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Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text3 Soonafterhisappointmentas secretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewas beingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatare youcomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador:You’vehadmoretimethan God.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.Heworked alonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]the committees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYork thisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformand tacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateand governmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturned intosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardin March.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetan agreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStates intheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingatthe endofAugustonhundredsoflastminuteamendmentsandaline-by-line renegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroup ofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgypt SyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheir own.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’s leaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightand all-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwholly devoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissionto supervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthe discreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRights Council;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfrom genocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeaction includingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurity Council.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleast survived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovodsocontentious thattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentand non-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatered downtolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollective securityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueof pre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallits formsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhatever purposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericans wanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhave neverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthe summitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhad takenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredetermined togoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthe document’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccess appearslim.Whohaverecentlylistenedtothestoryinthefirstparagraphofthetext
Text4 Thetermdisruptivetechnologyis popularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnology huttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakes lifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayof doingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.It sweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybrought IBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhas beenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceover internetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandof evengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers. VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallows peopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheap callstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbent telecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouse announcedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5 billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears. Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenues andhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedin buyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidto havealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excited bidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.Thecompanysaysitplans touseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellersto communicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalysts arescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.Whateverthemeritsofthe dealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthe significanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecoms operators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeans nothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablished overacenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramatic shiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdata servicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54m usershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartially orentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsof customers.Accordingtothetextmanyanalysts’attitudetowardthepossessionofSkypebyeBayis______.
Text3 Soonafterhisappointmentas secretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewas beingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatare youcomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador:You’vehadmoretimethan God.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.Heworked alonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]the committees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYork thisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformand tacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateand governmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturned intosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardin March.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetan agreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStates intheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingatthe endofAugustonhundredsoflastminuteamendmentsandaline-by-line renegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroup ofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgypt SyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheir own.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’s leaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightand all-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwholly devoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissionto supervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthe discreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRights Council;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfrom genocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeaction includingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurity Council.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleast survived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovodsocontentious thattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentand non-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatered downtolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollective securityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueof pre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallits formsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhatever purposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericans wanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhave neverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthe summitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhad takenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredetermined togoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthe document’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccess appearslim.AccordingtothelastparagraphtheGeneralAssembly______.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmune system[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIV cropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIV subverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbe stopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesof cancerandinfectionsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesof AIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviral diseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnited NationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternational AIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldprove usefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthat remain:41．_____________.Along-standingbeliefisthat cancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmune system.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmore pronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbut nottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates. Thispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthe typethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancersto develop.42．_______________.WhenHIVistransmitted sexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthat happensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbya seriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravels throughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhat isnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatare neededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43．_______________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmuneceilssenttokillthevirusthereis widespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwith AIDS.Soscientistsask:Cantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsiblefor thatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressionto AIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirst place44．_______________.Intheoryearlytreatmentshould offerthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.Butthenewdrugsdonot completelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhave dangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschanged tocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbe deferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthat aneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehas reachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegree ofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareas oftheworlddiffergenetically.Itisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfrom onetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstother types.45．_______________.Withoutmoreincisivefocused behavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobal epidemic.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmune system[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIV cropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIV subverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbe stopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesof cancerandinfectionsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesof AIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviral diseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnited NationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternational AIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldprove usefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthat remain:41．_____________.Along-standingbeliefisthat cancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmune system.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmore pronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbut nottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates. Thispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthe typethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancersto develop.42．_______________.WhenHIVistransmitted sexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthat happensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbya seriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravels throughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhat isnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatare neededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43．_______________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmuneceilssenttokillthevirusthereis widespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwith AIDS.Soscientistsask:Cantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsiblefor thatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressionto AIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirst place44．_______________.Intheoryearlytreatmentshould offerthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.Butthenewdrugsdonot completelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhave dangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschanged tocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbe deferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthat aneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehas reachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegree ofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareas oftheworlddiffergenetically.Itisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfrom onetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstother types.45．_______________.Withoutmoreincisivefocused behavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobal epidemic.
Directions: WritealettertoMrTerryThompsonrecommendingaChineseuniversityforhimtostudyinChina. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachines thattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46TheywerecalledLudditesafter oneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistance tonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLuddites isthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablished itself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolving nanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirt theywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andas awarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcovers arangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskand othersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecome morenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthe potentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime. 48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplications thatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scritics fear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyofthe innovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftime toprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffers bothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolits exploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsfor allowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannot flourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthatthe inventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhaps arevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittle hindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheir study-howeverlargeorsmall.
