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己知系统为32位实地址，采用48位虚拟地址，页面大小为4KB，页表项大小为8B；每段最大为4GB。假设系统使用纯页式存储，则要采用( )级页表，页内偏移( )位。
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已知某系统页面长为4KB页表项为4B采用多层分页策略映射64位虚拟地址空间若限定最高层页表占1页问需
假设进程的虚拟地址空间为2GB页面大小为4KB若用4个字节表示页的物理地址则一个进程的页表最多需要个
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已知系统为32位实地址采用48位虚拟地址页面大小4KB页表项大小为8B每段最大为4GB假设系统使用纯
下列有关32位版本的WindowsXP存储管理功能的叙述中错误的是
对于32位的应用程序来说，虚拟地址空间为4GB
在默认的情况下，内存的页面大小为4MB
作为虚拟存储器使用的页面文件(Pagefile.sys)，其大小通常大于物理内存
系统在页面调度时通常采用“最近最少使用”算法
已知系统为32位实地址采用48位虚拟地址页面大小4KB页表项大小为8B每段最大为4GB假设系统采用一
已知系统为32位实地址采用48位虚拟地址页面大小4KB页表项大小为8B每段最大为4GB如果是二级页表
若处理器有32位地址则实质虚拟地址空间为字节
2GB
4GB
100KB
640KB
若某分页管理的虚拟存储器共有8个页面每页为1024个字节实际主存为4096个字节采用页表法进行
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若处理器有32位地址则它的虚拟地址空间为字节
2GB
4GB
100KB
640KB
页式存储管理方案中若一个进程的虚拟地址空间为2GB页面大小为4KB当用4字节表示物理页号时页表需要占
128
256
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1024
已知系统为32位实地址采用48位虚拟地址页面大小4KB页表项大小为8B每段最大为4GB若系统采用段页
在页式存储管理方案中若一个进程的虚拟地址空间为2GB页面大小为4KB当用4字节表示物理页号时页表需要
128
256
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在页式存储管理方案中若一个进程的虚拟地址空间为2GB页面大小为4KB当用4字节表示物理页号时页表需要
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在页式存储管理方案中若一个进程的虚拟地址空间为2GB页面大小为4KB当用4字节表示物理页号时页表需要
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一个64位的计算机系统中地址线宽为64位实际使用的虚拟地址空间的大小是248若采用虚拟页式存储管理每
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某计算机主存地址空间大小为256MB按字节编址虚拟地址空间大小为4GB采用页式存储管理页面大小为4K
015 3180H
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TLB缺失
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下列有关32位版本的WindowsXP存储管理功能的叙述中错误的是
对于32位的应用程序来说，虚拟地址空间为4GB
在默认的情况下，内存的页面大小为4MB
作为虚拟存储器使用的页面文件(Pagefile.sys)，其大小通常大于物理内存
系统在页面调度时通常采用“最近最少使用”算法
若处理器有32位地址则它的虚拟地址空间为字节
2GB
4GB
100KB
640KB
若某分页管理的虚拟存储器共有8个页面每页为1024个字节实际主存为4096个字节采用页表法进行
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TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. AccordingtoParagraph4scientistschosesodafortaxationbecause
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 4
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 2
InventionandinnovationhavebeenquintessentiallyAmericanpursuitsfromtheearliestdaysoftherepublic.BenjaminFranklinwasaworld-famousscientistandinventor.CyrusMcCormickandhisharvesterSamuelF.B.MorseandthetelegraphAlexanderGrahamBellandthetelephone—the19thcenturyproducedastringofinventorsandtheirworld-changingcreations.AndthentherewasthegreatestofthemallThomasAlvaEdison.HecameupwiththecrucialdevicesthatwouldgivebirthtothreeenduringAmericanindustries:electricalpowerrecordedmusicandmotionpictures.MuchoftheworldweliveintodayisalegacyofEdisonandofhisdevotiontoscienceandinnovation.Edisontaughtustoinventandfordecadeswewerethebestintheworld.Buttodaymorethan160yearsafterEdison’sbirthAmericaislosingitsscientificedge.AlandmarkreportreleasedinMaybytheNationalScienceBoardlaysoutthenumbers:whileU.S.investmentinR&DasashareoftotalGDPhasremainedrelativelyconstantsincethemid-1980sat2.7%thefederalshareofR&Dhasbeenconsistentlydeclining—evenasAsiannationslikeJapanandSouthKoreahaverapidlyincreasedthatratio.AtthesametimeAmericanstudentsseemtobelosinginterestinscience.Onlyaboutone-thirdofU.S.bachelor’sdegreesareinscienceorengineeringnowcomparedwith63%inJapanand53%inChina.It’sironicthatnowhereisAmerica’spositioninscienceandtechnologymorethreatenedthanintheindustrythatEdisonessentiallyinvented:energy.Cleanpowercouldbetothe21stcenturywhataeronauticsandthecomputerweretothe20thbuttheU.S.isalreadyfallingbehind.MeanwhileCongressremainslargelyparalyzed.ThoughinMaytheHouseofRepresentativeswasfinallyabletopassthe$86billionAmericaCompetesReauthorizationActwhichwoulddoublethebudgetsoftheNationalScienceFoundationNSFandEnergyDepartment’sOfficeofSciencethebill’sfateiscloudyinthedeadlockedSenate.Atthisrate...we’llbebuyingmostofourwindgeneratorsandphotovoltaicpanelsfromothercountriesformerNSFheadArdenL.Bementsaidatacongressionalhearingrecently.That’swhatkeepsmeawakesometimesatnight.SomeerosionoftheU.S.’sscientificdominanceisinevitableinaglobalizedworldandmightnotevenbeabadthing.Tomorrow’sinnovatorscouldariseinShanghaiorSeoulorBangalore.AndEdisonwouldcounselagainstpanic—asheputitonceWhateversetbacksAmericahasencounteredithasalwaysemergedasastrongerandmoreprosperousnation.ButtheU.S.willinevitablydeclineunlessweinvestintheeducationandresearchnecessarytomaintaintheAmericanedge.ThenextgenerationofEdisonscouldbewaiting.Butunlesswemovequicklytheywon’thavethetoolstheyneedtothrive.Whichofthefollowingstatementstheauthormayagreewith
