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幼儿园教育目标的结构呈金字塔型，由上至下分别是、（ ）、( )和( )。
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简述现化幼儿园教育目标的特点
下列两图从左到右分别是［2009-053］
埃及的昭塞尔金字塔,墨西哥玛雅遗址的金字塔
中东的巴比伦遗址,墨西哥玛雅遗址
埃及的昭塞尔金字塔,阿根廷的马丘比丘金字塔
墨西哥玛雅遗址的两处金字塔
吉萨的三座金字塔分别是金字塔和门卡乌拉金字塔其中最大的是金字塔
试论述制定幼儿园教育目标的依据
管理层次多管理幅度窄的行政组织结构呈高金字塔型是扁平结构
简述幼儿园健康教育目标的特点
确定教育目标的主要依据是幼儿园工作规程和幼儿园教育指导纲要
一日活动目标一月活动目标各年龄班教育目标幼儿期教育目标幼儿园教育目标这五个教育目标是按划分的.
按幼儿园教育目标结构划分
按时间范围划分教育目标
按教育目标指导的范围来划分
按幼儿园园长的想法划分
以下两图从左到右分别是
秘鲁马丘比丘金字塔和埃及的昭塞儿金字塔
墨西哥玛雅遗址金字塔和埃及的昭塞儿金字塔
墨西哥玛雅遗址金字塔和中东的巴比伦遗址
秘鲁马丘比丘金字塔和中东的巴比伦遗址
试论述幼儿园教育活动目标的设置
确立幼儿园健康教育目标的依据有
幼儿的身心特点
幼儿园教育总目标
社会生活和文化的要求
社会标准
幼儿园工作规程中规定的幼儿园的任务是对幼儿园教育目标的具体表述
幼儿园教育目标的制订不仅仅根据幼儿的需要
论述我国的幼儿园教育目标的演变
举例论述教育目的教育目标与幼儿园课程目标的关系并阐述幼儿园课程目标的特点
现代幼儿园教育目标的特点
举例说明幼儿园教育目标的层次
有活力的年龄结构应该呈正金字塔型
制定幼儿园教育目标的依据是和
制定幼儿园教育目标的依据是国家的教育目的和
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D AreyouoneofthosewhoalwaysfearwheneveradogisapproachingIfyouareyouhavegotphobiaaverystrongfeelingofbeingafraidofsomething.Ofallhumanfearsphobiasmaybethemostuncontrollable.Theyaremostoftencausedbyaparticularsituationorobject.Ingeneralphobiascanmainlybedividedintothreevarieties.Tobeginwithagoraphobiaisafearofstayinginstrangesurroundingsforexampleanunfamiliarplaceoranopenarea.Socialphobiareferstotheanxietypeopleshowwhentheyhavetostayorperformonsocialeventsforinstancespeakinginfrontoftheclass.Lastlythereareawiderangeofspecificphobias.Peoplesufferingfromthiskindofphobiaareterrifiedofspecificobjectsorcreaturessuchasspidersperhapstoyoursurpriseclowns.Besidesthereareaboutsixhundredandfiftyphobiaslistedbypsychologists心理学家asyet. Facedwiththeirphobiasmanypeoplechoosetodonothingbutjustescapethesituationsorobjectstheyfear.Psychologistshoweverwarnthatifnottreatedproperlythiskindofanxietywillgetworsesothatitmaydisturbthesleeppatterncausephysicalsymptomsandfinallyaffecttheirdailyactivities.Asfortreatmentclinicalresearchhasdiscoveredthatmedicineforanxietyisnotsuccessfulincuringphobias.Howevertheanxietydisorderscanbeefficientlytreatedthroughcognitivebehavioraltherapy认知行为疗法throughwhichpatientsareledtoinspecttheconnectionsbetweentheirownfearandthesituationorobjectandthenactivelychoosetheacceptabletreatments.Alsoothertreatmentsprovedeffectiveinreducingphobiasaremeditationlisteningtocalmingmusicandsoon. WhichdopsychologistsNOTuseforeffectivetreatmentofphobias
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Notallpeopleliketoworkandeveryonelikestoplay.Allover56. theworldmenandwomanboysandgirlsenjoysports.Since57. longagomanyadultsandchildrencalledtheirfriendstogether58. tospendhoursevendaysplaygames.Oneofthereasonspeople59. liketoplayisthatsportshelpthemtolivehappily.Inotherwords60. theyhelptokeeppeoplestrongandfeelgood.Whenpeopleare61. playinggamestheymovealot.Thatishowsportsaregoodactivities62. fortheirhealth.Havingfunwiththeirfriendsmakethemhappy.63. Manypeopleenjoysportsbywatchingtheothersplay.InAmerican64. bigcitiesthousandssellticketstowatchfootballorbasketballgames.65.
A AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEurope.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOceanleavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports. GrimsvotnisoneofthelargestactivevolcanoesinEurope.WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentisthatitliesunderahugeglacier冰川oficeupto12metersthick.Thehotvolcanoheatsuptheiceaboveitwhichthenformsalayer层ofwaterbetweentheglacierandthevolcano.Thislayerofwaterputspressureonthevolcanokeepingitstable.Asthewaterflowsoutfromundertheglacierthepressurelifts.Thelava岩浆fromthevolcanothencomesuptothesurface.Thisisexactlywhathashappenedtoday. Nowairlineshavetomakechangestotheirflightssoasnottoflythroughthecloudsofvolcanicash.AccordingtoKLMoneofEuropesbiggestairlinesairplanescannotgounderthecloudoroverit.Goingthroughthecloudcanresultinashgettingstuckintheairplanesenginescausingdamagetotheplane. TheeruptionhasalsocausedproblemsforanimalsinIceland.Thevolcanoleftashandsharpglasslikerocksalloverthecountryside.Farmersarekeepingtheiranimalsinsidetostopthemfromeatingashcoveredgrassorthesharpobjects. WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentfromothervolcanoes
Isn’ttheTVplaywonderfulThissentencemeans.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
PeoplethenewTVplay.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
教师的教育专业素养包括
E ThemostfrighteningwordsintheEnglishlanguageareOurcomputerisdown.Youhearitmoreandmorewhenyouareonbusiness.TheotherdayIwasattheairportwaitingforatickettoWashingtonandthegirlintheticketofficesaidI’msorryIcan’tsellyouaticket.Ourcomputerisdown. Ifyourcomputerisdownjustwritemeoutaticket. Ican’twriteyououtaticket.Thecomputeristheonlyoneallowedtodoso. Ilookeddownonthecomputerandeverypassengerwasjuststandingtheredrinkingcoffeeandstaringattheblackscreen.ThenIaskedherWhatdoallyoupeopledo Wegivethecomputertheinformationaboutyourtripandthenittellsuswhetheryoucanflywithusornot. Sowhenitgoesdownyougodownwithit. That’sgoodsir. HowlongwillthecomputerbedownIwantedtoknow. Ihavenoidea.Sometimesit’sdownfor10minutessometimesfortwohours.There’snowaywecanfindoutwithoutaskingthecomputerandsinceit’sdownitwon’tanswerus. AfterthegirltoldmetheyhadnobackupcomputerIsaid.Let’sforgetthecomputer.WhataboutyourplanesThey’restillflyingaren’tthey Icouldn’ttellwithoutaskingthecomputer. MaybeIcouldjustgotothegateandaskthepilotifhe’sflyingtoWashingtonIsuggested. Iwouldn’tknowwhatgatetosendyouto.EvenifthepilotwasgoingtoWashingtonhecouldn’ttakeyouifyoudidn’thaveaticket. IsthereanyotherairlineflyingtoWashingtonwithinthenextfewhours Iwouldn’tknowshesaidpointingatthedarkscreen.Only‘IT’knows.‘IT’can’ttellme. Bythistimetherewerequiteafewpeoplestandinginlines.Thewordssoonspreadtoothertravelersthatthecomputerwasdown.Somepeoplewentwhitesomepeoplestartedtocryandstillotherskickedtheirluggage. Whydoyouthinktheyhadnotabackupcomputer
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
—Thisdigitalcameraisreallycheap! —Thethebetter.Imshortofmoneyyousee.
Familyeducationhasagreatonchildreninmanyways.
