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MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 6
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 18
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 12
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.AtascientificconferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmentalexpertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyashadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit. Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredictedriseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandtheresultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeenmeltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevelswillrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurbclimatechange. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.TheimpactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentreforAustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatelliteandground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidlysince1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurtheraccelerationinthisrate. StefanofthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethat“basedonpastexperienceIexpectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.”49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases. AdvancenegotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonninjustoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarningswillchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 4
Culturalresponsestomodernizationoftenmanifestthemselvesinthemassmedia.ForexampleAldousHuxleyinBraveNewWorldcreatedafictionalworldinwhichhecautionedreadersthatmodernscienceandtechnologyposedathreattoindividualdignity.CharlieChaplin’sfilmModernTimessetinafuturisticmanufacturingplantalsotoldthestoryofthedehumanizingimpactofmodernizationandmachinery.Writersandartistsintheircriticismsofthemodernworldoftenpointtotechnology’sabilitytoalienatepeoplefromoneanothercapitalism’stendencytofostergreedandgovernment’sinclinationtocreatebureaucraciesthatoppressratherthanhelppeople. Amongthemajorvaluesofthemodernperiodfourtypicallymanifestthemselvesintheculturalenvironment:celebratingtheindividualbelievinginrationalorderworkingefficientlyandrejectingtradition.Thesevaluesofthemodernperiodwereoriginallyembodiedintheprintingpressandlaterinnewspapersandmagazines.Theprintmediaencouragedthevisionofindividualwriterspublishersandreaderswhocirculatednewideas.Whereasthepremodernperiodwasguidedbystrongbeliefsinanaturalordivineorderbecomingmodernmeantelevatingindividualself-expressiontoacentralposition.AlongwithdemocraticbreakthroughshoweverindividualismandtheIndustrialRevolutiontriggeredmodernformsofhierarchyinwhichcertainindividualsandgroupsachievedhigherstandinginthesocialorder.Forexamplethosewhomanagedcommercialenterprisesgainedmorecontrolovertheeconomicladderwhileanintellectualclassofmodernexpertswhomasteredspecializedrealmsofknowledgegainedincreasingpoweroverthenation’ssocialpoliticalandculturalagendas. Tobemodernalsomeanttovaluethecapacityoforganizedscientificmindstosolveproblemsefficiently.Progressivethinkersmaintainedthattheprintingpressthetelegraphandtherailroadincombinationwithascientificattitudewouldfosteranewtypeofinformedsociety.Atthecoreofthissocietytheprintedmassmediaparticularlynewspaperswouldeducatethecitizenryhelpingtobuildandmaintainanorganizedsocialframework.Journalistsstroveforthepremodernidealthroughamorefact-basedandefficientapproachtoreporting.Theydiscardeddecorativewritingandchampionedaleanlook.Modernfront-pagenewsde-emphasizeddescriptioncommentaryandhistoricalcontext.TheleadsentencesthatreportedapresidentialpressconferencebegantolooksimilarwhethertheywereonthefrontpageinTupeloMississippiorWahpetonNorthDakota.JustasmodernarchitecturemademanyAmericanskylineslookalikethefrontpagesofnewspapersbegantoresembleoneanother. Finallytobemodernmeanttothrowofftherigidrulesofthepasttobreakwithtradition.Modernjournalismbecamecaptivatedbytimelyandimmediateevents.Asaresultthemorestandardizedformsoffront-pagejournalismontheonehandchampionedfactsandcurrenteventswhileefficientlymeetingdeadlines.Butontheotherhandmodernnewspapersoftenfailedtotakeahistoricalperspectiveortoanalyzesufficientlytheideasunderlyingtheseevents. AllofthefollowingarethemajorvaluesofthemodernworldEXCEPT
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 16
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamong"middleclass"womenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones. Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives. Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem. AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades. Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle. Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives. Theauthorimpliesinthelastparagraphthat