Text3 Soonafterhisappointmentas secretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewas beingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.Butwhatare youcomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador:You’vehadmoretimethan God.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.Heworked alonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]the committees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYork thisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformand tacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateand governmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturned intosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardin March.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetan agreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStates intheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingatthe endofAugustonhundredsoflastminuteamendmentsandaline-by-line renegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroup ofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgypt SyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheir own.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’s leaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightand all-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwholly devoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissionto supervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthe discreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRights Council;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfrom genocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeaction includingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurity Council.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleast survived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovodsocontentious thattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentand non-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatered downtolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollective securityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueof pre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallits formsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhatever purposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericans wanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhave neverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthe summitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhad takenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredetermined togoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthe document’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccess appearslim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheUNfinaldocumentis______.
[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmune system[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIV cropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIV subverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbe stopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesof cancerandinfectionsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesof AIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviral diseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnited NationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternational AIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldprove usefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases. Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthat remain:41．_____________.Along-standingbeliefisthat cancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmune system.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmore pronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbut nottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates. Thispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthe typethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancersto develop.42．_______________.WhenHIVistransmitted sexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthat happensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbya seriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravels throughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhat isnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatare neededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43．_______________. AlthoughHIVkillstheimmuneceilssenttokillthevirusthereis widespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeillwith AIDS.Soscientistsask:Cantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsiblefor thatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressionto AIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirst place44．_______________.Intheoryearlytreatmentshould offerthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.Butthenewdrugsdonot completelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhave dangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschanged tocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbe deferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening. IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthat aneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehas reachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegree ofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareas oftheworlddiffergenetically.Itisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfrom onetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstother types.45．_______________.Withoutmoreincisivefocused behavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobal epidemic.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text4 Thetermdisruptivetechnologyis popularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnology huttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology--andwhichthereforemakes lifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayof doingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.It sweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybrought IBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhas beenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceover internetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandof evengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers. VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallows peopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheap callstotraditionaltelephones--allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbent telecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauctionhouse announcedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor＄2.6billionplusanadditional＄1.5 billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears. Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly＄60minrevenues andhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedin buyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidto havealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excited bidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.Thecompanysaysitplans touseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellersto communicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalysts arescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.Whateverthemeritsofthe dealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthe significanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecoms operators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeans nothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablished overacenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramatic shiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoiceGallingbecomesjustanotherdata servicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54m usershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartially orentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsof customers.Thephrasebrought...toitskneesinthefirstparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Intheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachines thattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46TheywerecalledLudditesafter oneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistance tonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLuddites isthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablished itself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolving nanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirt theywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andas awarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcovers arangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskand othersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecome morenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthe potentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime. 48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplications thatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scritics fear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyofthe innovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftime toprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffers bothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolits exploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsfor allowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannot flourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthatthe inventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhaps arevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittle hindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheir study-howeverlargeorsmall.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text1WithRobertLaurentandWilliamZorachdirectcarvingentersintothestoryofmodemsculptureintheUnitedStates.Directcarving--inwhichthesculptorsthemselvescarvestoneorwoodwithmalletandchisel--justberecognizedassomethingmorethanjustatechnique.Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhichsculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony.Forexamplesometimestheshapeorveininginapieceofstoneorwoodsuggestsperhapsevendictatesnotonlytheultimateformbuteventhesubjectmatter.Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenth-centurytraditioninwhichthemakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeactandtheworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistantstobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble.Neoclassicalsculptorsseldomheldamalletorchiselintheirownhandsreadilyconcedingthattheassistantstheyemployedwerefarbetterthantheywereatcarvingthefinishedmarble.Withtheturn-of-the-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspirationsuchaswoodenAfricanfigureandmaskstherearoseanewurgeforhands-onpersonalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium.Evenasearlyasthe1880’sand1890’snonconformistEuropeanartistswereattemptingdirectcarving.BytheseconddecadeofthetwentiethcenturyAmericans--LaurentandZorachmostnotably--hadadopteditastheirprimarymeansofworking.BorninFranceRobertLaurent1890-1970wasaprodigywhoreceivedhiseducationintheUnitedStates.In1905hewassenttoParisasanapprenticetoanartdealerandintheyearsthatfollowedhewitnessedthebirthofCubismdiscoveredprimitiveartandlearnedthetechniquesofwoodcarvingfromaframemaker.BackinNewYorkCityby1910LaurentbegancarvingpiecessuchasThePriestesswhichrevealshisfascinationwithAfricanpre-ColumbianandSouthPacifican.Takingawalnutplankthesculptorcarvedtheexpressivestylizeddesign.Itisoneof.theearliestexamplesofdirectcarvinginAmericansculpture.Theplank’sformdictatedtherigidlyfrontalviewandthelowrelief.EvenitsirregularshapemusthaveappealedtoLaurentasabreakwithalong-standingtraditionthatrequiredasculptortoworkwithinaperfectrectangleorsquare. ThepiecetitledThePriestesshasallofthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies"Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestand10eachother.Thebodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdly’itregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Finallyitconveysouremotionsandattitudes.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturecommunication.Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
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