启发式和注入式是两种对立的教学方法体系试对两者作简要分析
E ThemostfrighteningwordsintheEnglishlanguageareOurcomputerisdown.Youhearitmoreandmorewhenyouareonbusiness.TheotherdayIwasattheairportwaitingforatickettoWashingtonandthegirlintheticketofficesaidI’msorryIcan’tsellyouaticket.Ourcomputerisdown. Ifyourcomputerisdownjustwritemeoutaticket. Ican’twriteyououtaticket.Thecomputeristheonlyoneallowedtodoso. Ilookeddownonthecomputerandeverypassengerwasjuststandingtheredrinkingcoffeeandstaringattheblackscreen.ThenIaskedherWhatdoallyoupeopledo Wegivethecomputertheinformationaboutyourtripandthenittellsuswhetheryoucanflywithusornot. Sowhenitgoesdownyougodownwithit. That’sgoodsir. HowlongwillthecomputerbedownIwantedtoknow. Ihavenoidea.Sometimesit’sdownfor10minutessometimesfortwohours.There’snowaywecanfindoutwithoutaskingthecomputerandsinceit’sdownitwon’tanswerus. AfterthegirltoldmetheyhadnobackupcomputerIsaid.Let’sforgetthecomputer.WhataboutyourplanesThey’restillflyingaren’tthey Icouldn’ttellwithoutaskingthecomputer. MaybeIcouldjustgotothegateandaskthepilotifhe’sflyingtoWashingtonIsuggested. Iwouldn’tknowwhatgatetosendyouto.EvenifthepilotwasgoingtoWashingtonhecouldn’ttakeyouifyoudidn’thaveaticket. IsthereanyotherairlineflyingtoWashingtonwithinthenextfewhours Iwouldn’tknowshesaidpointingatthedarkscreen.Only‘IT’knows.‘IT’can’ttellme. Bythistimetherewerequiteafewpeoplestandinginlines.Thewordssoonspreadtoothertravelersthatthecomputerwasdown.Somepeoplewentwhitesomepeoplestartedtocryandstillotherskickedtheirluggage. Thebesttitleforthearticleis.
—Thisdresswaslastyearsstyle. —Ithinkitstilllooksperfectithasgoneoutthisyear.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
C I’verecentlyturnedfiftywhichisyoungforatreemidlifeforanelephantandancientforasportsman.FiftyisanicenumberforthestatesintheUSorforanationalspeedlimitbutitisnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohavehungonme.Fiftyissupposedtobemyfather’sagebutnowIamstuckwiththisnumberandeverythingitmeans. AfewdaysagoafriendtriedtocheermeupbysayingFiftyiswhatfortyusedtobe.Hehadmadeaninspirationalpoint:AmIoverthehillPeoplekeeptellingmethatthehillhasbeenmovedandIkeeptellingthemthatthehighjumpbarhasdroppedfromthesixfeetIonceeasilyclearedtothefourfeetthatisimpossibleformenow. YourarenotgettingolderyouaregettingbettersaysDr.JoyceBrothers.Thishoweveristhekindofdoctorwhoinspiresasecondopinion. AndsoasIapproachthedaywhenIcannotevenjumpoverthetennisnetIammovedtosharesomethoughtsonagingwithyou.Iammovedtoshowhowagingfeelstomephysicallyandmentally.Gettingolderofcourseisobviouslyabetterchangethantheonethatbringsyoueulogies颂词悼词.InfactapoetnamedRobertBrowningconsidereditthebestchangeofall: Growoldalongwithme! Thebestisyettome. WhetherornotBrowningwasrightmostofmyfirstfiftyyearshavebeengoldenonessoIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby.Ifindmyselfmovingtowardwhatisaheadwithacuriousblend混合ofbothfightingandacceptingmyaginghopingthatthephilosopher哲学家wasrightwhenhesaidOldisalwaysfifteenyearsfromnow. TheauthorseemstotellusinParagraph1that.
