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Text3 Cultureisthesumtotalofallthe traditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings. Inthissenseeverygrouphasaculturehoweversavageundevelopedor uncivilizeditmayseemtous.Totheprofessional anthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamong languages.Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackward groupassavageundevelopedformsofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsand groans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguagesingeneralbeganasaseriesof gruntsandgroans.Itisafactestablishedbythestudyofbackwardlanguages thatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof uncivilizedgroupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremelycomplex delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.Theyfall behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammatical structureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneedsbutonlyin theirvocabularieswhichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheir speakers.Eveninthisdepartmenthowevertwothingsaretobenoted:1.All languagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansionwhetherby puttingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromother languagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystems.2.Theobjectsandactivities requiringnamesanddistinctionsforbackwardlanguageswhiledifferentfrom oursareoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguage distinguishesbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortothepersonaddressed orremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthe future.Thisstudyoflanguageinturncastsanewlightupon theclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewed independentlyandwithoutideasofrankor hierarchy.AccordingtothearticlesomelanguagesofAmericanIndiansare______.
Theinitialfundofgeneralscientificknowledgeisan invaluableasset财产buttheyoungresearchworkershouldhavenoillusion错觉 abouthowlittleitiscomparedwithwhatheorsheshouldacquireduring succeedingyears.Astotheprecisevalueofthisinitialfundofknowledge thisdependstoagreatdegreeonhowithasbeenacquiredandonwhohasbeen imparting传授it.46Youngscientistscannotrealizetoosoonthatexisting scientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocompletecertainandunalterableasmany textbooksseemtoimply.Theoriginalpapersofgreatscientistsdescribing theirdiscoveriesandexplainingtheirtheoriesareneverasrigidand self-confidentastheresumes摘要说明ofthesediscoveriesandtheoriesin textbooksbyothermenoftensuggest.Youngscientistsconsultingtheseoriginal workswillfindinthemitappearsthatitprobablymeansitseemslikely thatmorethanonceasexpressionsofelementsofdoubtwhichgreatmenfelt andhonestlyputonrecord.47Manystatementswhichhaveappearedin textbooksasuniversalandabsolutetruthshaveintheiroriginalformbeen putforwordasonlyapproximatelytrueortrueonlyincertain circumstances.Immediatelyuponstartingonthefirst seriouspieceofresearchayoungscientistmustthereforedotwothings. 48Thefirstoftheseshouldbeacarefulreadingoforiginalpapersorbooks relatingtotheproblemwrittenbyinvestigatorswhosetechniqueandjudgement hecantrust.Whilereadingthesepublicationsinamostattentiveand receptivemannertheyoungscientistmustnotfallintotheerrorofplacingin themagreaterconfidencethantheirauthorwouldwishhimtodo.49Nogreat scientisteverwantshispupilstobemeregramophonerecordsfaithfully reproducinghisremarksneverquestioninganythingneverwantingtoaddtoor subtractfromwhathehasgiventhem.Thesecondthinga youngscientistmustdoalmostbutnotquitesimultaneouslywiththefirstis toproceedwithobservationsandexperiments.50Theinitialobservationsand experimentswillbefailuresbuttheywillhelpthedevelopmentofappropriate experimentaltechniqueandtheywillgiveagreaterunderstandingofthe literaturetheyoungscientistisstudying.
