardtoboxagainstasouthpaw asApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofan interminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantage ofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handed peoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.And thesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuch astennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessis thatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathas concentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan. Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallother vertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180° relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthe bodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyis usuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthan right-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sporting advantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handed-nessposesa problemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondof theUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.Asthey reportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantage seeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfights enhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreased reproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportion ofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-hand-ed withtheadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbea higherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolence sincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr FaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fighting inmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthat isunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymond decidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthe levelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandeven goingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthatthe proportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwith itshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexample wasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.Rai-dingandwarfarearecentral toYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyear comparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieand DrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speaking peopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly 0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationis left-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handed peoplearemoreviolentthantheright-hand-editlooksasthoughtheyaremore successfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthe wordsinister.Traditionalbiologistsmightbelievethefollowingexcept
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Text4 Itishardtoboxagainstasouthpaw asApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofan interminableseriesofmovies.WhileRockyisfictionthestrategicadvantage ofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handed peoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.And thesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuch astennisandcricket.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessis thatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathas concentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan. Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallother vertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180° relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthe bodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyis usuallydominant.Andonaveragelefthandersaresmallerandlighterthan right-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sporting advantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handed-nessposesa problemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondof theUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.Asthey reportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantage seeninboxing.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfights enhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreased reproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportion ofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-hand-ed withtheadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbea higherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolence sincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr FaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis.Fighting inmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthat isunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymond decidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthe levelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandeven goingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthatthe proportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwith itshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexample wasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.Rai-dingandwarfarearecentral toYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyear comparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieand DrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speaking peopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly 0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationis left-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handed peoplearemoreviolentthantheright-hand-editlooksasthoughtheyaremore successfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningofthe wordsinister.Thetwodoctorsmightsupportwhichofthefollowingstatements
Text3 Averyimportantworldproblemifnot themostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemoment istheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimited amountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehuge populationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.Inan earlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth. Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggering figureof90millionin1988alone.Thismeansthattheworldmustaccommodatea newpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythree years!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexperts believethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50 years.Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecoming knownasDeathControl.YouhavenodoubtheardofthetermBirthControl— DeathControlissomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthe doctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowould havediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyof technologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswell asthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherate atwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreaching seventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyis becomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethis representsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisisthe verydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalon theplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreatto mankind.Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhich keephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimate andtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromthe seasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuring therewillbenotomorrow.Anunderstandingofman’seffecton thebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedial action.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosion arecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenough tolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinan areaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountries dohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofricher countriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundred timestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.Most peopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeat thehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-styles donotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareof therequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackinto naturetoreplacewhattheytakeout.Forexampletropical forestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroying thematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesof thatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmerican forestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnited Statescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheaper cardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailand forestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingapore andJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycause moretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforest itself.Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefuture ofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareofthe effecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itis veryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmost aggressiveenemy—man.Inparagraph3whichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasareasonforareductionindeathrates
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfear andhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutliving incoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStates getstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantslivein largeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacaste systemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenand aworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyare consideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurare stungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreaction calledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcan damagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanical equipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyas fireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyon largeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Even thoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybe beneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescan reducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexample theypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsand budworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedto beaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fire antsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsare consideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—we hadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand 1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethat completeeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anew long-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassical biologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnited Statesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.Classicalbiological controlinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsin SouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnative plantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulation intheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundanthere thaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthis approach.Thatfireantspreyonbollwormsandbudwormsismentionedtoshowthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentify thecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovementshave thoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocial conditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorinanshowever haveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasand activitiesduringthesameperiod.47Furthermoretheideologicalorigins offeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecauseevenwhen historiansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurring withintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthena trulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeminist activistswhohavebeendescribedassolitaryandindividualtheoristswere inrealityconnectedtoamovement—utopiansocialism—whichwasalready popularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedin thefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848. 48Thusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentof nineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographical focusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeof socialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentof feminism.Theearliestandmostpopularoftheutopian socialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.Thespecificallyfeministpartof Saint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontribution toearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthe centralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’ energy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstood Saint-Simonianism.Moreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedto Saint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFrance andtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.49Saint-Simon’s followersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationof hisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleof spiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaleto representreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarity reflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthat therewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesaw anequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheir utopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof sexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthat individualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandthey ascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.50The envisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwould enterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenas wellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1. Deflationisaneconomictheory relatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Inits developed1itconstitutesananalysisofthe 2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3 bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturythe Scottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand 5itwasaweapon6the mercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7 ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8argued thequantitytheoriststhenafavourablebalanceoftrade9 desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybut wouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantity theory11totheascendancyoffreetradeover protectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe 12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign 13rates.The14 theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetary expansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthe levelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoney supplyindeterminingeconomicactivity.Thetideofopinion16 againinthe1960swhenexperience17 post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoney andprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates 1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantity theory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthe stockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies 20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfull employment.
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