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(1)求椭圆的方程；
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已知椭圆的离心率为椭圆C.上任意一点到椭圆两个焦点的距离之和为61求椭圆C.的方程2设直线与椭圆C.
已知椭圆与双曲线共焦点且过1求椭圆的标准方程2求斜率为2的一组平行弦的中点轨迹方程
已知椭圆的中心在坐标原点O焦点在x轴上椭圆的短轴端点和焦点所组成的四边形为正方形两准线间的距离为4．
已知椭圆E.的长轴是短轴的2倍且经过点101求椭圆E.的标准方程2若过点M.01的直线l交椭圆E.取
设椭圆的中心在原点对称轴为坐标轴且长轴长是短轴长的2倍.又点P41在椭圆上求该椭圆的方程.
求下列各曲线的标准方程椭圆经过点且离心率为求椭圆的标准方程
如图椭圆C的方程为A是椭圆C的短轴左顶点过A点作斜率为﹣1的直线交椭圆于B点点P10且BP∥y轴△A
已知椭圆C.=1a＞b＞0的离心率为且经过点1F1F2是椭圆的左右焦点.1求椭圆C.的方程2点P.在
.已知椭圆与双曲线共焦点且过.1求椭圆的标准方程.2求斜率为2的椭圆的一组平行弦的中点轨迹方程.
已知椭圆C.的中心在坐标原点F.10为椭圆C.的一个焦点点P.2y0为椭圆C.上一点且|PF|=1.
设椭圆=1a＞b＞0的左焦点为F.短轴上端点为B.连接BF并延长交椭圆于点A.连接AO并延长交椭圆于
1已知椭圆的焦点在x轴上长轴长为4焦距为2求椭圆的标准方程2已知双曲线的渐近线方程为y=±x准线方程
设双曲线与椭圆＋＝1有相同的焦点且与椭圆相交一个交点A.的纵坐标为4求此双曲线的标准方程.
如图已知椭圆＝1a>b>0F1F2分别为椭圆的左右焦点A.为椭圆的上顶点直线AF2交椭圆于另一点B.
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已知椭圆的中心在原点焦点为且离心率.1求椭圆的方程2求以点P.2﹣1为中点的弦所在的直线方程.
已知椭圆与双曲线共焦点且过1求椭圆的标准方程2求斜率为2的一组平行弦的中点轨迹方程
已知椭圆C.+=1a＞b＞0的短轴长为2且函数y=x2﹣的图象与椭圆C.仅有两个公共点过原点的直线l
已知F.1F2是椭圆a>b>0的左右两个焦点A.是椭圆上一点△AF1F2的周长为10椭圆的离心率为1
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--I’msorryImadeamistake!--Nobodyisperfect.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.Thestoryoftwobabiesswitchedmainlyindicatesthat________.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 76
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.Thepassageismeantto.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 78
Weveryearlysowepackedthenightbefore.
IwasgladtomeetJennyagainIdidn’twanttospendalldaywithher.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 72
—Whataboutyourselfdrivetripyesterday —Tiring!Theroadisbeingwidenedandwe________aroughride.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 74
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness认真尽责—beingpunctualcarefulindoingworkself-disciplinedandscrupulous一丝不苟的inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizenthepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtheruleshelpoutandareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsencewhogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaveswhoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformanceoutstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobsfromsemi鄄skilledlabortosalesandmanagementdependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfectthedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturerthosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer缓冲againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarketbecauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentativestheirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers爷evaluationsoftheirworkgivingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselvestheycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandardsandsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon爷tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientiousforexampletendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticizedwhichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectationsitcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingopennesstowildideasandspontaneity自发性arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalancehowever;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthroughpeoplebecomemeredreamerswithnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness. 80
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.Whatdoestheauthormainlyarguefor
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
Igottotheofficeearlierthatdaythe7:30trainfromPaddington.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
Itmaynotbeagreatsuggestion.Butbeforeisputforwardwe’llmakedowithit.
D MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism. Isaycleverbecauseanti-slaveryfictionhadbeentheimportantpartoftheliteratureintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.H.B.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinisonlythemostfamousexample.Theseearlystoriesdealtdirectlywithslavery.WithminorexceptionsTwainplantedhisattacksonslaveryandprejudiceintotalesthatwereonthesurfaceaboutsomethingelseentirely.Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory. AgainandagaininthepostwaryearsTwainseemedforcedtodealwiththechallengeofrace.ConsiderthemostcontroversialatleasttodayofTwain’snovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.OnlyafewbookshavebeenkickedofftheshelvesasoftenasHuckleberryFinnTwain’smostwidelyreadtale.Onceuponatimepeoplehatedthebookbecauseitstruckthemasrude.Twainhimselfwrotethatthosewhobannedthebookconsideredthenoveltrashandsuitableonlyfortheslums贫民窟.MorerecentlythebookhasbeenattackedbecauseofthecharacterJimtheescapedslaveandmanyoccurrencesofthewordnigger.ThetermNiggerJimforwhichthenovelisoftenseverelycriticizedneverappearsinit. Buttheattackswereandaresilly—andmissthepoint.Thenovelisstronglyanti-slavery.Jim’ssearchthroughtheslavestatesforthefamilyfromwhomhehasbeenforciblypartedisheroic.AsJ.ChadwickhaspointedoutthecharacterofJimwasafirstinAmericanfiction—arecognitionthattheslavehadtwopersonalitiesthevoiceofsurvivalwithinawhiteslavecultureandthevoiceoftheindividual:Jimthefatherandtheman. Thereismuchmore.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracialbeliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.WrittenatatimewhentheacceptedwisdomheldNegroestobeinferior低等的towhitesespeciallyinintelligenceTwain’stalecenteredinpartaroundtwobabiesswitchedatbirth.Aslavegavebirthtohermaster’sbabyandforfearthatthechildshouldbesoldSouthswitchedhimforthemaster’sbabybyhiswife.Theslave’slight-skinnedchildwastakentobewhiteandgrewupwithboththeattitudesandtheeducationoftheslave-holdingclass.Themaster’swife’sbabywastakenforblackandgrewupwiththeattitudesandintonationsoftheslave. Thepointwasdifficulttomiss:nurture养育notnaturewasthekeytosocialstatus.Thefeaturesoftheblackmanthatprovidedthestuffofprejudice—mannerofspeechforexample—weretoTwainindicativeofnothingotherthantheconditioningthatslaveryforcedonitsvictims. Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasyforexamplebythelengthypassageinhisautobiography自传abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalledniggershowsinhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot. WasTwainaracistAskingthequestioningthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthewisdomoftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresentwewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincolnwhobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhitefoughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwainraisedinaslavestatebrieflyasoldierandinventorofJimmayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.RecentcriticismofAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnarosepartlyfromits_____.
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.AccordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprincipleFirstcomefirstserved
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