Text4 Foranyonewhoissetonacareerin fashionitisnotenoughtohavesucceededincollege.Therealtestiswhether theycansurviveandbecomeestablishedduringtheirearly20smakinganame forthemselvesintherealworldwherebusinessskillscancountforasmuchas flairandcreativity...Fashionisahardbusiness.Thereisa continuousamountofstressbecauseworkisataconstantbreakneckspeedto prepareforthenextseason’scollections.Itisextremelycompetitiveandthere istheconstantneedtocultivategoodcoverageinnewspapersandmagazines.It alsorequirescontinualfreshnessbecausetheappetitefornewideasis insatiable不能满足的.Wetrytowarnpeoplebeforetheycometousabouthow toughitissaysLydiaKemenytheHeadofFashionatSt.Martin’sSchoolof ArtinLondonandwepointoutthatdriveanddeterminationare essential.Thismayseemfarremovedfromthepopularimageof trendy时髦的anddilettante浅薄的youngpeoplespendingtheirtimedesigningpretty dresses.Thatmaywellbewhattheydointheirfirstyearofstudybutagood collegewon’tbeslowinintroducingstudentstocommercialrealities.Wedon’t stampontheblossomingflowerofcreativitybutinthesecondyearwestart introducingtheconstraintsofpricemanufacturabilitymarketingandso on.Almostallfashiondesignisdonetoabrief任务提示说明.It isnotaformofself-expressionassuchalthoughthereiscertainlyroomfor imaginationandinnovation.Mostyoungdesignersaregoingtoendupas employeesofamanufacturerorfashionhouseandtheystillneedtobeableto workwithinthecharacteristicstyleoftheiremployer.Eventhosestudentswho aremostavant-garde[艺术等激进派]intheirowntasteofclothesandimagemayneed toadapttoproducedesignswhicharerightforthemainstreamMarksandSpencer typeofmarket.Theyalsohavetobeabletoworkatboththeexclusively expensiveandthecheapendofthemarketandthechallengetoproducegood designinexpensivelymaywellbemoredemandingthanwheremoneyisno object.Allfashiondesignersshouldexpectto______.
Scientistshaduntilveryrecentlybelievedthattherewere around100000humangenesavailabletomakeeachandeveryoneofusinour splendiddiversity.41__________.Sothatgrandpanjandrumthehumanmaynot managetoboasttwiceasmanygenesasthatmicroscopicnowhere—wormwithits 18000genesthenematode.Eventhefruitflyconsideredsonegligiblethat eventhemostextremeofanimalrightsactivistsdon’tkickupafussaboutits extensiveuseingeneticexperimentationhas16000genes.42 __________.Withoutunderstandingintheleastwhatthe scientificimplicationsofthisdiscoverymightbeanybodywiththesmallest curiosityaboutpeople—andthat’sprettymuchallofus—canseethatitis prettysignificant.43__________.Humancomplexityonthisinformationcan heBestexplainedinthemanneritlookstobebestexplainedbeforescientific evidencebecomesinvolvedatall.Inotherwordsinthenatureversusnurture debatetheanswerthankfullyisboth.44__________. Nurturedoeshaveahugeparttoplayinhumandestiny.Lovecantransform humans.Trustcanmakeadifference.Secondchancesareworthtrying.Lifetoa fargreaterextentthansciencethoughtupuntilnowiswhatwemakeit.One daywemayknowexactlywhatwecanalterandwhatwecannot.Knowingthatthere isagreatdealthatwecanalterorimproveaswellasagreatdealthatwe mustacceptandvalueforitsownsakemakesthehumanjourneyprogressive ratherthandeterministiccomplexandopenratherthansimpleand unchangeable.Fornoonecansuggestthat30000genesdoesnt’t givethehumanracemuchroomformanoeuver.Lookhowmanytunesafterall we’reabletosqueezeoutofeightnotes.Butitsurelymustgivethelietothe rathersinisterbeliefthathasbeengainingcredenceintheWestthatthereis ahardwiredno-prisoners-takengeneforabsolutelyeverythingandthatwhole sectionsofthepopulationcanbelabelledasstupidorlazyorcriminal orsomehoworothersub-human.45__________.[A]Insteadliketheeight noteswhichcanonlymakemusicalbeitinastoundingdiversitythe30000 genescanonlymakepeople.Therestisuptous.[B]Nowthetworival teamsdecodingthebooklifehaveeachfoundthatinsteadthereareonly somewherebetween30000and40000genes.[C]There’snothingwrongwithour genes:it’sthatourmodernfoodsupplyhasgivenusfartoomanycaloriesand farmorefoodprocessingthanourbodiesevolvedtohandle.[D]Themost obviousconclusiontobedrawnfromthelimitednumberofgenesavailableto programmeahumanisthatbiologicaldeterninationgoessofarandno further.[E]WhyisthissoimportantBecauseitshouldmeanthatwecan acceptoneanother’sdifferencesmoreeasilyandhelpeachotherwhen appropriate.[F]Somegeneswereidentifiedinbothofthepreviousstudies whichmadetheresearchersfeelprettysurethattheywereindeedlookingata gene.[G]Notforthefirsttimeithastobeadmittedthatit’safunnyold worldandthatwehumansarethebeingswhomakeitsuch.