Humanshaveneverlackedforwaystogetwasted.Thenaturalworldisfullofsoothingbutaddictiveleavesandfruitsandfungiandforcenturiessciencehasaddedthemtothepharmacopoeiatorelievethepainofpatients.Inthepasttwodecadesthat’sbeenespeciallytrue.AstheJointCommissionontheAccreditationofHealthcareOrganizationsdevelopednewpoliciestotreatpainmoreactivelyapproachingitnotjustasanunfortunatesideeffectofillnessbutasafifthvitalsignalongwithtemperatureheartraterespirtoryrateandbloodpressureabountyofnewopoids鸦片类物hasrolledoffBigPharma’sproductionline. Therewasfentanylsyntheticopioidaroundsincethe1960sthatwentintowideuseasatreatmentforcancerpaininthe1990s.ThatwasfollowedbyOxycodoneashort-actingdrugformoreroutinepainandafterthatcameOxycontina12-hourformulationofthesamepowerfulpill.Finallycamehydrocodone.ThegovernmentconsidershydrocodoneaScheduleⅢdrug—onewitha"moderateorlow"riskofdependencyasopposedtoScheduleⅡ’swhichcarrya"severe"risk.PhysiciansmustsubmitawrittenprescriptionforScheduleⅡdrugs;forScheduleⅢ’stheyjustphonethepharmacy.ScheduleIsubstancesaredrugslikeherointhatareneverprescribed.Forpatientsthatwealthofchoicesspelleddanger. Theresulthashardlybeensurprising.Since1990therehasbeenatenfoldincreaseinprescriptionsforopioidsintheU.S.accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCP.In1990therewerebarely6000deathsfromaccidentaldrugpoisoningintheU.S.By2007thatnumberhadnearlyquintupledto27658. Healthofficialsdonotteaseoutwhichdrugisresponsibleforeverydeathandit’snotalwayspossible."Theremaybelotsofdrugsonboard"saysCathyBarberdirectoroftheInjuryControlResearchCenterattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth."IsittheopioidthatcausedthedeathOrisitthecombinationofopioidbenzodiazepineandacocktailthepersonhad"Stillmostexpertsagreethatnothingbuttheexplodingavailabilityofopioidscouldbebehindtheexplodingrateofdeath. Despitesuchheavydeathtoilthesuivellanceoverthesepopularpillsfacesregulatorymaze.Inearly2009theFDAannouncedthatitwasinitiatinga"risk-evaluationandmitigationstrategy".TheregulationstheFDAisempoweredtoissueincluderequiringmanufacturerstoprovidebetterinformationtopatientsanddoctorsrequiringdoctorstomeetcertaineducationalcriteriabeforewritingopioidprescriptionsandlimitingthenumberofdocsandpharmaciesallowedtoprescribeordispensethedrugs."Andwithallthat"warnsDr.JohnJenkinsdirectoroftheFDA’sOfficeofNewDrugs"wedostillhavetomakesurepatientshaveaccesstodrugstheyneed."AnyregulationstheFDAdoesimposewon’tbeannounceduntil2011attheearliestandcouldtakeayearormoretorollout.Thatleavesmillionsofpeoplecontinuingtofillprescriptionstensofthousandsperyeardyingandpatientsingenuinepainwonderingwhenaneededmedicationwillrelievetheirsuffering—andwhenitcouldleadtosomethingworse. Opoidsaredrugs
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 18
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 20
[A]RunningafterThemDoesn’tHelpAnybody[B]RememberNewton’sThirdLaw[C]ShowSomeRespectfortheThingsTheyCareAbout[D]18YearsOld:TheBeginningofAdulthood[E]KnowStrengthandWeaknessofYourChild[F]Don’tLookUndertheMattress[G]BeConsistentWhenyourchildbecomesateenageryou’rewelloverhalfwaythroughthejobofraisingthemandyouhaveonlyafewyearslefttoinstillallthosevaluesandprinciplesyouwantthemtogointoadultlifewith.Andsuddenlytheylookasifthey’rethrowingawayalltheworkyou’veputinuptonow.ButactuallyifyoujustkeepyourheadandfollowtheseessentialteenageRulesyou’llfindyoucomeouttheotherendwithaterrificadultyoucanreallybeproudof.41.______Unlessyourchildisputtingthemselvesinseriousdangeryoureallydohavetoputupwithit.Themoreyoutrytotellthemthemoreyoupushthemintheoppositedirection.They’relookingforsomethingtokickattorebelagainstbecausethey’reprogrammedto.Themoreforceyouusethemorethey’lluse.RememberNewton’sthirdlawofmotionForeveryactionthereisanequalandoppositereaction.SowhatcanyoudowhenyouseethemgoingwrongYoucantellthemwhatyouthinkbutdon’ttellthemwhattodo.42.______Teenagersareuptothingsyoudon’twanttoknowabout.Forexampleyourdaughterhasgonefurtherthanyou’dlikewithherboyfriend.Andthey’vealmostcertainlybeenoffereddrugsbuttheywon’thaveanyevidenceofithangingaroundintheirroomsothere’snopointlookingunderthemattressorreadingtheirsecretdiary.Andwhatareyougoingtodoaboutit—confrontthemIthinknot.You’llseverelydamageyourrelationshipandthey’lljustkeepthemunderthefloorboardsinstead.Maybeyoushouldthinkbacktothethingsyoudidasateenagerthatyoudidn’twantyourparentstoknowabout.SeeYourkidsarejustbeingperfectlynormalteenagers.43.______It’soneofthemanyparadoxesofteenagers.Ontheonehandtheywanttorebeltoshockyoutodothingsthatgettoyouandontheotherhandtheywantyourapprovalandyourgoodwill.Sowhenyoucriticizeyourteenager’schoicesyoucriticizethem.It’sanageoffragileegosandeasilyknockedself-esteemandit’seasytomakeyourteenagerfeelthatyoudisapproveoreventhatyoudon’tlikethem.Whetherit’stheirmusicortheirpoliticsorthewaytheydressortheirdecisiontobecomevegetariantheyneedtoknowthatit’sokaywithyou.44.