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Directions: Write an essay of about 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In this essay, yo...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 12
Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflyinghigherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptopthinnerthanabrown-paperenvelopeoryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue. Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuseswarriorsentrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpressstudioandtheatrepaintbrushandgallerypianoandradiothemailaswellasthemailcarrier.41 Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevicethefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproductionmeansofdistributionsiteofreceptionandplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury’sculturemachine. Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputerwemustalsotreadwithcaution.42Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.Firstmostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Secondthemajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing. Allanimalsdownloadbutonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostparttheanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods—paintingssculptureandarchitecture—andsuperfluousexperiences—musicliteraturereligionandphilosophy.43 Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachinesmostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmediaapyramidofproductionremainswithasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterialaslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontentandahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.44 Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton. 45 WhatcountsasmeaningfuluploadingMydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"—creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere. [A]Ofcourseitispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskillsbutfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity. [B]Applicationsliketumblr.comwhichallowuserstocombinepictureswordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethemhavethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusingentertainingandenlighteningothers. [C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday. [D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading—betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation--whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine. [E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers. [F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-centurymuchoftheworld’smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium—television—andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading. [G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflowtoencouragethoughtfuldownloadingandevenmoreimportantlymeaningfuluploading. 42
Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflyinghigherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptopthinnerthanabrown-paperenvelopeoryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue. Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuseswarriorsentrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpressstudioandtheatrepaintbrushandgallerypianoandradiothemailaswellasthemailcarrier.41 Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevicethefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproductionmeansofdistributionsiteofreceptionandplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury’sculturemachine. Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputerwemustalsotreadwithcaution.42Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.Firstmostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Secondthemajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing. Allanimalsdownloadbutonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostparttheanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods—paintingssculptureandarchitecture—andsuperfluousexperiences—musicliteraturereligionandphilosophy.43 Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachinesmostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmediaapyramidofproductionremainswithasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterialaslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontentandahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.44 Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton. 45 WhatcountsasmeaningfuluploadingMydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"—creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere. [A]Ofcourseitispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskillsbutfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity. [B]Applicationsliketumblr.comwhichallowuserstocombinepictureswordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethemhavethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusingentertainingandenlighteningothers. [C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday. [D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading—betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation--whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine. [E]ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers. [F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-centurymuchoftheworld’smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium—television—andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading. [G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflowtoencouragethoughtfuldownloadingandevenmoreimportantlymeaningfuluploading. 44