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamong"middleclass"womenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones. Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives. Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem. AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades. Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle. Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives. Whatdoradicalwomenexpectmorefromtheirmalecounterparts
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 44
Itistrueasthemovementcriticsassertthatthepresentwomen’sliberationgroupsarealmostentirelybasedamong"middleclass"womenthatiscollegeandcareerwomen;andtheissuesofpsychologicalandsexualexploitationandtoalesserextentexploitationthroughconsumptionhavebeenthemostprominentones. Itisnotsurprisingthatthewomen’sliberationmovementshouldbeginamongbourgeoiswomenandshouldbedominatedinthebeginningbytheirconsciousnessandtheirparticularconcerns.Radicalwomenaregenerallythepostwarmiddleclassgenerationthatgrewupwiththerighttovotethechanceathighereducationandtrainingforsupportiverolesintheprofessionsandbusiness.Mostofthemareyoungandsophisticatedenoughtohavenotyethadchildrenanddonothavetomarrytosupportthemselves.Incomparisonwithmostwomentheyarecapableofacertainamountofcontrolovertheirlives. Thehigherdevelopmentofbourgeoisdemocraticsocietyallowsthewomenwhobenefitfromeducationandrelativeequalitytoseethecontradictionsbetweenitsrhetoriceverychildcanbecomepresidentandtheiractualplaceinthatsociety.Theworkingclasswomanmightbelievethateducationcouldhavemadeherfinanciallyindependentbuttheeducatedcareerwomanfindsthatmoneyhasnotmadeherindependent.Infactbecauseshehasbeenallowedtoprogresshalfwayontheupward-mobilityladdershecanseetherestofthedistancethatisdeniedheronlybecausesheisawoman.Shecanseethesimilaritybetweenheroppressionandthatofothersectionsofthepopulation.Thusfromtheirownexperienceradicalwomeninthemovementareawareofmorefaultsinthesocietythanracismandimperialism.Becausetheyhavepushedthedemocraticmythtoitslimitstheyknowconcretelyhowitlimitsthem. AtthesametimethatradicalwomenwerelearningaboutAmericansocietytheywerealsobecomingawareofthemalechauvinisminthemovement.Infactthatisusuallythecauseoftheirfirstconscious100verbalizationoftheprejudicetheyfeel;itismoredisillusioningtoknowthatthesamecontradictionexistsbetweenthemovement’srhetoricofequalityanditsrealityforweexpectmoreofourcomrades. Thisrealizationofthedeep-seatedprejudiceagainstthemselvesinthemovementproducestwocommonreactionsamongitswomen:1apreoccupationwiththisimmediatebarrierandperhapsaresultanthopelessnessand2atendencytoretreatinwardtobuythefool’sgoldofcreatingapersonallyliberatedlifestyle. Howeverourconceptofliberationrepresentsaconsciousnessthatconditionshaveforcedonuswhilemostofoursistersarechainedbyotherconditionsbiologicalandeconomicthatoverwhelmtheirhumanityanddesiresforself-fulfillment.Ourbackgroundaccountsforourignoranceaboutthestarkoppressionofwomen’sdailylives. ThebasicdifferencebetweenMiddleClasswomenandotherwomenintheliberationmovementisthat
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequateaupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionisthedisserviceofoneanother. Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsininevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies0nlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. ThephrasefunctioninthedisserviceofoneanotherPara.1mostprobablymeans
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.AtascientificconferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmentalexpertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyashadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit. Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredictedriseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandtheresultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeenmeltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevelswillrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurbclimatechange. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.TheimpactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentreforAustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatelliteandground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidlysince1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurtheraccelerationinthisrate. StefanofthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethat“basedonpastexperienceIexpectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.”49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases. AdvancenegotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonninjustoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarningswillchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed. 46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit.