______Youstartedoffwith18yearsandcounting.HowmanyhaveyougotleftBecausewhenyougettozerothey’llbeontheirown.Iknowparentswhoarestilllookingaftertheirkidswhenthey’re18.Andthekidsnotbeingcrazyletthemdoit.Ittakestwotoplaythatgame.Youknowyourchild’sstrengthsandweaknessesaswellasanyone.Sothinkthroughwhattheystillneedtolearnandmakesuretheydo.Ifthey’rehopelesswithmoneyteachthemtobudget.Getthemtodothefamilyshoppingforaweekonyourusualbudgetorgetfirmaboutnotpayingtofilluptheircarbeyondtheagreedamount.45.______Yourkidsneedtoknowwhatisandisn’tacceptable.Andtheyjudgethatbywhatwasandwasn’tokayyesterdayandthedaybefore.Ifthey’renotgettingaconsistentmessagethey’recluelessastohowtheyhavetobehaveandthoseallimportantboundariesaren’tbeingproperlymaintained.Thatmeansthekidsfeelconfusedinsecureandperhapsevenunloved.Ifyou’vedecidedthatyoudon’tallowthekidstostaylateoutsideyouhavetosticktoit.Justbecauseyourlittleonewasabitsadaboutsomethingtodayandyou’refeelingabitdownyourselfanyway...nonono!Stoprightthere!Letthemcomebackatonceanditwillbetentimeshardertosaynotothemnexttimeandtheywon’tunderstandwhy.Saynonowandyou’reonlybeingcrueltobekind.
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Itissuggestedinthelastparagraghthatviedo-gamers’parentswillShawnGreenandAlexandrePouget’sfindings
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 16
SignsofAmericanculturerangingfromfastfoodtoHollywoodmoviescanbeseenaroundtheworld.ButnowanthropologistshavediscoveredafarmoretroublingculturalexportfromtheUnitedStates—stigmaagainstfatpeople.NegativeperceptionsaboutpeoplewhoareoverweightarebecomingtheculturalnorminmanycountriesaccordingtoanewreportinthejournalCurrentAnthropology.47AlthoughsomeoftheshiftinthinkinglikelyisexplainedbyidealizedslimbodyimagespromotedinAmericanadvertisingandHollywoodmoviestheemergenceoffatstigmaaroundtheworldmayalsoresultfrompublichealtheffortstopromoteobesityasadiseaseandaworrisomethreattoanation’shealth.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityDr.Brewisandhercolleaguesrecentlycompletedamulticountrystudyintendedtogiveasnapshotoftheinternationalzeitgeistaboutweightandbodyimage.48Theresearcherselicitedanswersoftrueorfalsetostatementswithvaryingdegreesoffatstigmatization.ThefatstigmatestincludedstatementslikePeopleareoverweightbecausetheyarelazyandFatpeoplearefatedtobefat.UsingmostlyinpersoninterviewssupplementedwithquestionsposedovertheInternettheytestedattitudesamong700peoplein10countriesterritoriesandcities.Thefindingsweretroubling.Dr.BrewissaidshefullyexpectedhighlevelsoffatstigmatoshowupintheAnglospherecountriesincludingtheUnitedStatesEnglandandNewZealandaswellasinbodyconsciousArgentina.49ButwhatshedidnotexpectwashowstronglypeopleintherestofthetestingsitesthathavehistoricallyheldmorepositiveviewsoflargerbodiesincludingPuertoRicoandAmericanSamoaexpressednegativeattitudesaboutweight.TheresultsDr.Brewissaidsuggestasurprisinglyrapidglobalizationoffatstigma.Tobesurejokesandnegativeperceptionsaboutweighthavebeenaroundforages.Butwhatappearstohavechangedmostisthelevelofcriticismandblameleveledatpeoplewhoareoverweight.50Onereasonmaybethatpublichealthcampaignsbrandingobesityasadiseasearesometimesperceivedasbeingcriticalofindividualsratherthantheenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatleadtoweightgain.Ofallthethingswecouldbeexportingtohelppeoplearoundtheworldreallynegativebodyimageandlowself-esteemarenotwhatwehopeisgoingoutwithpublichealthmessaging.Dr.Brewissaid.Dr.Brewisnotesthatfarmorestudyisneededtodeterminetheextentoffatstigmaandwhetherpeoplewereexperiencingmoresocialorworkplacediscriminationasaresultofthegrowingfatstigma.Ithinkthenextbigquestioniswhetherit’sgoingtocreatealotofnewsufferingwheresufferingdidn’texistbeforeDr.Brewissaid.Ithinkit’simportantthatwethinkaboutdesigninghealthmessagesaroundobesitythatdon’texacerbatetheproblem./
SignsofAmericanculturerangingfromfastfoodtoHollywoodmoviescanbeseenaroundtheworld.ButnowanthropologistshavediscoveredafarmoretroublingculturalexportfromtheUnitedStates—stigmaagainstfatpeople.NegativeperceptionsaboutpeoplewhoareoverweightarebecomingtheculturalnorminmanycountriesaccordingtoanewreportinthejournalCurrentAnthropology.47AlthoughsomeoftheshiftinthinkinglikelyisexplainedbyidealizedslimbodyimagespromotedinAmericanadvertisingandHollywoodmoviestheemergenceoffatstigmaaroundtheworldmayalsoresultfrompublichealtheffortstopromoteobesityasadiseaseandaworrisomethreattoanation’shealth.