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易发生肠穿孔而致死的疾病是
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易发生肠穿孔而致死的疾病是
阿米巴病
结核
菌痢
伤寒
息肉
符合肠结核病的特点的是
易肠穿孔
溃疡的长轴与肠的长轴垂直
易发生癌变
溃疡愈合后易致肠狭窄
溃疡常较深
符合肠结核病的特点的是
易肠穿孔
溃疡的长轴与肠的长轴垂直
易发生癌变
溃疡愈合后易致肠狭窄
溃疡常较深
肠结核与肠伤寒的区别在于前者
溃疡的长轴与肠的长轴垂直
溃疡愈合后易致肠狭窄
易肠穿孔
易发生癌变
溃疡常较深
易发生肠穿孔而致死的疾病是
阿米巴病
肠结核
菌痢
伤寒
息肉
伤寒病肠穿孔常发生在疾病的第几周
第1周
第2周
第3周
第4周
各周都可能发生
暴发型或重型溃疡性结肠炎患者最易发生的并发症是
肠穿孔
肠出血
肠梗塞
中毒性巨结肠
肠结核病描述正确的为
溃疡的长轴与肠的长轴垂直
溃疡愈合后易致肠狭窄
易肠穿孔
易发生癌变
溃疡常较深
肝昏迷病人灌肠时禁用肥皂水是因为
肥皂水易引起腹胀
肥皂水易造成肠穿孔
可以减少氨的产生和吸收
可以防止发生水肿
可以防止发生酸中毒
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TheviewfromthetopoftheluxuriousMorganCentredownontoBeijing’sOlympicGreenisbreath-takingTherefarbelowliesthestunning"birdnest"OlympicStadium.RightnexttoitistheequallymesmerizingNationalAquaticsCenterknownastheWaterCube.TheAquaticsCenterposesonecriticalquestion:wherewillallthewatertofillthisboldbutmassivearchitecturalmasterpiece"andtosupplytheGames"comefrom OnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriver.HeadingnorthtoShanxiprovinceonepassesriverafterriverthathasdriedup.Andin80percentofthoseShanxiriversthatalestillflowingwaterqualityis"unfitforhumancontact"orforagriculturalorindustrialuse.AsyoudrivesouthacrossHebeiandHenanprovincesthesituationisnobetter.ReachingthefamedMarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverwecrossedourfirstparched干裂的riverbed.FromtheretotheYellowRiverwetraversedmanylegendaryriversthatshowasbluelinesonthemap;allofthemarenowalmostbonedry.Allthatremainstomemorializethesewatercoursesarehighwaybridgesleftbehindlikevestigialorgans.TheYellowRiveritselfonceknownas"China’sSorrow"becauseofitsnaturaltendencytofloodkillingmillionshasinHenanbeenreducedtoamodest-sizechannel.AtitslowerreachesinShandongitisnotuncommonfortherivertoceaseflowingintotheBohaiSeaaltogether. Whatistheanswerforthe250millionthirstypeoplewholiveontheNorthChinaPlainDroughthasforcedfarmerstoturntogroundwater.Butoverextractionhascausedwatertablestofallbyasmuchas10feetayear.Desperateofficialshavetakentomakingsubstantialinvestmentsin"precipitation-inducement引导水分凝结technologies"orcloudseeding.Usingaircraftmeteorologicalballoonsandevenrocketsandartilleryshellsthey’vebeenattemptingtoshootpassingcloudsfullofrainmakingchemicals.TheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationreportsthathundredsofaircraftandthousandsofrocketsandshellsareusedeachyearintheeffort.Suchcampaignshavebeenonlymodestlysuccessfulandhavecreatedtensionsbetweendifferentlocalitieseachclaimingthatcloudsarebeing"intercepted"upwindbytheotherandtheirpreciousmoisturestolen! ThenthereisthemonumentalSouth-NorthWaterTransferProject.ButsomeenvironmentalistsfearthatshiftingtheincreasinglypollutedwateroftheYangtzenorthwardwillalsointroduceawholehostofnewtoxicpollutantstothebreadbasketofChina. NooneknowswhattheconsequencesofallthesePromethean独创的effortswillbe.InthetrulymagnificentfacilitiesbeingbuiltfortheOlympicsonecanseeadearmanifestationofthisunderstandableurgetorestoreChinesegreatness.ThequestioniswhetherChina’slimitednatural-resourcebasecansustainthemagnitudeofsuchanambition.Withwaterthecountryisconfrontingtheedgeofoneveryinflexibleenvironmentalenvelope.Beijing’sgloriousWaterCubeisasymbolbothofChina’sremarkableaccomplishmentsanditsall-too-pressinglimits. Accordingtothetextthebestwaytorelievethedroughtofthenorthernareais