Scientistshaduntilveryrecentlybelievedthattherewere around100000humangenesavailabletomakeeachandeveryoneofusinour splendiddiversity.41__________.Sothatgrandpanjandrumthehumanmaynot managetoboasttwiceasmanygenesasthatmicroscopicnowhere—wormwithits 18000genesthenematode.Eventhefruitflyconsideredsonegligiblethat eventhemostextremeofanimalrightsactivistsdon’tkickupafussaboutits extensiveuseingeneticexperimentationhas16000genes.42 __________.Withoutunderstandingintheleastwhatthe scientificimplicationsofthisdiscoverymightbeanybodywiththesmallest curiosityaboutpeople—andthat’sprettymuchallofus—canseethatitis prettysignificant.43__________.Humancomplexityonthisinformationcan heBestexplainedinthemanneritlookstobebestexplainedbeforescientific evidencebecomesinvolvedatall.Inotherwordsinthenatureversusnurture debatetheanswerthankfullyisboth.44__________. Nurturedoeshaveahugeparttoplayinhumandestiny.Lovecantransform humans.Trustcanmakeadifference.Secondchancesareworthtrying.Lifetoa fargreaterextentthansciencethoughtupuntilnowiswhatwemakeit.One daywemayknowexactlywhatwecanalterandwhatwecannot.Knowingthatthere isagreatdealthatwecanalterorimproveaswellasagreatdealthatwe mustacceptandvalueforitsownsakemakesthehumanjourneyprogressive ratherthandeterministiccomplexandopenratherthansimpleand unchangeable.Fornoonecansuggestthat30000genesdoesnt’t givethehumanracemuchroomformanoeuver.Lookhowmanytunesafterall we’reabletosqueezeoutofeightnotes.Butitsurelymustgivethelietothe rathersinisterbeliefthathasbeengainingcredenceintheWestthatthereis ahardwiredno-prisoners-takengeneforabsolutelyeverythingandthatwhole sectionsofthepopulationcanbelabelledasstupidorlazyorcriminal orsomehoworothersub-human.45__________.[A]Insteadliketheeight noteswhichcanonlymakemusicalbeitinastoundingdiversitythe30000 genescanonlymakepeople.Therestisuptous.[B]Nowthetworival teamsdecodingthebooklifehaveeachfoundthatinsteadthereareonly somewherebetween30000and40000genes.[C]There’snothingwrongwithour genes:it’sthatourmodernfoodsupplyhasgivenusfartoomanycaloriesand farmorefoodprocessingthanourbodiesevolvedtohandle.[D]Themost obviousconclusiontobedrawnfromthelimitednumberofgenesavailableto programmeahumanisthatbiologicaldeterninationgoessofarandno further.[E]WhyisthissoimportantBecauseitshouldmeanthatwecan acceptoneanother’sdifferencesmoreeasilyandhelpeachotherwhen appropriate.[F]Somegeneswereidentifiedinbothofthepreviousstudies whichmadetheresearchersfeelprettysurethattheywereindeedlookingata gene.[G]Notforthefirsttimeithastobeadmittedthatit’safunnyold worldandthatwehumansarethebeingswhomakeitsuch.