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityDr.Brewisandhercolleaguesrecentlycompletedamulticountrystudyintendedtogiveasnapshotoftheinternationalzeitgeistaboutweightandbodyimage.48Theresearcherselicitedanswersoftrueorfalsetostatementswithvaryingdegreesoffatstigmatization.ThefatstigmatestincludedstatementslikePeopleareoverweightbecausetheyarelazyandFatpeoplearefatedtobefat.UsingmostlyinpersoninterviewssupplementedwithquestionsposedovertheInternettheytestedattitudesamong700peoplein10countriesterritoriesandcities.Thefindingsweretroubling.Dr.BrewissaidshefullyexpectedhighlevelsoffatstigmatoshowupintheAnglospherecountriesincludingtheUnitedStatesEnglandandNewZealandaswellasinbodyconsciousArgentina.49ButwhatshedidnotexpectwashowstronglypeopleintherestofthetestingsitesthathavehistoricallyheldmorepositiveviewsoflargerbodiesincludingPuertoRicoandAmericanSamoaexpressednegativeattitudesaboutweight.TheresultsDr.Brewissaidsuggestasurprisinglyrapidglobalizationoffatstigma.Tobesurejokesandnegativeperceptionsaboutweighthavebeenaroundforages.Butwhatappearstohavechangedmostisthelevelofcriticismandblameleveledatpeoplewhoareoverweight.50Onereasonmaybethatpublichealthcampaignsbrandingobesityasadiseasearesometimesperceivedasbeingcriticalofindividualsratherthantheenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatleadtoweightgain.Ofallthethingswecouldbeexportingtohelppeoplearoundtheworldreallynegativebodyimageandlowself-esteemarenotwhatwehopeisgoingoutwithpublichealthmessaging.Dr.Brewissaid.Dr.Brewisnotesthatfarmorestudyisneededtodeterminetheextentoffatstigmaandwhetherpeoplewereexperiencingmoresocialorworkplacediscriminationasaresultofthegrowingfatstigma.Ithinkthenextbigquestioniswhetherit’sgoingtocreatealotofnewsufferingwheresufferingdidn’texistbeforeDr.Brewissaid.Ithinkit’simportantthatwethinkaboutdesigninghealthmessagesaroundobesitythatdon’texacerbatetheproblem./
InventionandinnovationhavebeenquintessentiallyAmericanpursuitsfromtheearliestdaysoftherepublic.BenjaminFranklinwasaworld-famousscientistandinventor.CyrusMcCormickandhisharvesterSamuelF.B.MorseandthetelegraphAlexanderGrahamBellandthetelephone—the19thcenturyproducedastringofinventorsandtheirworld-changingcreations.AndthentherewasthegreatestofthemallThomasAlvaEdison.HecameupwiththecrucialdevicesthatwouldgivebirthtothreeenduringAmericanindustries:electricalpowerrecordedmusicandmotionpictures. MuchoftheworldweliveintodayisalegacyofEdisonandofhisdevotiontoscienceandinnovation.Edisontaughtustoinventandfordecadeswewerethebestintheworld.Buttodaymorethan160yearsafterEdison’sbirthAmericaislosingitsscientificedge.AlandmarkreportreleasedinMaybytheNationalScienceBoardlaysoutthenumbers:whileU.S.investmentinR&DasashareoftotalGDPhasremainedrelativelyconstantsincethemid-1980sat2.7%thefederalshareofR&Dhasbeenconsistentlydeclining—evenasAsiannationslikeJapanandSouthKoreahaverapidlyincreasedthatratio.AtthesametimeAmericanstudentsseemtobelosinginterestinscience.Onlyaboutone-thirdofU.S.bachelor’sdegreesareinscienceorengineeringnowcomparedwith63%inJapanand53%inChina. It’sironicthatnowhereisAmerica’spositioninscienceandtechnologymorethreatenedthanintheindustrythatEdisonessentiallyinvented:energy.Cleanpowercouldbetothe21stcenturywhataeronauticsandthecomputerweretothe20thbuttheU.S.isalreadyfallingbehind.MeanwhileCongressremainslargelyparalyzed.ThoughinMaytheHouseofRepresentativeswasfinallyabletopassthe$86billionAmericaCompetesReauthorizationActwhichwoulddoublethebudgetsoftheNationalScienceFoundationNSFandEnergyDepartment’sOfficeofSciencethebill’sfateiscloudyinthedeadlockedSenate."Atthisrate...we’llbebuyingmostofourwindgeneratorsandphotovoltaicpanelsfromothercountries"formerNSFheadArdenL.Bementsaidatacongressionalhearingrecently."That’swhatkeepsmeawakesometimesatnight." SomeerosionoftheU.S.’sscientificdominanceisinevitableinaglobalizedworldandmightnotevenbeabadthing.Tomorrow’sinnovatorscouldariseinShanghaiorSeoulorBangalore.AndEdisonwouldcounselagainstpanic—asheputitonce"WhateversetbacksAmericahasencounteredithasalwaysemergedasastrongerandmoreprosperousnation."ButtheU.S.willinevitablydeclineunlessweinvestintheeducationandresearchnecessarytomaintaintheAmericanedge.ThenextgenerationofEdisonscouldbewaiting.Butunlesswemovequicklytheywon’thavethetoolstheyneedtothrive. Accordingtoparagraph2whichofthefollowingdecreasessincethemid-1980s
OneofthemanypleasuresofwatchingMadMenatelevisiondramaabouttheadvertisingindustryintheearly1960sisexaminingthewaysinwhichofficelifehaschangedovertheyears.Oneobviouschangemakespeoplefeelgoodaboutthemselves:theynolongertreatwomenassecond-classcitizens.Buttheotherobviouschangemakesthemfeelabitmoreuneasy:theyhavelosttheartofenjoyingthemselvesatwork. Thead-meninthosedaysenjoyedsimplepleasures.Theypuffedawayattheirdesks.Theydrankthroughouttheday.Theyhadaffairswiththeircolleagues.Theysocialisednotinordertobondbutinordertogetdrunk.Nowadaysmanycompaniesareobsessedwithfun.SoftwarefirmsinSiliconValleyhaveinstalledrock-climbingwallsintheirreceptionareasandputinflatableanimalsintheiroffices.Wal-Martordersitscashierstosmileatallandsundry.Thecultoffunhasspreadlikesomedisgustinghaemorrhagicdisease. Thiscultoffunisdrivenbythreeofthemostpopularmanagementfadsofthemoment:empowermentengagementandcreativity.Manycompaniespridethemselvesondevolvingpowertofront-lineworkers.Butsurveysshowthatonly20%ofworkersare"fullyengagedwiththeirjob".Evenfewerarecreative.Managershopethat"fun"willmagicallymakeworkersmoreengagedandcreative.Buttheproblemisthatassoonasfunbecomespartofacorporatestrategyitceasestobefunandbecomesitsopposite—atbestanemptyshellandatworstatiresomeimposition. Themostunpleasantthingaboutthefashionforfunisthatitismixedwithalargedoseofpressure.BostonPizzaencouragesworkerstosend"goldenbananas"tocolleagueswhoare"havingfunwhilebeingthebest".Behindthe"fun"thereoftenlurkssomecrudemanagementthinking:adesiretobrandthecompanyasbetterthanitsrivalsoraplantoboostproductivitythroughteam-building.Twitterevenboaststhatithas"workedhardtocreateanenvironmentthatspawnsproductivityandhappiness". Whileimposingfakefunontheiremployeescompaniesarebattlingagainsttherealthing.Manyforcesmokerstohuddleoutsidelikefurtivecriminals.Fewallowtheiremployeestodrinkatlunchtimeletaloneearlierintheday.Aregimentofbusybodies—fromlawyerstohumanresourcesfunctionaries—iswagingwaronofficeromanceparticularlybetweenpeopleofdifferentranks. Themerchantsoffakefunhavemetsomeresistance.WhenWal-MarttriedtoimposealienrulesonitsGermanstaff—suchascompulsorysmilingandabanonaffairswithcoworkers—ittouchedoffaguerrillawarthatendedonlywhenthesupermarketchainannounceditwaspullingoutofGermanyin2006.Butsuchvictoriesarerare.Formostwageslavesforcedtopretendtheyarehavingfunatworktheonlyreliefistopokefunattheirtormentors.MadMenremindspeopleofaworldtheyhavelost—aworldwherebossesdidnottbinkthat"fun"wasamanagementtoolandwhereemployeescouldhappilyquaffScotchatnoon.Cheerstothat. WhichofthefollowingstatementscanNotbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Theconclusiondrawnbyresearchersisthat
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 8
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. TheofficialsproposednewtaxesonsodaforallthesepurposesExcept
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Thebesttitleforthispassageis______.
[A]RunningafterThemDoesn’tHelpAnybody[B]RememberNewton’sThirdLaw[C]ShowSomeRespectfortheThingsTheyCareAbout[D]18YearsOld:TheBeginningofAdulthood[E]KnowStrengthandWeaknessofYourChild[F]Don’tLookUndertheMattress[G]BeConsistentWhenyourchildbecomesateenageryou’rewelloverhalfwaythroughthejobofraisingthemandyouhaveonlyafewyearslefttoinstillallthosevaluesandprinciplesyouwantthemtogointoadultlifewith.Andsuddenlytheylookasifthey’rethrowingawayalltheworkyou’veputinuptonow.ButactuallyifyoujustkeepyourheadandfollowtheseessentialteenageRulesyou’llfindyoucomeouttheotherendwithaterrificadultyoucanreallybeproudof.41.______Unlessyourchildisputtingthemselvesinseriousdangeryoureallydohavetoputupwithit.Themoreyoutrytotellthemthemoreyoupushthemintheoppositedirection.They’relookingforsomethingtokickattorebelagainstbecausethey’reprogrammedto.Themoreforceyouusethemorethey’lluse.RememberNewton’sthirdlawofmotionForeveryactionthereisanequalandoppositereaction.SowhatcanyoudowhenyouseethemgoingwrongYoucantellthemwhatyouthinkbutdon’ttellthemwhattodo.42.______Teenagersareuptothingsyoudon’twanttoknowabout.Forexampleyourdaughterhasgonefurtherthanyou’dlikewithherboyfriend.Andthey’vealmostcertainlybeenoffereddrugsbuttheywon’thaveanyevidenceofithangingaroundintheirroomsothere’snopointlookingunderthemattressorreadingtheirsecretdiary.Andwhatareyougoingtodoaboutit—confrontthemIthinknot.You’llseverelydamageyourrelationshipandthey’lljustkeepthemunderthefloorboardsinstead.Maybeyoushouldthinkbacktothethingsyoudidasateenagerthatyoudidn’twantyourparentstoknowabout.SeeYourkidsarejustbeingperfectlynormalteenagers.43.______It’soneofthemanyparadoxesofteenagers.Ontheonehandtheywanttorebeltoshockyoutodothingsthatgettoyouandontheotherhandtheywantyourapprovalandyourgoodwill.Sowhenyoucriticizeyourteenager’schoicesyoucriticizethem.It’sanageoffragileegosandeasilyknockedself-esteemandit’seasytomakeyourteenagerfeelthatyoudisapproveoreventhatyoudon’tlikethem.Whetherit’stheirmusicortheirpoliticsorthewaytheydressortheirdecisiontobecomevegetariantheyneedtoknowthatit’sokaywithyou.44.______Youstartedoffwith18yearsandcounting.HowmanyhaveyougotleftBecausewhenyougettozerothey’llbeontheirown.Iknowparentswhoarestilllookingaftertheirkidswhenthey’re18.Andthekidsnotbeingcrazyletthemdoit.Ittakestwotoplaythatgame.Youknowyourchild’sstrengthsandweaknessesaswellasanyone.Sothinkthroughwhattheystillneedtolearnandmakesuretheydo.Ifthey’rehopelesswithmoneyteachthemtobudget.Getthemtodothefamilyshoppingforaweekonyourusualbudgetorgetfirmaboutnotpayingtofilluptheircarbeyondtheagreedamount.45.______Yourkidsneedtoknowwhatisandisn’tacceptable.Andtheyjudgethatbywhatwasandwasn’tokayyesterdayandthedaybefore.Ifthey’renotgettingaconsistentmessagethey’recluelessastohowtheyhavetobehaveandthoseallimportantboundariesaren’tbeingproperlymaintained.Thatmeansthekidsfeelconfusedinsecureandperhapsevenunloved.Ifyou’vedecidedthatyoudon’tallowthekidstostaylateoutsideyouhavetosticktoit.Justbecauseyourlittleonewasabitsadaboutsomethingtodayandyou’refeelingabitdownyourselfanyway...nonono!Stoprightthere!Letthemcomebackatonceanditwillbetentimeshardertosaynotothemnexttimeandtheywon’tunderstandwhy.Saynonowandyou’reonlybeingcrueltobekind.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourpointsofview. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 6