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ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Inanewlistofthemostpowerfulgaymenandwomeninthecountryoutmagazinehaslotsofhouseholdnamesatthetop.ButhighamongtherichandfamousisTimGill.HuhWhoisheandwhyisherankedasthefourthmostpowerfulgaypersoninthecountry Gillisa53-year-oldsnowboarderretiredcomputerprogrammerandmultimillionaire.HemadehisfortunebyfoundingQuarkthepioneeringdesktoppublishingsoftwarecompany.AftersellingthefirmhestartedtheGillFoundationwhichhasinvested$110millionnationwideingaycausesoverthepastdecade.TheGillActionFundthrew$15millionintoadozenstatesduringthe2006midtermelectionstargeting70politiciansregardedasunhelpfultogaycauses:50wentdown.AndthefundishelpingtransformthepoliticalfaceofColorado. In2004Gill’smoneyhelpedsendDemocratKenSalazartotheU.S.Senate.HisdollarshavealsohelpedputDemocratsincontroloftheColoradolegislatureforthefasttimeinfourdecades.ThatcouldhaveanimpactonthefateoftheTwoParentAdoptionBillcurrentlybeingconsideredbyColoradolegislatorswhichwouldallowgaycouplestoadopt.Theproposalwasrejectedtwicebeforebutthatwasbeforethestatehouseswitchedfromredtoblue.NowColoradoDemocratshavepassedthebillintheHouseandexpectittopasstheSenate. ImpatientwiththelackofgayrightsprogressthispastdecadeGillispushinghardtoendinjusticeandinequalitybytheendofthenextdecade.Andrecognizingthatmostanti-gayinitiativesarebornatthestatelevelGillhasdevelopedanationalpoliticalstrategybasedonsuccessesinColorado.They’vetakenanin-statemodelandappliedittotheentirecountry.Gillandhispeopleareincrediblystrategic.Theyputtheirfundingwheretheycantakecontroloflegislatures.They’reputtingthembrilliantlyinlegislativeenvironmentswhereafewseatschangingwillchangetheentirecontrolofastate. WhileGillhasrecentlyopenedaWashingtonofficehisrepresentativesinkeepingwithpaststrategyinsistthatnoindividualpoliticaltargetshaveyetbeenchosenfor2008.AnotherformidableelementofGill’spowerishisnetworkofdeep-pocketedalliesinthemountainstates.AnhoursouthofLaramieinFt.CollinslivesmedicalequipmentheiressPatStrykerwhoisalongwithGillActuallyStrykerisabillionaire;herbrotherJonisgayandbothgivegenerouslytogaycauses.Whathehasareextremelywealthyindividualswhoaren’tpersonallyinterestedinrunningforanythingbuthavethistremendouspassion.TimGillisactuallychangingthepoliticallandscape. AccordingtothetextGillissopowerfulinthat
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Shoulddoctor-assistedsuicideeverbealegaloptionItinvolvestheextrememeasureoftakingthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhenthepatientisinextremepainandthechancesforrecoveryappeartobehopeless.Thosewhoargueagainstassistedsuicidedosobyconsideringtherolesofthepatientthedoctorandnatureinthesesituations. ShouldthepatienttakeanactiveroleinassistedsuicideWhenapatientisterminallyillandingreatpainthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidesaythatitshouldnotbeuptothatpatienttodecidewhathisorherfatewillbe. 41______. WhatroleshouldthedoctorhaveDoctorswhentakingtheHippocraticoathsweartopreservelifeatallcostsanditistheirethicalandlegaldutytofollowboththespiritandtheletterofthisoath.Itistheirresponsibilitiestohealthesickandinthecaseswhenhealingisnotpossiblethenthedoctorisobligedtomakethedyingpersoncomfortable.Doctorsaretrainednevertohastendeath. 