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Text 3 Of all the truths that this generation of Americans hold self-evident, few are more deep...
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Historyis____asubjectthatonlytellsussomethinginhis
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Weholdthesetruthstobeself—evident______allmenarecr
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Doyouknowthatthetruthcanalsobeusedtodeceivepeople?
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第三部分阅读理解共20小题满分40分The4thofJulyisthemostimportantho
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ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 3
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 17
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 13
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 9
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly~1150risingto~3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast~10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof~4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe~52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardJohnHoodisoneof______.
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly~1150risingto~3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast~10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof~4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe~52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.ThetermbursariesLine7Paragraph5mostprobablymeans______.
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418wordsWhichofthefollowingismostlikelytobeoneoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesmentionedbytheauthor
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418wordsTheauthorspecificallymentionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatparticularlyaffectwomenwhoaretheoreticiansoffeministliterarycriticismEXCEPTthe
HenriMatisseoriginallytrainedasalawyerturningtoartwhilstrecoveringfromappendicitis.46InitiallyseducedbytheImpressionistsandinparticularbyCezanneMatissebroughttogetheracircleoflike-mindedartistswhobecameknownastheFauvestheBeastsaftertheirsensationalexhibitionof.1905.TheseearlypaintingsrevealedanintuitiveandexplosivecoloursensewhichwastobecomethedefiningfeatureofMatisse’slongcareer.47Believingarttobe’"somethinglikeagoodarmchairinwhichonerestsfromphysicalfatigue"hewasdedicatedtoproducingworkthatexpressedaharmonyclosetoamusicalcomposition.48TherearetwoversionsofLaDanseoriginallyproducedwithanotherenormouspanelentitledMusiqueforaRussiancollector.DancewasapopulartopicatthetimeasDiaghilevandtheRussianBallethadjustvisitedParis.49Despiteorbecauseofthesimplificationofcolourformandlinethefiguresappeartobefulloflife.Matissemadesculpturesdesignedsetsandcostumesandillustratedbooks.50Hewasalsoanimportantgraphicartistwhoinhisbed-riddenfinalyearsevolvedhisownmethodofarrangingcut-outpapershapes.Heisindisputablythegreatestdecorativeartistofthetwentiethcentury. 49
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 7
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 5
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 15
HenriMatisseoriginallytrainedasalawyerturningtoartwhilstrecoveringfromappendicitis.46InitiallyseducedbytheImpressionistsandinparticularbyCezanneMatissebroughttogetheracircleoflike-mindedartistswhobecameknownastheFauvestheBeastsaftertheirsensationalexhibitionof.1905.TheseearlypaintingsrevealedanintuitiveandexplosivecoloursensewhichwastobecomethedefiningfeatureofMatisse’slongcareer.47Believingarttobe’"somethinglikeagoodarmchairinwhichonerestsfromphysicalfatigue"hewasdedicatedtoproducingworkthatexpressedaharmonyclosetoamusicalcomposition.48TherearetwoversionsofLaDanseoriginallyproducedwithanotherenormouspanelentitledMusiqueforaRussiancollector.DancewasapopulartopicatthetimeasDiaghilevandtheRussianBallethadjustvisitedParis.49Despiteorbecauseofthesimplificationofcolourformandlinethefiguresappeartobefulloflife.Matissemadesculpturesdesignedsetsandcostumesandillustratedbooks.50Hewasalsoanimportantgraphicartistwhoinhisbed-riddenfinalyearsevolvedhisownmethodofarrangingcut-outpapershapes.Heisindisputablythegreatestdecorativeartistofthetwentiethcentury. 47
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 1
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 41
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes:emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.377wordsNotes:pointup=emphasize强调突出touchupon触及creed信条教义inculcation谆谆教诲cajoling哄骗Inparagraph6theauthorimpliesthat
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes:emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.377wordsNotes:pointup=emphasize强调突出touchupon触及creed信条教义inculcation谆谆教诲cajoling哄骗Thetextspeciallystatesthat
Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodoMontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.To-daythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtar-gelsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosome-howbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude.ItisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthatMr.Greenspanisskepticalof______.
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit.ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly~1150risingto~3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast~10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof~4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe~52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 19
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultination-aldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEu-ropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPo-landonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvoterspro-testedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswrecking’’theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.ThewordireLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans______.
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 45
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices:forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeanthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemofshopstewardsinmanyunionsshopstewardsbeingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.411wordsBecauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto
Directions:Youmadeatravelwiththehelpofatravelagencyandyouweredisappointedwithservice.Writealettertotherelateddepartmentto:1complainaboutbadservice;2advanceyoursuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritethead-dress.
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices:forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeanthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemofshopstewardsinmanyunionsshopstewardsbeingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.411wordsWhatbasicproblemarewetoldmosttradeunionsface
AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 43
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes:emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.377wordsNotes:pointup=emphasize强调突出touchupon触及creed信条教义inculcation谆谆教诲cajoling哄骗Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.289words Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 11
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418wordsWhichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentofthetext
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultination-aldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEu-ropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPo-landonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvoterspro-testedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionaswrecking’’theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtotheawkwardsquad.ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthetext
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