DespiteincreasedairportsecuritysinceSeptember11th2001thetechnologytoscanbothpassengersandbaggageforweaponsandbombsremainslargelyunchanged.Travellerswalkthroughmetaldetectorsandcarry-onbagspassthroughx-raymachinesthatsuperimposecolour-codedhighlightsbutdolittleelse.Checked-inluggageisscreenedby"computedtomography"whichpeersinsideasuitcaseratherlikeaCATscanofabrain.Thesesystemscanalertanoperatortosomethingsuspiciousbuttheycannottellwhatitis. Moresophisticatedscreeningtechnologiesareemergingalbeitslowly.Therearethreemainapproaches:enhancedx-raystospothiddenobjectssensortechnologytosniffdangerouschemicalsandradiofrequenciesthatcanidentifyliquidsandsolids. Anumberofmanufacturersareusing"reflective"or"backscatter"x-raysthatcanbecalibratedtoseeobjectsthroughclothing.Theycanspotthingsthatametaldetectormaynotsuchasaceramicknifeorplasticexplosives.Butsomepeoplethinktheycanrevealtoomuch.InAmericacivil-libertiesgroupshavestalledtheintroductionofsuchequipmentarguingthatitistoointrusive.Toprotecttravellers’modestyfiltershavebeencreatedtoblurgenitalareas. Machinesthatcandetectminutetracesofexplosivearealsobeingtested.Passengerswalkthroughamachinethatblowsaburstofairintendedtodislodgemoleculesofsubstancesonaperson’sbodyandclothes.Theairissuckedintoafilterwhichinstantaneouslyanalysesittoseewhetheritincludesanysuspectsubstances.Theprocesscanworkforbaggageaswell.Itisavastimprovementontoday’smethodwherebycarry-onitemsareoccasionallyswabbedandscreenedfortracesofexplosives.Becausethisisamanualoperationonlyasmallshareofbagsareexaminedthisway. Themostradicalofthenewapproachesuses"quadrupoleresonancetechnology".Thisinvolvesbombardinganobjectwithradiowaves.Byreadingthereturningsignalsthemachinescanidentifythemolecularstructureofthematerialsitcontains.Sinceeverycompound—solidliquidorgas—createsauniquefrequencyitcanbereadlikeafingerprint.Thesystemcanbeusedtolookfordrugsaswellasexplosives. Forthesetechnologiestomakethejumpfromdevelopmentlabsandsmalltrialstofulldeploymentatairportstheymustbeavailableatapricethatairportsarepreparedtopay.TheymustalsobeeasytousetakeuplittlespaceandprovidequickresultssaysChrisYatesasecurityexpertwithJane’sAirportReview.NormanShanksanairportsecurityexpertsaysaddingthenewtechnologiescostsaround$100000permachine;heexpectsthesystemstoberolledoutcommerciallyoverthenext12months.Theymightcloseoffoneroutetodestroyinganairlinerbutacruelcertaintyisthatterroristswilltrytofindothers. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
46TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprisemarket-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmenstrivingtomakeprofitsproducethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotiveoperatingundercompetitivepressureslargelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.47ThusintheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumerscoupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit. 48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomythismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystemaprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemandthepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.49Ifontheotherhandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscostthiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producerswhichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.ThuspriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem. Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresourcesprivatepropertyandtheyarepermittedtohirelaborgaincontrolovernaturalresourcesandproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual. 48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. Accordingtothepassagethefirststephelpsthereaders
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 2
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased. Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward. Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest. 46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. WhatisthefocusofHarvardBusinessSchool’strainingprogram
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 10
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 20
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 18
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 16
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchas"WhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopic"and"WhatdoIwanttoknow"Inthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea. ThepassageimpliesthattheSQ3Rmethod
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thetelecommunicationspharmaceuticalandairlineindustriesallhaveundergoneradicalchangesinrecentyears.Pharmaceuticalcompanieswhichoncesolddrugstothedoctorsthatdispensedthemswitchedtothesolution-sellingmethodandstarteddealingwithhealth-carecompanies.Andmanymajorairlinesconsolidatedatthesametimethatlow-costfirmslikeJetBlueenteredthemarket. Ineachoftheseindustriesthegamechangedandwithnewrulescamenewwaystowin.ThatisthepremiseofHarvardBusinessSchool’s"ChangingtheGame.NegotiationandCompetitiveDecisionMaking."Theprogramwhichcoversnotonlydeal-makingbutalsotopicsasdiverseasonlineauctionsandstrategicpartnerships"isforcompaniesthataregoingthroughfundamentalchangeinthewaythingsaredone"saysMaxBazermanprogramchairandprofessorofbusinessadministrationattheschool. ThisisnotaprogramfornovicessaysBazerman;mostparticipantshavealreadyattendedageneralnegotiationprogram.In"ChangingtheGame"participantslearntounderstandtheirthoughtprocessesregardingnegotiationtocomparerationalandintuitivedecision-makingstrategiesandtoidentifycommonmistakesmadebyeventhemostexperiencedprofessionals.Byfocusingoncompetitiveenvironmentstheprogramdrawsonsomeofthemostadvancedconceptsfromtheemergingareasofbehavioraleconomicsbehavioraldecisionresearchandbehavioralfinance. Participantsengageinsimulatednegotiationsthathighlightthetensionbetweencreatingandassessingvalueandlearnhowtothinkaboutbothsimultaneously.Thesoup-to-nutssimulationsencompasspreparationteambuildingnegotiatingandfeedbackaswellasthedevelopmentofaconceptualstructureforthinkingaboutnegotiationsmorerationally.Participantsthenapplythatstructureintheircritiquesofseverallarge-scalenegotiationcases.Ultimatelyparticipantsapplytheirnewly-honedanalyticskillstotheirowncompaniesandcritiqueofpastnegotiations. Negotiationscantakemanyformsofcourse.Bazermannotesthatauctionsarebecomingincreasinglycommon.Thankstoarenewedfocusondrivingclowncostsauctionshaveemergedasavaluablewayforbuyerstoexertmaximumleveragealthoughthecourseoffersadvicetosellersaswell.Hereagaincourseworkfocusesbothonanalysisofcasestudiesandonsimulationsthatgiveparticipantsachancetorolluptheirsleevesandputthemselvestothetest. "Max’sapproachismorepragmaticthanotherprogramsI’vetaken"saysGerryDullyseniorvicepresidentofglobalmarketingandlogisticsatMethanexaproducerofmethanolbasedinVancouver."LookingatmypriorexperienceIcouldseewhatmistakesImadeandI’mmoreconsciousofthemnow.ThecoursehadaprofoundimpactonhowI’vemodifiedmybehaviorinnegotiatingsituations. TheChangingtheGameprogramemphasizes