42.______ Doctorsarealsobyvirtueoftheirhumannesscapableofmakingmistakes.Doctorscouldquitepossiblysayforinstancethatacancerpatientwasterminalandthentheillnesscouldlaterturnoutnottobesoserious.Thereisalwaysanelementofdoubtconcerningthefutureoutcomeofhumanaffairs. 43.______ Thesegeneralconcernsofthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidearevalidincertaincontextsoftheassisted-suicidequestion.Forinstancepatientscannotalwaysbecertainoftheirmedicalconditions.Paincloudsjudgmentandsothepatientshouldnotbethesolearbiterofherorhisowndestiny.Patientsdonotusuallychoosethecourseoftheirmedicaltreatmentsotheyshouldn’tbeheldcompletelyresponsiblefordecisionsrelatedtoit.Doctorsarealsofallibleanditisunderstandablethattheywouldnotwanttomakethefinaldecisionaboutwhendeathshouldoccur. 44.______ Ibelievethatblindlyopposingassistedsuicidedoesnooneaservice.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermiseryandsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphinethatseemsmercifulratherthancriminal.IfwecanagreetothisthenIthinkwecouldalsoagreethathavingadoctorclosebymeasuringthedosageandadvisingthefamilyandfriendsisareasonablerequest. 45.______ Lifeisindeedpreciousbutaninevitablepartoflifeisdeathanditshouldbeprecioustoo.Iflifehasbecomeanintolerablepainandintensesufferingthenitseemsthatinordertopreservedignityandbeautyoneshouldhavetherighttoendherorhissufferingquietlysurelyandwithfamilyandfriendsnearby. [A]Ifonesimplywithholdstreatmentitmaytakethepatientlongertodieandsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandalethalinjectiongiven. [B]Thethirdperspectivetoconsiderwhenthinkingaboutassistedsuicideistheroleofnature.Lifeisprecious.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnotuptohumanbeingstodecidewhentoendtheirownoranother’slife.Onlynaturedetermineswhenitistherighttimeforapersontodie.Toassistsomeoneinsuicideisnotonlytobreakcriminallawsbuttobreakdivinelawsaswell. [C]Sincedoctorsaretrainedtoprolonglifetheyusuallydonotelecttotakeitbyprescribingassistedsuicide. [D]Therearegreaterpowersatworkthatdeterminewhenapersondiesforexamplenature.Neithersciencenorpersonalpreferenceshouldtakeprecedenceovertheselargerforces. [E]Withoutthedoctor’sprevioustreatmentthepersonwouldsurelybedeadalready.Doctorshaveintervenedformonthsorevenyearssowhynotsanctionthisfinalmercifulintervention [F]Thereisnosingleobjectivelycorrectanswerforeveryoneastowhenifatallone’slifebecomesallthingsconsideredaburdenandunwanted.Ifself-determinationisafundamentalvaluethenthegreatvariabilityamongpeopleonthisquestionmakesitespeciallyimportantthatindividualscontrolthemannercircumstancesandtimingoftheirdeathanddying. [G]Thosewhoopposeassistedsuicidebelievethatdoctorswhodohelpterminallyillpatientsdiearecommittingacrimeandtheyshouldbedealtwithaccordingly. 42