Acomputermodelhasbeendevelopedthatcanpredictwhatwordyouarethinkingof.41ResearchersledbyTomMitchellofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburghPennsylvania"trained"acomputermodeltorecognizethepatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwith60imageseachofwhichrepresentedadifferentnounsuchas"celery"or"aeroplane". 42.Wordssuchas"hammer"forexampleaxeknowntocausemovement-relatedareasofthebraintolightup;ontheotherhandtheword"castle"triggersactivityinregionsthatprocessspatialinformation.Mitchellandhiscolleaguesalsoknewthatdifferentnounsareassociatedmoreoftenwithsomeverbsthanwithothers--theverb"eat"forexampleismorelikelytobefoundinconjunctionwith"celery"thanwith"aeroplane".Theresearchersdesignedthemodeltotryandusethesesemanticlinkstoworkouthowthebrainwouldreacttoparticularnouns.Theyfed25suchverbsintothemodel. 43.Theresearchersthenfedthemodel58ofthe60nounstotrainit.Foreachnounthemodelsortedthroughatrillion-wordbodyoftexttofindhowitwasrelatedtothe25verbsandhowthatrelatedtotheactivationpattern.Aftertrainingthemodelswereputtothetest.Theirtaskwastopredictthepatternofactivityforthetwomissingwordsfromthegroupof60andthentodeducewhichwordwaswhich.Onaveragethemodelscameupwiththerightanswermorethanthree-quartersofthetime. Theteamthenwentonestepfurtherthistimetrainingthemodelson59ofthe60testwordsandthenshowingthemanewbrainactivitypatternandofferingthemachoiceof1001wordstomatchit.Themodelsperformedwellabovechancewhentheyweremadetorankthe1001wordsaccordingtohowwelltheymatchedthepattern.Theideaissimilartoanother"brain-reading"technique.44.Itshouldn’tbetoodifficulttogetthemodeltochooseaccuratelybetweenalargernumberofwordssaysJohn-DylanHaynes. AnaverageEnglishspeakerknows50000wordsMitchellsayssothemodelcouldintheorybeusedtoselectanywordasubjectchoosestothinkof.EvenwholesentencesmightnotbetoodistantaprospectforthemodelsaysMitchell."Nowthatwecanseeindividualwordsitgivesthescaffoldingforstartingtoseewhatthebraindoeswithmultiplewordsasitassemblesthem"hesays.45 Modelssuchasthisonecouldalsobeusefulindiagnosingdisordersoflanguageorhelpingstudentspickupaforeignlanguage.Insemanticdementiaforexamplepeoplelosetheabilitytorememberthemeaningsofthings--shownapictureofachihuahuatheycanonlyrecall"dog"forexample--butlittleisknownaboutwhatexactlygoeswronginthebrain."Wecouldlookatwhattheneuralencodingisforthis"saysMitchell. [A]TheteamthenusedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingFMRItoscanthebrainsof9volunteersastheylookedatimagesofthenouns [B]Thestudycanpredictwhatpictureapersonisseeingfromaselectionofmorethan100reportedbyNatureearlierthisyear [C]Themodelmayhelptoresolvequestionsabouthowthebrainprocesseswordsandlanguageandmightevenleadtotechniquesfordecodingpeople’sthoughts [D]Thisgivesresearchersthechancetounderstandthe"mentalchemistry"thatthebraindoeswhenitprocessessuchphrasesMitchellsuggests [E]Thisresearchmaybeusefulforahumancomputerinterfacebutdoesnotcapturethecomplexnetworkthatallowsarealbraintolearnandusewordsinacreativeway [F]Theteamstartedwiththeassumptionthatthebrainprocesseswordsintermsofhowtheyrelatetomovementandsensoryinformation [G]Thenewmodelisdifferentinthatithastolookatthemeaningsofthewordsratherthanjustlower-levelvisualfeaturesofapicture 42
Directions: Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"OnBeingThrift"basedonthefollowingpicture.Youshouldinterpretthepictureanddiscusswhetherbeingthriftshouldbeadvocatedinourpursuitofhappiness.
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 2
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequateaupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionisthedisserviceofoneanother. Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsininevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies0nlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorgivesthedefinitionsofsometermsinorderto
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline."Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25"saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47"Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene." 48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction. Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive. Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive."Ifyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendations"notesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger. 46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline.