SignsofAmericanculturerangingfromfastfoodtoHollywoodmoviescanbeseenaroundtheworld.ButnowanthropologistshavediscoveredafarmoretroublingculturalexportfromtheUnitedStates—stigmaagainstfatpeople.NegativeperceptionsaboutpeoplewhoareoverweightarebecomingtheculturalnorminmanycountriesaccordingtoanewreportinthejournalCurrentAnthropology.47AlthoughsomeoftheshiftinthinkinglikelyisexplainedbyidealizedslimbodyimagespromotedinAmericanadvertisingandHollywoodmoviestheemergenceoffatstigmaaroundtheworldmayalsoresultfrompublichealtheffortstopromoteobesityasadiseaseandaworrisomethreattoanation’shealth.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityDr.Brewisandhercolleaguesrecentlycompletedamulticountrystudyintendedtogiveasnapshotoftheinternationalzeitgeistaboutweightandbodyimage.48Theresearcherselicitedanswersoftrueorfalsetostatementswithvaryingdegreesoffatstigmatization.ThefatstigmatestincludedstatementslikePeopleareoverweightbecausetheyarelazyandFatpeoplearefatedtobefat.UsingmostlyinpersoninterviewssupplementedwithquestionsposedovertheInternettheytestedattitudesamong700peoplein10countriesterritoriesandcities.Thefindingsweretroubling.Dr.BrewissaidshefullyexpectedhighlevelsoffatstigmatoshowupintheAnglospherecountriesincludingtheUnitedStatesEnglandandNewZealandaswellasinbodyconsciousArgentina.49ButwhatshedidnotexpectwashowstronglypeopleintherestofthetestingsitesthathavehistoricallyheldmorepositiveviewsoflargerbodiesincludingPuertoRicoandAmericanSamoaexpressednegativeattitudesaboutweight.TheresultsDr.Brewissaidsuggestasurprisinglyrapidglobalizationoffatstigma.Tobesurejokesandnegativeperceptionsaboutweighthavebeenaroundforages.Butwhatappearstohavechangedmostisthelevelofcriticismandblameleveledatpeoplewhoareoverweight.50Onereasonmaybethatpublichealthcampaignsbrandingobesityasadiseasearesometimesperceivedasbeingcriticalofindividualsratherthantheenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatleadtoweightgain.Ofallthethingswecouldbeexportingtohelppeoplearoundtheworldreallynegativebodyimageandlowself-esteemarenotwhatwehopeisgoingoutwithpublichealthmessaging.Dr.Brewissaid.Dr.Brewisnotesthatfarmorestudyisneededtodeterminetheextentoffatstigmaandwhetherpeoplewereexperiencingmoresocialorworkplacediscriminationasaresultofthegrowingfatstigma.Ithinkthenextbigquestioniswhetherit’sgoingtocreatealotofnewsufferingwheresufferingdidn’texistbeforeDr.Brewissaid.Ithinkit’simportantthatwethinkaboutdesigninghealthmessagesaroundobesitythatdon’texacerbatetheproblem./
OneofthemanypleasuresofwatchingMadMenatelevisiondramaabouttheadvertisingindustryintheearly1960sisexaminingthewaysinwhichofficelifehaschangedovertheyears.Oneobviouschangemakespeoplefeelgoodaboutthemselves:theynolongertreatwomenassecond-classcitizens.Buttheotherobviouschangemakesthemfeelabitmoreuneasy:theyhavelosttheartofenjoyingthemselvesatwork. Thead-meninthosedaysenjoyedsimplepleasures.Theypuffedawayattheirdesks.Theydrankthroughouttheday.Theyhadaffairswiththeircolleagues.Theysocialisednotinordertobondbutinordertogetdrunk.Nowadaysmanycompaniesareobsessedwithfun.SoftwarefirmsinSiliconValleyhaveinstalledrock-climbingwallsintheirreceptionareasandputinflatableanimalsintheiroffices.Wal-Martordersitscashierstosmileatallandsundry.Thecultoffunhasspreadlikesomedisgustinghaemorrhagicdisease. Thiscultoffunisdrivenbythreeofthemostpopularmanagementfadsofthemoment:empowermentengagementandcreativity.Manycompaniespridethemselvesondevolvingpowertofront-lineworkers.Butsurveysshowthatonly20%ofworkersare"fullyengagedwiththeirjob".Evenfewerarecreative.Managershopethat"fun"willmagicallymakeworkersmoreengagedandcreative.Buttheproblemisthatassoonasfunbecomespartofacorporatestrategyitceasestobefunandbecomesitsopposite—atbestanemptyshellandatworstatiresomeimposition. Themostunpleasantthingaboutthefashionforfunisthatitismixedwithalargedoseofpressure.BostonPizzaencouragesworkerstosend"goldenbananas"tocolleagueswhoare"havingfunwhilebeingthebest".Behindthe"fun"thereoftenlurkssomecrudemanagementthinking:adesiretobrandthecompanyasbetterthanitsrivalsoraplantoboostproductivitythroughteam-building.Twitterevenboaststhatithas"workedhardtocreateanenvironmentthatspawnsproductivityandhappiness". Whileimposingfakefunontheiremployeescompaniesarebattlingagainsttherealthing.Manyforcesmokerstohuddleoutsidelikefurtivecriminals.Fewallowtheiremployeestodrinkatlunchtimeletaloneearlierintheday.Aregimentofbusybodies—fromlawyerstohumanresourcesfunctionaries—iswagingwaronofficeromanceparticularlybetweenpeopleofdifferentranks. Themerchantsoffakefunhavemetsomeresistance.WhenWal-MarttriedtoimposealienrulesonitsGermanstaff—suchascompulsorysmilingandabanonaffairswithcoworkers—ittouchedoffaguerrillawarthatendedonlywhenthesupermarketchainannounceditwaspullingoutofGermanyin2006.Butsuchvictoriesarerare.Formostwageslavesforcedtopretendtheyarehavingfunatworktheonlyreliefistopokefunattheirtormentors.MadMenremindspeopleofaworldtheyhavelost—aworldwherebossesdidnottbinkthat"fun"wasamanagementtoolandwhereemployeescouldhappilyquaffScotchatnoon.Cheerstothat. Therestrictiononsmokinganddrinkingreflectscompany’s
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 12
Humanshaveneverlackedforwaystogetwasted.Thenaturalworldisfullofsoothingbutaddictiveleavesandfruitsandfungiandforcenturiessciencehasaddedthemtothepharmacopoeiatorelievethepainofpatients.Inthepasttwodecadesthat’sbeenespeciallytrue.AstheJointCommissionontheAccreditationofHealthcareOrganizationsdevelopednewpoliciestotreatpainmoreactivelyapproachingitnotjustasanunfortunatesideeffectofillnessbutasafifthvitalsignalongwithtemperatureheartraterespirtoryrateandbloodpressureabountyofnewopoids鸦片类物hasrolledoffBigPharma’sproductionline. Therewasfentanylsyntheticopioidaroundsincethe1960sthatwentintowideuseasatreatmentforcancerpaininthe1990s.ThatwasfollowedbyOxycodoneashort-actingdrugformoreroutinepainandafterthatcameOxycontina12-hourformulationofthesamepowerfulpill.Finallycamehydrocodone.ThegovernmentconsidershydrocodoneaScheduleⅢdrug—onewitha"moderateorlow"riskofdependencyasopposedtoScheduleⅡ’swhichcarrya"severe"risk.PhysiciansmustsubmitawrittenprescriptionforScheduleⅡdrugs;forScheduleⅢ’stheyjustphonethepharmacy.ScheduleIsubstancesaredrugslikeherointhatareneverprescribed.Forpatientsthatwealthofchoicesspelleddanger. Theresulthashardlybeensurprising.Since1990therehasbeenatenfoldincreaseinprescriptionsforopioidsintheU.S.accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCP.In1990therewerebarely6000deathsfromaccidentaldrugpoisoningintheU.S.By2007thatnumberhadnearlyquintupledto27658. Healthofficialsdonotteaseoutwhichdrugisresponsibleforeverydeathandit’snotalwayspossible."Theremaybelotsofdrugsonboard"saysCathyBarberdirectoroftheInjuryControlResearchCenterattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth."IsittheopioidthatcausedthedeathOrisitthecombinationofopioidbenzodiazepineandacocktailthepersonhad"Stillmostexpertsagreethatnothingbuttheexplodingavailabilityofopioidscouldbebehindtheexplodingrateofdeath. Despitesuchheavydeathtoilthesuivellanceoverthesepopularpillsfacesregulatorymaze.Inearly2009theFDAannouncedthatitwasinitiatinga"risk-evaluationandmitigationstrategy".TheregulationstheFDAisempoweredtoissueincluderequiringmanufacturerstoprovidebetterinformationtopatientsanddoctorsrequiringdoctorstomeetcertaineducationalcriteriabeforewritingopioidprescriptionsandlimitingthenumberofdocsandpharmaciesallowedtoprescribeordispensethedrugs."Andwithallthat"warnsDr.JohnJenkinsdirectoroftheFDA’sOfficeofNewDrugs"wedostillhavetomakesurepatientshaveaccesstodrugstheyneed."AnyregulationstheFDAdoesimposewon’tbeannounceduntil2011attheearliestandcouldtakeayearormoretorollout.Thatleavesmillionsofpeoplecontinuingtofillprescriptionstensofthousandsperyeardyingandpatientsingenuinepainwonderingwhenaneededmedicationwillrelievetheirsuffering—andwhenitcouldleadtosomethingworse. Thesoaringnumberofdeathfromdrugpoisoningisdueto
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem$100bowlinsomerestaurantsinHongKongandMainlandChinaitsbiggestconsumers;it’sadishthatembodieseastAsia’sintertwinednotionsofhospitalityandkeepingorlosingface.It’slikechampagnesaysAlvinLeungownerofBoInnovationaCantoneserestaurantinHongKong.Youdon’topenabottleofCoketocelebrate.It’saritual.Unfortunatelythisgestureofhospitalitycomeswithapricetagmuchbiggerthanthat$100bowl.Alltoldupto70millionsharksarekilledannuallyforthetradedespitethefactthat30%ofsharkspeciesarethreatenedwithextinction.SharkshavemadeitthroughmultiplemassextinctionsonourplanetsaysMattRanddirectorofPew’sGlobalSharkConservationdivision.Nowmanyspeciesaregoingtogothewayofthedinosaur—forabowlofsoup.Theshark-finindustryhasgainednotorietyinrecentyearsnotjustbecauseofwhatit’sdoingtotheglobalsharkpopulationbutalsobecauseofwhat’sknownasfinning—thepracticeofcatchingasharkremovingitsfinsanddumpingtheanimalbackintothesea.Whileapoundofsharkfincangoforupto$300mostsharkmeatisn’tparticularlyvaluableandittakesupfreezerspaceandweightonfishingboats.TodayfinningisillegalinthewatersoftheE.U.theU.S.andAustraliaamongothers;boatsarerequiredtocarryacertainratiooffinstocarcasses尸体topreventmassiveoverfishing.Butthereareloopholesinantifinninglawsthatareeasytoexploit.IntheE.U.forexampleshipscanlandthefinsseparatelyfromthecarcassesmakingthejobofmonitoringtheweightrationearlyimpossible.IntheU.S.aboatfoundcarryingnearly65000lb.30000kgofillegalsharkfinswonacourtcasebecauseitwasregisteredasacargovesselwhichcurrentU.S.finning.lawsdonotcover.Sharkspopulationscan’twithstandcommercialfishingthewaymorefertilemarinespeciescan.Unlikeotherfishharvestedfromthewildsharksgrowslowly.Theydon’treachsexualmaturityuntillaterinlife—thefemalegreatwhiteforexampleat12to14years—andwhentheydotheyhavecomparativelyfewoffspringatatimeunliketunaswhichreleasemillionsofeggswhentheyspawn.Theshark’splightisstartingtobeweighedagainstthedelicacy’sculturalvalue.Theconservationgrouphaslobbiedlocalrestaurantsthatoffertheclassicnine-coursebanquetservedatCantoneseweddingsofwhichsharkfinistraditionallyaparttoofferano-sharkmenuasachoicetocouples.Aftermyfirstencounterwithshark-finsoupIdecidedthatlikemycolleaguesIwouldprobablyskipitnexttime.UnfortunatelythatnexttimecameatanintimatedinnerinasmallprivatediningroomwhereIwasbothaguestandastranger.Whenthesoup—thecenterpieceofthemeal—wassetdownbeforemeIateit.ApparentlyI’mnottheonlyonetocave.Yougotoaweddingandyourefusedtoeatitjustbecauseyoufeelyou’reinsulted—I’mnotthatextremeLeungthechefsays.Ifotherpeoplebelievethatitbringsluck.orbringsfaceI’dbeaspoilsport.Tomakeadentintheslaughterofthesharkshowevertherearegoingtohavetobealotofpeoplewillingtospoilthisparticularsport.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutshark-finsoupistrue
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 14
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 10
Humanshaveneverlackedforwaystogetwasted.Thenaturalworldisfullofsoothingbutaddictiveleavesandfruitsandfungiandforcenturiessciencehasaddedthemtothepharmacopoeiatorelievethepainofpatients.Inthepasttwodecadesthat’sbeenespeciallytrue.AstheJointCommissionontheAccreditationofHealthcareOrganizationsdevelopednewpoliciestotreatpainmoreactivelyapproachingitnotjustasanunfortunatesideeffectofillnessbutasafifthvitalsignalongwithtemperatureheartraterespirtoryrateandbloodpressureabountyofnewopoids鸦片类物hasrolledoffBigPharma’sproductionline.Therewasfentanylsyntheticopioidaroundsincethe1960sthatwentintowideuseasatreatmentforcancerpaininthe1990s.ThatwasfollowedbyOxycodoneashort-actingdrugformoreroutinepainandafterthatcameOxycontina12-hourformulationofthesamepowerfulpill.Finallycamehydrocodone.ThegovernmentconsidershydrocodoneaScheduleⅢdrug—onewithamoderateorlowriskofdependencyasopposedtoScheduleⅡ’swhichcarryasevererisk.PhysiciansmustsubmitawrittenprescriptionforScheduleⅡdrugs;forScheduleⅢ’stheyjustphonethepharmacy.ScheduleIsubstancesaredrugslikeherointhatareneverprescribed.Forpatientsthatwealthofchoicesspelleddanger.Theresulthashardlybeensurprising.Since1990therehasbeenatenfoldincreaseinprescriptionsforopioidsintheU.S.accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCP.In1990therewerebarely6000deathsfromaccidentaldrugpoisoningintheU.S.By2007thatnumberhadnearlyquintupledto27658.Healthofficialsdonotteaseoutwhichdrugisresponsibleforeverydeathandit’snotalwayspossible.TheremaybelotsofdrugsonboardsaysCathyBarberdirectoroftheInjuryControlResearchCenterattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth.IsittheopioidthatcausedthedeathOrisitthecombinationofopioidbenzodiazepineandacocktailthepersonhadStillmostexpertsagreethatnothingbuttheexplodingavailabilityofopioidscouldbebehindtheexplodingrateofdeath.Despitesuchheavydeathtoilthesuivellanceoverthesepopularpillsfacesregulatorymaze.Inearly2009theFDAannouncedthatitwasinitiatingarisk-evaluationandmitigationstrategy.TheregulationstheFDAisempoweredtoissueincluderequiringmanufacturerstoprovidebetterinformationtopatientsanddoctorsrequiringdoctorstomeetcertaineducationalcriteriabeforewritingopioidprescriptionsandlimitingthenumberofdocsandpharmaciesallowedtoprescribeordispensethedrugs.AndwithallthatwarnsDr.JohnJenkinsdirectoroftheFDA’sOfficeofNewDrugswedostillhavetomakesurepatientshaveaccesstodrugstheyneed.AnyregulationstheFDAdoesimposewon’tbeannounceduntil2011attheearliestandcouldtakeayearormoretorollout.Thatleavesmillionsofpeoplecontinuingtofillprescriptionstensofthousandsperyeardyingandpatientsingenuinepainwonderingwhenaneededmedicationwillrelievetheirsuffering—andwhenitcouldleadtosomethingworse.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
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