BritainnolongerdominatesAnglophoneeducation.Studentswantmoreandtheoldempireishappytogiveittothem.AgoodnameandaBritishcampusarenolongerenoughtopullinhigh-payingoverseasrecruits.ThecompetitionwithintheworldofEnglish-languagehighereducationisgrowingincreasinglyintense.Today’sinternationalstudentsdon’tautomaticallyheadtotheUnitedStatesortheUnitedKingdom;theyconsideraslewoffactorsbeforemakingtheirpick.AlreadyBritainisstartingtosufferasitfindsitselfinafiercethree-waycontestformarketshare. OntheonehandU.S.collegesarerecoveringfastinoverseasrecruitment.OntheotherabatchofcommonwealthcountriesiscomingonstrongandeatingintoBritain’smarketshare.ConsiderSingaporewhichfouryearsagosetouttolurebranchesofforeigncolleges.Thenumberofoverseasstudentstherehassinceclimbed46percent.AndinthefirstthreeyearsofthedecadethenumberofforeignstudentsinNewZealandalmostquadrupled.Thenthere’sAustralia.Foreignersnowmakeupaboutaquarterofitsentirestudentbody.Australiashowsthatthesecrettosuccessoftenhasasmuchtodowithgovernmentpolicyaswithacademicphilosophy.LavishgrantscanoffsettheBrits’andtheAmericans’edgeinprestige.Foreignstudentsatstate-runschoolsinSingaporenowgetan80percentdiscount.Anengineeringdegreethatcostsabout$30000ayearatHarvardrunsjust$2000attheUniversityofMalayathankstoheavysubsidies. Thebiggestfactortodayseemstobetheprospectofemployment.AdegreefromanAustralianuniversitynowputsgraduatesonthefasttracktopermanentresidency.AndLondonoffersanautomatic12-monthworkpermittomostoverseasrecruits.ButBritaincan’tdoanythingaboutitslocation.WhygoallthewaytotheUnitedKingdom--ortotheUnitedStates--whenthere’snowagoodEnglish-languagecollegejustafewhours’flightfromShanghaiorMumbaiButfewcountriescanmatchAustralia’smainsellingpoint.Itssunnyoutdoorsimageworksstronglytoitsadvantageamonginternationalstudents.Yetnocountrycanaffordtothrowinthetowel.Cutsingovernmentspendinghaveforcedcollegestolookelsewhereformoney.Overseasrecruitshavethusbecomeanincreasinglycriticalsourceofcash:inBritaintheaverageuniversitynowlookstoforeignstudentstoprovideatleast10percentofitsincome. Othertrendscouldsoonmakethingsevenmoredesperate.TodayChinaisoneofthebiggestsourcesoftravelingstudents.ButforhowmuchlongerThecountryisnowbusydevelopingitsowneliteinstitutionandordinarycolleges.Ifthistrendcontinuesthedevelopedworldisgoingtoloseitslargestclient.ThescrambleforbusinessintheAngloworldisalreadyferocious激烈的whilethemarketisexpanding.Justwaittillitstartstocontract. Britainishappytogivethestudentswhattheywantmainlybecause
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Deathisinevitablebutnotdisease.Bacteriaandvirusesarenomeanadversariesnoraretheyeasilydefeated.46Ifwefailtobewatchfulortoprotectthosemostatriskapublic-healthcatastropheisinevitableandyetsomewherewithinthespanofthelastthirtyyearstheideaofthecommongoodhasdisappearedfromournationalconsciousnessgivingwaytothemisconceptionthatwenolongerneedconcernourselveswiththewelfareofourfellowcitizens.Itisadangerousconceitanditleadsustowardafutureinfectedwithunprecedentedandunnecessarydisease. Apublic-healthsystemisonlyasstrongasitsweakestlink;anepidemicenforcesinthemostrigorousfashiontheAmericancredothatallmenarecreatedequal.47Ifweallowonesegmentofoursocietytosufferandperishfrompreventablediseaseslittlestandsinthewayofcollectivedoom.Yettoday44millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesarewithouthealthinsurance;thosewhocanaffordtopayforitgenerallyreceiveinferiortreatmentdespitethefactthatAmericansspend$1.4trillionannuallyfortheirhealthcare.Preventionbecomessecondarytosimplykeepingpeoplealive.48WemustnotsimplyconcernourselveswiththestateofAmericanpublichealth;asdistancescollapseandhumanpopulationsgrowevermoremobilesoalsonewanddeadlydiseasesfindtheirwayacrossdesertsandoceans. Ironicallythemedicalrevolutionsofthetwentiethcenturyhavecontributedtoourover-confidentneglectofthepublic-healthinfrastructure.49Wespendvastsumstolengthenthelivesofterminallyillpatientsbyafewdaysandrefusetomakemodestinvestmentsthatwouldpreventmillionsofneedlessillnessesanddeath. TheAmericansweknowpaytoomuchfortheirhealthcareandcomparedwithothercountrieswereceiveaverypoorreturnonourinvestment.Thereasonaremanybuttheyarenothardtounderstand:inessencewehavetendedhistoricallytoviewhealthcareasacommoditylikeanyother.Buthealthisnotaproduct;itisapublicgood.Theevidenceisclearevenwhenviewedthroughthereductivelensofpurelyeconomicself-interestmarket-basedmedicineisafailure.Healingpeopleaftertheyfallillisvastlymoreexpensivethanpreventingtheillnessinthefirstplace.50Yetpolicymakershaveconsistentlypreferredthemostexpensiveandleastefficientmodelsofhealthcareprovingonceagainthatthesupportersofprivatizationaremotivatednotbypracticaleconomicsbutbyanideologythatislittlemorethanamaskconcealingthemostirrationalself-interest. WemustnotsimplyconcernourselveswiththestateofAmericanpublichealth;asdistancescollapseandhumanpopulationsgrowevermoremobilesoalsonewanddeadlydiseasesfindtheirwayacrossdesertsandoceans.
TheviewfromthetopoftheluxuriousMorganCentredownontoBeijing’sOlympicGreenisbreath-takingTherefarbelowliesthestunning"birdnest"OlympicStadium.RightnexttoitistheequallymesmerizingNationalAquaticsCenterknownastheWaterCube.TheAquaticsCenterposesonecriticalquestion:wherewillallthewatertofillthisboldbutmassivearchitecturalmasterpiece"andtosupplytheGames"comefrom OnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriver.HeadingnorthtoShanxiprovinceonepassesriverafterriverthathasdriedup.Andin80percentofthoseShanxiriversthatalestillflowingwaterqualityis"unfitforhumancontact"orforagriculturalorindustrialuse.AsyoudrivesouthacrossHebeiandHenanprovincesthesituationisnobetter.ReachingthefamedMarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverwecrossedourfirstparched干裂的riverbed.FromtheretotheYellowRiverwetraversedmanylegendaryriversthatshowasbluelinesonthemap;allofthemarenowalmostbonedry.Allthatremainstomemorializethesewatercoursesarehighwaybridgesleftbehindlikevestigialorgans.TheYellowRiveritselfonceknownas"China’sSorrow"becauseofitsnaturaltendencytofloodkillingmillionshasinHenanbeenreducedtoamodest-sizechannel.AtitslowerreachesinShandongitisnotuncommonfortherivertoceaseflowingintotheBohaiSeaaltogether. Whatistheanswerforthe250millionthirstypeoplewholiveontheNorthChinaPlainDroughthasforcedfarmerstoturntogroundwater.Butoverextractionhascausedwatertablestofallbyasmuchas10feetayear.Desperateofficialshavetakentomakingsubstantialinvestmentsin"precipitation-inducement引导水分凝结technologies"orcloudseeding.Usingaircraftmeteorologicalballoonsandevenrocketsandartilleryshellsthey’vebeenattemptingtoshootpassingcloudsfullofrainmakingchemicals.TheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationreportsthathundredsofaircraftandthousandsofrocketsandshellsareusedeachyearintheeffort.Suchcampaignshavebeenonlymodestlysuccessfulandhavecreatedtensionsbetweendifferentlocalitieseachclaimingthatcloudsarebeing"intercepted"upwindbytheotherandtheirpreciousmoisturestolen! ThenthereisthemonumentalSouth-NorthWaterTransferProject.ButsomeenvironmentalistsfearthatshiftingtheincreasinglypollutedwateroftheYangtzenorthwardwillalsointroduceawholehostofnewtoxicpollutantstothebreadbasketofChina. NooneknowswhattheconsequencesofallthesePromethean独创的effortswillbe.InthetrulymagnificentfacilitiesbeingbuiltfortheOlympicsonecanseeadearmanifestationofthisunderstandableurgetorestoreChinesegreatness.ThequestioniswhetherChina’slimitednatural-resourcebasecansustainthemagnitudeofsuchanambition.Withwaterthecountryisconfrontingtheedgeofoneveryinflexibleenvironmentalenvelope.Beijing’sgloriousWaterCubeisasymbolbothofChina’sremarkableaccomplishmentsanditsall-too-pressinglimits. BysayingOnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriverLine1Paragraph2theauthorimpliesthat
Deathisinevitablebutnotdisease.Bacteriaandvirusesarenomeanadversariesnoraretheyeasilydefeated.46Ifwefailtobewatchfulortoprotectthosemostatriskapublic-healthcatastropheisinevitableandyetsomewherewithinthespanofthelastthirtyyearstheideaofthecommongoodhasdisappearedfromournationalconsciousnessgivingwaytothemisconceptionthatwenolongerneedconcernourselveswiththewelfareofourfellowcitizens.Itisadangerousconceitanditleadsustowardafutureinfectedwithunprecedentedandunnecessarydisease. Apublic-healthsystemisonlyasstrongasitsweakestlink;anepidemicenforcesinthemostrigorousfashiontheAmericancredothatallmenarecreatedequal.47Ifweallowonesegmentofoursocietytosufferandperishfrompreventablediseaseslittlestandsinthewayofcollectivedoom.Yettoday44millionpeopleintheUnitedStatesarewithouthealthinsurance;thosewhocanaffordtopayforitgenerallyreceiveinferiortreatmentdespitethefactthatAmericansspend$1.4trillionannuallyfortheirhealthcare.Preventionbecomessecondarytosimplykeepingpeoplealive.48WemustnotsimplyconcernourselveswiththestateofAmericanpublichealth;asdistancescollapseandhumanpopulationsgrowevermoremobilesoalsonewanddeadlydiseasesfindtheirwayacrossdesertsandoceans. Ironicallythemedicalrevolutionsofthetwentiethcenturyhavecontributedtoourover-confidentneglectofthepublic-healthinfrastructure.49Wespendvastsumstolengthenthelivesofterminallyillpatientsbyafewdaysandrefusetomakemodestinvestmentsthatwouldpreventmillionsofneedlessillnessesanddeath. TheAmericansweknowpaytoomuchfortheirhealthcareandcomparedwithothercountrieswereceiveaverypoorreturnonourinvestment.Thereasonaremanybuttheyarenothardtounderstand:inessencewehavetendedhistoricallytoviewhealthcareasacommoditylikeanyother.Buthealthisnotaproduct;itisapublicgood.Theevidenceisclearevenwhenviewedthroughthereductivelensofpurelyeconomicself-interestmarket-basedmedicineisafailure.Healingpeopleaftertheyfallillisvastlymoreexpensivethanpreventingtheillnessinthefirstplace.50Yetpolicymakershaveconsistentlypreferredthemostexpensiveandleastefficientmodelsofhealthcareprovingonceagainthatthesupportersofprivatizationaremotivatednotbypracticaleconomicsbutbyanideologythatislittlemorethanamaskconcealingthemostirrationalself-interest. Ifwefailtobewatchfulortoprotectthosemostatriskapublic-healthcatastropheisinevitableandyetsomewherewithinthespanofthelastthirtyyearstheideaofthecommongoodhasdisappearedfromournationalconsciousnessgivingwaytothemisconceptionthatwenolongerneedconcernourselveswiththewelfareofourfellowcitizens.
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Rarelyhastherebeenasneatafitbetweenabook’ssubjectanditsauthor’sbiographyasin"BoundTogether:HowTradersPreachersAdventurersandWarriorsShapedGlobalization"byNayanChanda.It’seasytoseewhythesubjectfascinatesChanda;he’saself-proclaimedFrancophile崇拜法国的人ofSouthAsianoriginwhostudiedFrenchinCalcuttathentookcoursesonChinainParisranamagazineinHongKongandendeduplaunchinganonlinejournaldevotedtoglobalizationatavenerableIvyLeagueinstitution.Andinthisengaginganalysisheanswerssuchintriguingquestionsas"HowdidthecoffeebeanfirstgrownonlyinEthiopiaendupinourcoffeecupsafterajourneythroughJavaandColombia" Inexaminingthesespecificquestions--andlargeronesabouthowtheworldisinterconnectedmChandadoesnotemphasizehisownexperiences.Butwhenappropriateheeffectivelyusessmallpersonaldetailstocutverybigsocialeconomicculturalandsometimesbiologicalprocessesdowntosize.HeshowshowclosescrutinyoftheiPodhegavehissonasabirthdaypresentcanrevealmuchaboutthemultinationaloriginsofsuchobjects.Itwasofficiallytoutedas"designed"byanAmericancompanyand"assembledinChina";hefoundthatitactuallycontainedcomponentpartsandsoftwarewithtiestoIndiaJapanSouthKoreaandScotland.AndhemarvelsatthespeedwithwhichittraveledfromShanghaitoNewhavenviaAlaskaandIndianaaswellasathisabilitytotrackitsprogressthankstobarcodes. ThedebateoverglobalizationhasgrownsopolarizedthatmanyreadersareprobablyitchingtoknowwhetherChandabelongsinthe"pro"or"anti"camp.Onethemeof"BoundTogether"isthatthinkinginthesetermsdoesn’tmakesense.Thosewhogatheratwhataresomewhatmisleadinglycalled"anti-globalization"ralliesafteralldon’topposeallthewaystheworldisshrinking.AndtheircampaignsmakeuseofmanytechnologiesnotablytheInternetthatarecrucialto21st-century-styleglobalization. IndeedChanda’sstandonthesubjectmightbecalledthatofacautiouslyoptimisticfatalist.Heassertsthattheonlyreasonableresponsetoglobalizationistwofold:acceptthattheworldisnotgoingtostopshrinkingandfigureoutwaystomaximizethepositiveandminimizethenegativeeffects.Heacknowledgesthedownsidesofglobalizationsocialinequitiesthespreadofnewdiseasesandsoonyetarguesthatinmanywaysbeing"boundtogether"evermoretightlycanultimatelybeagoodthingbenefitingmoreandmoreindividualsandgroups. Thisisabookfilledwithfascinatinginformation.Evenreaderswhodisagreewithhisclaimswillcomeawaywithahostofnewfactstodrawupon.TheywillalsolearnalotaboutthehistoryanddeploymentofthetermglobalizationtowhichChandadevotesanexcellentchapter.InadditionmanywillneverlookataniPodinquitethesamewayagain. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Shoulddoctor-assistedsuicideeverbealegaloptionItinvolvestheextrememeasureoftakingthelifeofaterminallyillpatientwhenthepatientisinextremepainandthechancesforrecoveryappeartobehopeless.Thosewhoargueagainstassistedsuicidedosobyconsideringtherolesofthepatientthedoctorandnatureinthesesituations. ShouldthepatienttakeanactiveroleinassistedsuicideWhenapatientisterminallyillandingreatpainthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidesaythatitshouldnotbeuptothatpatienttodecidewhathisorherfatewillbe. 