Acomputermodelhasbeendevelopedthatcanpredictwhatwordyouarethinkingof.41ResearchersledbyTomMitchellofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburghPennsylvania"trained"acomputermodeltorecognizethepatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwith60imageseachofwhichrepresentedadifferentnounsuchas"celery"or"aeroplane". 42.Wordssuchas"hammer"forexampleaxeknowntocausemovement-relatedareasofthebraintolightup;ontheotherhandtheword"castle"triggersactivityinregionsthatprocessspatialinformation.Mitchellandhiscolleaguesalsoknewthatdifferentnounsareassociatedmoreoftenwithsomeverbsthanwithothers--theverb"eat"forexampleismorelikelytobefoundinconjunctionwith"celery"thanwith"aeroplane".Theresearchersdesignedthemodeltotryandusethesesemanticlinkstoworkouthowthebrainwouldreacttoparticularnouns.Theyfed25suchverbsintothemodel. 43.Theresearchersthenfedthemodel58ofthe60nounstotrainit.Foreachnounthemodelsortedthroughatrillion-wordbodyoftexttofindhowitwasrelatedtothe25verbsandhowthatrelatedtotheactivationpattern.Aftertrainingthemodelswereputtothetest.Theirtaskwastopredictthepatternofactivityforthetwomissingwordsfromthegroupof60andthentodeducewhichwordwaswhich.Onaveragethemodelscameupwiththerightanswermorethanthree-quartersofthetime. Theteamthenwentonestepfurtherthistimetrainingthemodelson59ofthe60testwordsandthenshowingthemanewbrainactivitypatternandofferingthemachoiceof1001wordstomatchit.Themodelsperformedwellabovechancewhentheyweremadetorankthe1001wordsaccordingtohowwelltheymatchedthepattern.Theideaissimilartoanother"brain-reading"technique.44.Itshouldn’tbetoodifficulttogetthemodeltochooseaccuratelybetweenalargernumberofwordssaysJohn-DylanHaynes. AnaverageEnglishspeakerknows50000wordsMitchellsayssothemodelcouldintheorybeusedtoselectanywordasubjectchoosestothinkof.EvenwholesentencesmightnotbetoodistantaprospectforthemodelsaysMitchell."Nowthatwecanseeindividualwordsitgivesthescaffoldingforstartingtoseewhatthebraindoeswithmultiplewordsasitassemblesthem"hesays.45 Modelssuchasthisonecouldalsobeusefulindiagnosingdisordersoflanguageorhelpingstudentspickupaforeignlanguage.Insemanticdementiaforexamplepeoplelosetheabilitytorememberthemeaningsofthings--shownapictureofachihuahuatheycanonlyrecall"dog"forexample--butlittleisknownaboutwhatexactlygoeswronginthebrain."Wecouldlookatwhattheneuralencodingisforthis"saysMitchell. [A]TheteamthenusedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingFMRItoscanthebrainsof9volunteersastheylookedatimagesofthenouns [B]Thestudycanpredictwhatpictureapersonisseeingfromaselectionofmorethan100reportedbyNatureearlierthisyear [C]Themodelmayhelptoresolvequestionsabouthowthebrainprocesseswordsandlanguageandmightevenleadtotechniquesfordecodingpeople’sthoughts [D]Thisgivesresearchersthechancetounderstandthe"mentalchemistry"thatthebraindoeswhenitprocessessuchphrasesMitchellsuggests [E]Thisresearchmaybeusefulforahumancomputerinterfacebutdoesnotcapturethecomplexnetworkthatallowsarealbraintolearnandusewordsinacreativeway [F]Theteamstartedwiththeassumptionthatthebrainprocesseswordsintermsofhowtheyrelatetomovementandsensoryinformation [G]Thenewmodelisdifferentinthatithastolookatthemeaningsofthewordsratherthanjustlower-levelvisualfeaturesofapicture 44
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 8
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 14