B Inchoosingafriendoneshouldbeverycareful.Agoodfriendcanhelpyoustudy.Youcanhavefuntogetherandmakeeachotherhappy.Sometimesyouwillmeetfairweatherfriends.Theywillbewithyouaslongasyouhavemoneyorluckbutwhenyouaredowntheywillrunaway.HowdoIknowwhenIhavefoundagoodfriendIlookforcertainqualitiesofcharacterespeciallyunderstandinghonestyandreliability. AboveallelseIlookforunderstandinginafriend.Agoodfriendtriestounderstandhowanotherpersonisfeeling.Heisnotquicktojudge.Insteadhetriestolearnfromothers.Heputshimselfintheotherpersonsplaceandhetriestothinkofwaystobehelpful.Heisalsoagoodlistener. Atthesametimehoweveragoodfriendishonest.Hedoesnotlookforfaultsinothers.Henoticestheirgoodpoints.Inshortafriendwilltrytounderstandmeandacceptme. Anotherqualityofafriendisreliability.Icanalwaysdependonagoodfriend.IfhetellsmehewillmeetmesomewhereatacertaintimeIcanbesurethathewillbethere.IfIneedafavorhewilldohisbesttohelpme.IfIamintroublehewillnotrunawayfromme. Thereisafourthqualitythatmakesafriendspecial.Aspecialfriendissomeonewithwhomwecanhavefun.Weshouldenjoyourlivesandwewouldenjoyourfriendship.ThatiswhyIespeciallylikefriendswhoarefuntobewith.AgoodfriendlikesthesamethingsIlike.Weshareexperienceandlearnfromeachother.Agoodfriendhasagoodsenseofhumortoo.Helikestolaughwithme.Thatishowweshareinthejoyofbeingfriends.AndIknowthatheislookingforthesamequalityinme. WhenImeetsomeonewhoisreliablehonestandunderstandingIknowIvefoundafriend! Whichofthefollowingqualitiesthewriterthinksisthemostimportantinchoosingafriend
ThesubjectwearegoingtoturnisaboutEnglishstudies.
A AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEurope.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOceanleavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports. GrimsvotnisoneofthelargestactivevolcanoesinEurope.WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentisthatitliesunderahugeglacier冰川oficeupto12metersthick.Thehotvolcanoheatsuptheiceaboveitwhichthenformsalayer层ofwaterbetweentheglacierandthevolcano.Thislayerofwaterputspressureonthevolcanokeepingitstable.Asthewaterflowsoutfromundertheglacierthepressurelifts.Thelava岩浆fromthevolcanothencomesuptothesurface.Thisisexactlywhathashappenedtoday. Nowairlineshavetomakechangestotheirflightssoasnottoflythroughthecloudsofvolcanicash.AccordingtoKLMoneofEuropesbiggestairlinesairplanescannotgounderthecloudoroverit.Goingthroughthecloudcanresultinashgettingstuckintheairplanesenginescausingdamagetotheplane. TheeruptionhasalsocausedproblemsforanimalsinIceland.Thevolcanoleftashandsharpglasslikerocksalloverthecountryside.Farmersarekeepingtheiranimalsinsidetostopthemfromeatingashcoveredgrassorthesharpobjects. Whichofthefollowingistheresultofthevolcaniceruption
D AreyouoneofthosewhoalwaysfearwheneveradogisapproachingIfyouareyouhavegotphobiaaverystrongfeelingofbeingafraidofsomething.Ofallhumanfearsphobiasmaybethemostuncontrollable.Theyaremostoftencausedbyaparticularsituationorobject.Ingeneralphobiascanmainlybedividedintothreevarieties.Tobeginwithagoraphobiaisafearofstayinginstrangesurroundingsforexampleanunfamiliarplaceoranopenarea.Socialphobiareferstotheanxietypeopleshowwhentheyhavetostayorperformonsocialeventsforinstancespeakinginfrontoftheclass.Lastlythereareawiderangeofspecificphobias.Peoplesufferingfromthiskindofphobiaareterrifiedofspecificobjectsorcreaturessuchasspidersperhapstoyoursurpriseclowns.Besidesthereareaboutsixhundredandfiftyphobiaslistedbypsychologists心理学家asyet. Facedwiththeirphobiasmanypeoplechoosetodonothingbutjustescapethesituationsorobjectstheyfear.Psychologistshoweverwarnthatifnottreatedproperlythiskindofanxietywillgetworsesothatitmaydisturbthesleeppatterncausephysicalsymptomsandfinallyaffecttheirdailyactivities.Asfortreatmentclinicalresearchhasdiscoveredthatmedicineforanxietyisnotsuccessfulincuringphobias.Howevertheanxietydisorderscanbeefficientlytreatedthroughcognitivebehavioraltherapy认知行为疗法throughwhichpatientsareledtoinspecttheconnectionsbetweentheirownfearandthesituationorobjectandthenactivelychoosetheacceptabletreatments.Alsoothertreatmentsprovedeffectiveinreducingphobiasaremeditationlisteningtocalmingmusicandsoon. Accordingtothepassagewhatcausesphobias
C I’verecentlyturnedfiftywhichisyoungforatreemidlifeforanelephantandancientforasportsman.FiftyisanicenumberforthestatesintheUSorforanationalspeedlimitbutitisnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohavehungonme.Fiftyissupposedtobemyfather’sagebutnowIamstuckwiththisnumberandeverythingitmeans. AfewdaysagoafriendtriedtocheermeupbysayingFiftyiswhatfortyusedtobe.Hehadmadeaninspirationalpoint:AmIoverthehillPeoplekeeptellingmethatthehillhasbeenmovedandIkeeptellingthemthatthehighjumpbarhasdroppedfromthesixfeetIonceeasilyclearedtothefourfeetthatisimpossibleformenow. YourarenotgettingolderyouaregettingbettersaysDr.JoyceBrothers.Thishoweveristhekindofdoctorwhoinspiresasecondopinion. AndsoasIapproachthedaywhenIcannotevenjumpoverthetennisnetIammovedtosharesomethoughtsonagingwithyou.Iammovedtoshowhowagingfeelstomephysicallyandmentally.Gettingolderofcourseisobviouslyabetterchangethantheonethatbringsyoueulogies颂词悼词.InfactapoetnamedRobertBrowningconsidereditthebestchangeofall: Growoldalongwithme! Thebestisyettome. WhetherornotBrowningwasrightmostofmyfirstfiftyyearshavebeengoldenonessoIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby.Ifindmyselfmovingtowardwhatisaheadwithacuriousblend混合ofbothfightingandacceptingmyaginghopingthatthephilosopher哲学家wasrightwhenhesaidOldisalwaysfifteenyearsfromnow. Theauthorconsidershisfiftyyearsoflife.
ItwasanexcitingmomentforthesefootballfansthisyearforthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheWorldCup.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
B Inchoosingafriendoneshouldbeverycareful.Agoodfriendcanhelpyoustudy.Youcanhavefuntogetherandmakeeachotherhappy.Sometimesyouwillmeetfairweatherfriends.Theywillbewithyouaslongasyouhavemoneyorluckbutwhenyouaredowntheywillrunaway.HowdoIknowwhenIhavefoundagoodfriendIlookforcertainqualitiesofcharacterespeciallyunderstandinghonestyandreliability. AboveallelseIlookforunderstandinginafriend.Agoodfriendtriestounderstandhowanotherpersonisfeeling.Heisnotquicktojudge.Insteadhetriestolearnfromothers.Heputshimselfintheotherpersonsplaceandhetriestothinkofwaystobehelpful.Heisalsoagoodlistener. Atthesametimehoweveragoodfriendishonest.Hedoesnotlookforfaultsinothers.Henoticestheirgoodpoints.Inshortafriendwilltrytounderstandmeandacceptme. Anotherqualityofafriendisreliability.Icanalwaysdependonagoodfriend.IfhetellsmehewillmeetmesomewhereatacertaintimeIcanbesurethathewillbethere.IfIneedafavorhewilldohisbesttohelpme.IfIamintroublehewillnotrunawayfromme. Thereisafourthqualitythatmakesafriendspecial.Aspecialfriendissomeonewithwhomwecanhavefun.Weshouldenjoyourlivesandwewouldenjoyourfriendship.ThatiswhyIespeciallylikefriendswhoarefuntobewith.AgoodfriendlikesthesamethingsIlike.Weshareexperienceandlearnfromeachother.Agoodfriendhasagoodsenseofhumortoo.Helikestolaughwithme.Thatishowweshareinthejoyofbeingfriends.AndIknowthatheislookingforthesamequalityinme. WhenImeetsomeonewhoisreliablehonestandunderstandingIknowIvefoundafriend! Goodfriendsneedto.
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