41______. WhatroleshouldthedoctorhaveDoctorswhentakingtheHippocraticoathsweartopreservelifeatallcostsanditistheirethicalandlegaldutytofollowboththespiritandtheletterofthisoath.Itistheirresponsibilitiestohealthesickandinthecaseswhenhealingisnotpossiblethenthedoctorisobligedtomakethedyingpersoncomfortable.Doctorsaretrainednevertohastendeath. 42.______ Doctorsarealsobyvirtueoftheirhumannesscapableofmakingmistakes.Doctorscouldquitepossiblysayforinstancethatacancerpatientwasterminalandthentheillnesscouldlaterturnoutnottobesoserious.Thereisalwaysanelementofdoubtconcerningthefutureoutcomeofhumanaffairs. 43.______ Thesegeneralconcernsofthosewhoopposeassistedsuicidearevalidincertaincontextsoftheassisted-suicidequestion.Forinstancepatientscannotalwaysbecertainoftheirmedicalconditions.Paincloudsjudgmentandsothepatientshouldnotbethesolearbiterofherorhisowndestiny.Patientsdonotusuallychoosethecourseoftheirmedicaltreatmentsotheyshouldn’tbeheldcompletelyresponsiblefordecisionsrelatedtoit.Doctorsarealsofallibleanditisunderstandablethattheywouldnotwanttomakethefinaldecisionaboutwhendeathshouldoccur. 44.______ Ibelievethatblindlyopposingassistedsuicidedoesnooneaservice.Ifsomeoneisdyingofcancerandbeggingtobeputoutofhisorhermiseryandsomeonegivesthatpersonadeadlydoseofmorphinethatseemsmercifulratherthancriminal.IfwecanagreetothisthenIthinkwecouldalsoagreethathavingadoctorclosebymeasuringthedosageandadvisingthefamilyandfriendsisareasonablerequest. 45.______ Lifeisindeedpreciousbutaninevitablepartoflifeisdeathanditshouldbeprecioustoo.Iflifehasbecomeanintolerablepainandintensesufferingthenitseemsthatinordertopreservedignityandbeautyoneshouldhavetherighttoendherorhissufferingquietlysurelyandwithfamilyandfriendsnearby. [A]Ifonesimplywithholdstreatmentitmaytakethepatientlongertodieandsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandalethalinjectiongiven. [B]Thethirdperspectivetoconsiderwhenthinkingaboutassistedsuicideistheroleofnature.Lifeisprecious.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnotuptohumanbeingstodecidewhentoendtheirownoranother’slife.Onlynaturedetermineswhenitistherighttimeforapersontodie.Toassistsomeoneinsuicideisnotonlytobreakcriminallawsbuttobreakdivinelawsaswell. [C]Sincedoctorsaretrainedtoprolonglifetheyusuallydonotelecttotakeitbyprescribingassistedsuicide. [D]Therearegreaterpowersatworkthatdeterminewhenapersondiesforexamplenature.Neithersciencenorpersonalpreferenceshouldtakeprecedenceovertheselargerforces. [E]Withoutthedoctor’sprevioustreatmentthepersonwouldsurelybedeadalready.Doctorshaveintervenedformonthsorevenyearssowhynotsanctionthisfinalmercifulintervention [F]Thereisnosingleobjectivelycorrectanswerforeveryoneastowhenifatallone’slifebecomesallthingsconsideredaburdenandunwanted.Ifself-determinationisafundamentalvaluethenthegreatvariabilityamongpeopleonthisquestionmakesitespeciallyimportantthatindividualscontrolthemannercircumstancesandtimingoftheirdeathanddying. [G]Thosewhoopposeassistedsuicidebelievethatdoctorswhodohelpterminallyillpatientsdiearecommittingacrimeandtheyshouldbedealtwithaccordingly. 44
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
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