Culturalresponsestomodernizationoftenmanifestthemselvesinthemassmedia.ForexampleAldousHuxleyinBraveNewWorldcreatedafictionalworldinwhichhecautionedreadersthatmodernscienceandtechnologyposedathreattoindividualdignity.CharlieChaplin’sfilmModernTimessetinafuturisticmanufacturingplantalsotoldthestoryofthedehumanizingimpactofmodernizationandmachinery.Writersandartistsintheircriticismsofthemodernworldoftenpointtotechnology’sabilitytoalienatepeoplefromoneanothercapitalism’stendencytofostergreedandgovernment’sinclinationtocreatebureaucraciesthatoppressratherthanhelppeople. Amongthemajorvaluesofthemodernperiodfourtypicallymanifestthemselvesintheculturalenvironment:celebratingtheindividualbelievinginrationalorderworkingefficientlyandrejectingtradition.Thesevaluesofthemodernperiodwereoriginallyembodiedintheprintingpressandlaterinnewspapersandmagazines.Theprintmediaencouragedthevisionofindividualwriterspublishersandreaderswhocirculatednewideas.Whereasthepremodernperiodwasguidedbystrongbeliefsinanaturalordivineorderbecomingmodernmeantelevatingindividualself-expressiontoacentralposition.AlongwithdemocraticbreakthroughshoweverindividualismandtheIndustrialRevolutiontriggeredmodernformsofhierarchyinwhichcertainindividualsandgroupsachievedhigherstandinginthesocialorder.Forexamplethosewhomanagedcommercialenterprisesgainedmorecontrolovertheeconomicladderwhileanintellectualclassofmodernexpertswhomasteredspecializedrealmsofknowledgegainedincreasingpoweroverthenation’ssocialpoliticalandculturalagendas. Tobemodernalsomeanttovaluethecapacityoforganizedscientificmindstosolveproblemsefficiently.Progressivethinkersmaintainedthattheprintingpressthetelegraphandtherailroadincombinationwithascientificattitudewouldfosteranewtypeofinformedsociety.Atthecoreofthissocietytheprintedmassmediaparticularlynewspaperswouldeducatethecitizenryhelpingtobuildandmaintainanorganizedsocialframework.Journalistsstroveforthepremodernidealthroughamorefact-basedandefficientapproachtoreporting.Theydiscardeddecorativewritingandchampionedaleanlook.Modernfront-pagenewsde-emphasizeddescriptioncommentaryandhistoricalcontext.TheleadsentencesthatreportedapresidentialpressconferencebegantolooksimilarwhethertheywereonthefrontpageinTupeloMississippiorWahpetonNorthDakota.JustasmodernarchitecturemademanyAmericanskylineslookalikethefrontpagesofnewspapersbegantoresembleoneanother. Finallytobemodernmeanttothrowofftherigidrulesofthepasttobreakwithtradition.Modernjournalismbecamecaptivatedbytimelyandimmediateevents.Asaresultthemorestandardizedformsoffront-pagejournalismontheonehandchampionedfactsandcurrenteventswhileefficientlymeetingdeadlines.Butontheotherhandmodernnewspapersoftenfailedtotakeahistoricalperspectiveortoanalyzesufficientlytheideasunderlyingtheseevents. Modernjournalisticreportingemphasizes
IfyouareatouristinterestedinseeingabaseballgamewhileinNewYorkyoucanFindoutwhichofitsteamsareintownsimplybysendingamessagetoAskForCents.com.Inafewminutestheanswercomesbackapparentlysuppliedbyamachinebutactuallycomposedbyahuman.Usinghumanstoprocessinformationinamachine-likewayisnotnew-itwaspioneeredbytheMechanicalTurkafamed18th-centurychess-playingmachinethatwasoperatedbyahiddenchessmaster.Butwhilecomputershavesincesurpassedthehumanbrainatchessmanytasksstillbaffleeventhemostpowerfulelectronicbrain. ForinstancecomputerscanfindyouabaseballschedulebuttheycannottellyoudirectlyiftheYankeesareintown.Norcantheytellyouwhethersittinginthebleachersisagoodideaonafirstdate.AskForCentscanbecauseitsanswerscomefrompeople."Whateverquestionyoucancomeupwiththere’sapersonthatcanprovidetheanswer--youdon’thavetheinflexibilityofanalgorithm-drivensystem"saysJesseHeitlerwhodevelopedAskForCents.Mr.HeitlerwasabletodothisthankstoanewsoftwaretooldevelopedbyAmazontheonlineretailerthatallowscomputingtaskstobefarmedouttopeopleovertheinternet.AptlyenoughAmazon’ssystemiscalledMechanicalTurk. Amazon’sTurkisparttoolkitforsoftwaredevelopersandpartonlinebazaar:anyonewithinternetaccesscanregisterasaTurkuserandstartperformingtheHumanIntelligenceTasksHITslistedontheTurkwebsitemturk.com.Companiescanbecome"requesters"bysettingupaseparateaccounttiedtoabankaccountthatwillpayoutfeesandthenpostingtheirHITs.MostHITspaybetweenonecentand$5.Sofarpeoplefrommorethan100countrieshaveperformedHITsthoughonlythosewithAmericanbankaccountscanreceivemoneyfortheirwork;othersarepaidinAmazongiftcertificates. Mr.Heitlersayshehadpreviouslytriedtobuildasimilartoolbutconcludedthattheinfrastructurewouldbedifficulttooperateprofitably.AmazonalreadyhasanextensivesoftwareinfrastructuredesignedforlinkingbuyerswithsellershoweverandtheTurksimplyextendsthatexistingmodel.LastNovemberAmazonunveiledaprototypeofthesystemwhichitcalls"artificialartificialintelligence".ThepremiseisthathumansarevastlysuperiortocomputersattaskssuchaspatternrecognitionsaysPeterCohendirectoroftheprojectatAmazonsowhynotletsoftwaretakeadvantageofhumanstrengths Mr.CohencreditsAmazon’sbossJeffBezoswiththeconceptfortheTurk.Otherpeoplehavehadsimilarideas.EricBonabeauofIcosystemanAmericanfirmthatbuildssoftwaretoolsmodeledonnaturalsystemshasbuiltwhathecallsthe"HunchEngine"tocombinehumanintelligencewithcomputeranalysis.TheFrenchpostalserviceforexamplehasusedittohelpitsworkerschoosethebestdeliveryroutesandpharmaceuticalresearchersareusingittodeterminemolecularstructuresbycombiningtheirgutinstinctswithknownresultsstoredinadatabase.AndafirmcalledSeriosityhopestotapthecollectivebrainpowerofthelegionsofobsessiveplayersofmultiplayeronlinegamessuchas"WorldofWarcraft"bygettingthemtoperformsmallreal-worldtaskssuchassortingphotographswhileplayingandpayingtheminthegame’sowncurrency. AskForCents.cornisoperatedonthebasisof
Scienceandpoliticsareinextricablylinked.AtascientificconferenceonclimatechangeheldthisweekinCopenhagenfourenvironmentalexpertsannouncedthatsealevelsappeartoberisingalmosttwiceasrapidlyashadbeenforecastbytheUnitedNationsjusttwoyearsago.46ThewarningisaimedatpoliticianswhowillmeetinthesamecityinDecembertodiscussthesamesubjectandperhapstothrashoutaninternationalagreementtocounterit. Thereasonfortherapidchangeinthepredictedriseinsealevelsisarapidincreaseintheinformationavailable.47In2007whentheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeconvenedbytheUNmadeitspredictionthatsealevelswouldrisebybetween18cmand59cmby2100alackofknowledgeabouthowthepolaricecapswerebehavingwasbehindmuchoftheuncertainty.Sincethentheyhavebeencloselymonitoredandtheresultsaredisturbing.BoththeGreenlandandtheAntarcticcapshavebeenmeltingatanacceleratingrate.Indeedscientistsnowreckonthatsealevelswillrisebybetween50eraand100eraby2100unlessactionistakentocurbclimatechange. 48KonradSteffenaprofessoroftheUniversityofColoradotoldtheconferencethatthissheetismeltingnotonlybecauseitiswarmerbutalsobecausewaterseepingthroughitscrevicesisbreakingitupwhoseeffecthadbeenneglectedintheearlierreport.TheimpactofthemeltingicehasbeenmeasuredbyJohnChurchoftheCentreforAustralianWeatherandClimateResearch.Hetoldtheconferencethatsatelliteandground-basedsystemsshowedthatsealevelshavebeenrisingmorerapidlysince1993.Heisconcernedthatmoreclimatechangecouldcauseafurtheraccelerationinthisrate. StefanofthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearchtoldtheconferencethat“basedonpastexperienceIexpectthatsea-levelrisewillaccelerateastheplanetgetshotter.”49HewassupportedinthisviewbythefourthexpertEricRignotoftheUniversityofCaliforniawhocalledfortheworld’sleaderstoslashtheemissionofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases. AdvancenegotiationsontheUNClimateChangeConferenceareduetobegininBonninjustoverafortnight’stime.Thescientistshopethattheirstartlingwarningswillchangetheoutcomeofthatpre-meetingmeeting.50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed. 50Withmuchstilltoargueovertheyhopethataclearscientificleadwillbothhelptonarrowtheroomfordisagreementandgalvanizethedesiretogetatreatyagreed.