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased. Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward. Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 2
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 14
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3supportyourviewswithexamples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
DespiteincreasedairportsecuritysinceSeptember11th2001thetechnologytoscanbothpassengersandbaggageforweaponsandbombsremainslargelyunchanged.Travellerswalkthroughmetaldetectorsandcarry-onbagspassthroughx-raymachinesthatsuperimposecolour-codedhighlightsbutdolittleelse.Checked-inluggageisscreenedby"computedtomography"whichpeersinsideasuitcaseratherlikeaCATscanofabrain.Thesesystemscanalertanoperatortosomethingsuspiciousbuttheycannottellwhatitis. Moresophisticatedscreeningtechnologiesareemergingalbeitslowly.Therearethreemainapproaches:enhancedx-raystospothiddenobjectssensortechnologytosniffdangerouschemicalsandradiofrequenciesthatcanidentifyliquidsandsolids. Anumberofmanufacturersareusing"reflective"or"backscatter"x-raysthatcanbecalibratedtoseeobjectsthroughclothing.Theycanspotthingsthatametaldetectormaynotsuchasaceramicknifeorplasticexplosives.Butsomepeoplethinktheycanrevealtoomuch.InAmericacivil-libertiesgroupshavestalledtheintroductionofsuchequipmentarguingthatitistoointrusive.Toprotecttravellers’modestyfiltershavebeencreatedtoblurgenitalareas. Machinesthatcandetectminutetracesofexplosivearealsobeingtested.Passengerswalkthroughamachinethatblowsaburstofairintendedtodislodgemoleculesofsubstancesonaperson’sbodyandclothes.Theairissuckedintoafilterwhichinstantaneouslyanalysesittoseewhetheritincludesanysuspectsubstances.Theprocesscanworkforbaggageaswell.Itisavastimprovementontoday’smethodwherebycarry-onitemsareoccasionallyswabbedandscreenedfortracesofexplosives.Becausethisisamanualoperationonlyasmallshareofbagsareexaminedthisway. Themostradicalofthenewapproachesuses"quadrupoleresonancetechnology".Thisinvolvesbombardinganobjectwithradiowaves.Byreadingthereturningsignalsthemachinescanidentifythemolecularstructureofthematerialsitcontains.Sinceeverycompound—solidliquidorgas—createsauniquefrequencyitcanbereadlikeafingerprint.Thesystemcanbeusedtolookfordrugsaswellasexplosives. Forthesetechnologiestomakethejumpfromdevelopmentlabsandsmalltrialstofulldeploymentatairportstheymustbeavailableatapricethatairportsarepreparedtopay.TheymustalsobeeasytousetakeuplittlespaceandprovidequickresultssaysChrisYatesasecurityexpertwithJane’sAirportReview.NormanShanksanairportsecurityexpertsaysaddingthenewtechnologiescostsaround$100000permachine;heexpectsthesystemstoberolledoutcommerciallyoverthenext12months.Theymightcloseoffoneroutetodestroyinganairlinerbutacruelcertaintyisthatterroristswilltrytofindothers. Thedelayofemploymentofx-rayequipmentliesinits
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 8
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 6
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 4
46TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprisemarket-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmenstrivingtomakeprofitsproducethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotiveoperatingundercompetitivepressureslargelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.47ThusintheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumerscoupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit. 48Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomythismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystemaprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemandthepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.49Ifontheotherhandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscostthiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producerswhichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.ThuspriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem. Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresourcesprivatepropertyandtheyarepermittedtohirelaborgaincontrolovernaturalresourcesandproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual. 50IntheAmericaneconomytheconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrightsincludingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
Manfirstappearedonearthabout2millionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadabigadvantageovertheanimals.Hehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased. Itwasthisspecialabilitythatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.47Hemastereddarknessfirstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarclampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes. 48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyotherformsofpoweruntilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpower.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward. Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates.50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest. 50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
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