Theinitialfundofgeneralscientificknowledgeisan invaluableasset财产buttheyoungresearchworkershouldhavenoillusion错觉 abouthowlittleitiscomparedwithwhatheorsheshouldacquireduring succeedingyears.Astotheprecisevalueofthisinitialfundofknowledge thisdependstoagreatdegreeonhowithasbeenacquiredandonwhohasbeen imparting传授it.46Youngscientistscannotrealizetoosoonthatexisting scientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocompletecertainandunalterableasmany textbooksseemtoimply.Theoriginalpapersofgreatscientistsdescribing theirdiscoveriesandexplainingtheirtheoriesareneverasrigidand self-confidentastheresumes摘要说明ofthesediscoveriesandtheoriesin textbooksbyothermenoftensuggest.Youngscientistsconsultingtheseoriginal workswillfindinthemitappearsthatitprobablymeansitseemslikely thatmorethanonceasexpressionsofelementsofdoubtwhichgreatmenfelt andhonestlyputonrecord.47Manystatementswhichhaveappearedin textbooksasuniversalandabsolutetruthshaveintheiroriginalformbeen putforwordasonlyapproximatelytrueortrueonlyincertain circumstances.Immediatelyuponstartingonthefirst seriouspieceofresearchayoungscientistmustthereforedotwothings. 48Thefirstoftheseshouldbeacarefulreadingoforiginalpapersorbooks relatingtotheproblemwrittenbyinvestigatorswhosetechniqueandjudgement hecantrust.Whilereadingthesepublicationsinamostattentiveand receptivemannertheyoungscientistmustnotfallintotheerrorofplacingin themagreaterconfidencethantheirauthorwouldwishhimtodo.49Nogreat scientisteverwantshispupilstobemeregramophonerecordsfaithfully reproducinghisremarksneverquestioninganythingneverwantingtoaddtoor subtractfromwhathehasgiventhem.Thesecondthinga youngscientistmustdoalmostbutnotquitesimultaneouslywiththefirstis toproceedwithobservationsandexperiments.50Theinitialobservationsand experimentswillbefailuresbuttheywillhelpthedevelopmentofappropriate experimentaltechniqueandtheywillgiveagreaterunderstandingofthe literaturetheyoungscientistisstudying.
Scientistshaduntilveryrecentlybelievedthattherewere around100000humangenesavailabletomakeeachandeveryoneofusinour splendiddiversity.41__________.Sothatgrandpanjandrumthehumanmaynot managetoboasttwiceasmanygenesasthatmicroscopicnowhere—wormwithits 18000genesthenematode.Eventhefruitflyconsideredsonegligiblethat eventhemostextremeofanimalrightsactivistsdon’tkickupafussaboutits extensiveuseingeneticexperimentationhas16000genes.42 __________.Withoutunderstandingintheleastwhatthe scientificimplicationsofthisdiscoverymightbeanybodywiththesmallest curiosityaboutpeople—andthat’sprettymuchallofus—canseethatitis prettysignificant.43__________.Humancomplexityonthisinformationcan heBestexplainedinthemanneritlookstobebestexplainedbeforescientific evidencebecomesinvolvedatall.Inotherwordsinthenatureversusnurture debatetheanswerthankfullyisboth.44__________. Nurturedoeshaveahugeparttoplayinhumandestiny.Lovecantransform humans.Trustcanmakeadifference.Secondchancesareworthtrying.Lifetoa fargreaterextentthansciencethoughtupuntilnowiswhatwemakeit.One daywemayknowexactlywhatwecanalterandwhatwecannot.Knowingthatthere isagreatdealthatwecanalterorimproveaswellasagreatdealthatwe mustacceptandvalueforitsownsakemakesthehumanjourneyprogressive ratherthandeterministiccomplexandopenratherthansimpleand unchangeable.Fornoonecansuggestthat30000genesdoesnt’t givethehumanracemuchroomformanoeuver.Lookhowmanytunesafterall we’reabletosqueezeoutofeightnotes.Butitsurelymustgivethelietothe rathersinisterbeliefthathasbeengainingcredenceintheWestthatthereis ahardwiredno-prisoners-takengeneforabsolutelyeverythingandthatwhole sectionsofthepopulationcanbelabelledasstupidorlazyorcriminal orsomehoworothersub-human.45__________.[A]Insteadliketheeight noteswhichcanonlymakemusicalbeitinastoundingdiversitythe30000 genescanonlymakepeople.Therestisuptous.