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 10
IfyouareatouristinterestedinseeingabaseballgamewhileinNewYorkyoucanFindoutwhichofitsteamsareintownsimplybysendingamessagetoAskForCents.com.Inafewminutestheanswercomesbackapparentlysuppliedbyamachinebutactuallycomposedbyahuman.Usinghumanstoprocessinformationinamachine-likewayisnotnew-itwaspioneeredbytheMechanicalTurkafamed18th-centurychess-playingmachinethatwasoperatedbyahiddenchessmaster.Butwhilecomputershavesincesurpassedthehumanbrainatchessmanytasksstillbaffleeventhemostpowerfulelectronicbrain. ForinstancecomputerscanfindyouabaseballschedulebuttheycannottellyoudirectlyiftheYankeesareintown.Norcantheytellyouwhethersittinginthebleachersisagoodideaonafirstdate.AskForCentscanbecauseitsanswerscomefrompeople."Whateverquestionyoucancomeupwiththere’sapersonthatcanprovidetheanswer--youdon’thavetheinflexibilityofanalgorithm-drivensystem"saysJesseHeitlerwhodevelopedAskForCents.Mr.HeitlerwasabletodothisthankstoanewsoftwaretooldevelopedbyAmazontheonlineretailerthatallowscomputingtaskstobefarmedouttopeopleovertheinternet.AptlyenoughAmazon’ssystemiscalledMechanicalTurk. Amazon’sTurkisparttoolkitforsoftwaredevelopersandpartonlinebazaar:anyonewithinternetaccesscanregisterasaTurkuserandstartperformingtheHumanIntelligenceTasksHITslistedontheTurkwebsitemturk.com.Companiescanbecome"requesters"bysettingupaseparateaccounttiedtoabankaccountthatwillpayoutfeesandthenpostingtheirHITs.MostHITspaybetweenonecentand$5.Sofarpeoplefrommorethan100countrieshaveperformedHITsthoughonlythosewithAmericanbankaccountscanreceivemoneyfortheirwork;othersarepaidinAmazongiftcertificates. Mr.Heitlersayshehadpreviouslytriedtobuildasimilartoolbutconcludedthattheinfrastructurewouldbedifficulttooperateprofitably.AmazonalreadyhasanextensivesoftwareinfrastructuredesignedforlinkingbuyerswithsellershoweverandtheTurksimplyextendsthatexistingmodel.LastNovemberAmazonunveiledaprototypeofthesystemwhichitcalls"artificialartificialintelligence".ThepremiseisthathumansarevastlysuperiortocomputersattaskssuchaspatternrecognitionsaysPeterCohendirectoroftheprojectatAmazonsowhynotletsoftwaretakeadvantageofhumanstrengths Mr.CohencreditsAmazon’sbossJeffBezoswiththeconceptfortheTurk.Otherpeoplehavehadsimilarideas.EricBonabeauofIcosystemanAmericanfirmthatbuildssoftwaretoolsmodeledonnaturalsystemshasbuiltwhathecallsthe"HunchEngine"tocombinehumanintelligencewithcomputeranalysis.TheFrenchpostalserviceforexamplehasusedittohelpitsworkerschoosethebestdeliveryroutesandpharmaceuticalresearchersareusingittodeterminemolecularstructuresbycombiningtheirgutinstinctswithknownresultsstoredinadatabase.AndafirmcalledSeriosityhopestotapthecollectivebrainpowerofthelegionsofobsessiveplayersofmultiplayeronlinegamessuchas"WorldofWarcraft"bygettingthemtoperformsmallreal-worldtaskssuchassortingphotographswhileplayingandpayingtheminthegame’sowncurrency. AmazonissuccessfulwithTurkisprobablybecause
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequateaupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionisthedisserviceofoneanother. Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsininevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies0nlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Thepassageisprobablyintendedtoanswerthequestion.
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 20
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