[B]Nowthetworival teamsdecodingthebooklifehaveeachfoundthatinsteadthereareonly somewherebetween30000and40000genes.[C]There’snothingwrongwithour genes:it’sthatourmodernfoodsupplyhasgivenusfartoomanycaloriesand farmorefoodprocessingthanourbodiesevolvedtohandle.[D]Themost obviousconclusiontobedrawnfromthelimitednumberofgenesavailableto programmeahumanisthatbiologicaldeterninationgoessofarandno further.[E]WhyisthissoimportantBecauseitshouldmeanthatwecan acceptoneanother’sdifferencesmoreeasilyandhelpeachotherwhen appropriate.[F]Somegeneswereidentifiedinbothofthepreviousstudies whichmadetheresearchersfeelprettysurethattheywereindeedlookingata gene.[G]Notforthefirsttimeithastobeadmittedthatit’safunnyold worldandthatwehumansarethebeingswhomakeitsuch.
Directions: Yourneighboroftenplaysrecordssoloudlydeepintothenight.Writeanotetoconveyyourcomplaint. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.
Text3 Cultureisthesumtotalofallthe traditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings. Inthissenseeverygrouphasaculturehoweversavageundevelopedor uncivilizeditmayseemtous.Totheprofessional anthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamong languages.Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackward groupassavageundevelopedformsofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsand groans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguagesingeneralbeganasaseriesof gruntsandgroans.Itisafactestablishedbythestudyofbackwardlanguages thatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof uncivilizedgroupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremelycomplex delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.Theyfall behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammatical structureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneedsbutonlyin theirvocabularieswhichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheir speakers.Eveninthisdepartmenthowevertwothingsaretobenoted:1.All languagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansionwhetherby puttingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromother languagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystems.2.Theobjectsandactivities requiringnamesanddistinctionsforbackwardlanguageswhiledifferentfrom oursareoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguage distinguishesbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortothepersonaddressed orremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthe future.Thisstudyoflanguageinturncastsanewlightupon theclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewed independentlyandwithoutideasofrankor hierarchy.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound______.
Text4 Foranyonewhoissetonacareerin fashionitisnotenoughtohavesucceededincollege.Therealtestiswhether theycansurviveandbecomeestablishedduringtheirearly20smakinganame forthemselvesintherealworldwherebusinessskillscancountforasmuchas flairandcreativity...Fashionisahardbusiness.Thereisa continuousamountofstressbecauseworkisataconstantbreakneckspeedto prepareforthenextseason’scollections.Itisextremelycompetitiveandthere istheconstantneedtocultivategoodcoverageinnewspapersandmagazines.It alsorequirescontinualfreshnessbecausetheappetitefornewideasis insatiable不能满足的.Wetrytowarnpeoplebeforetheycometousabouthow toughitissaysLydiaKemenytheHeadofFashionatSt.Martin’sSchoolof ArtinLondonandwepointoutthatdriveanddeterminationare essential.Thismayseemfarremovedfromthepopularimageof trendy时髦的anddilettante浅薄的youngpeoplespendingtheirtimedesigningpretty dresses.Thatmaywellbewhattheydointheirfirstyearofstudybutagood collegewon’tbeslowinintroducingstudentstocommercialrealities.Wedon’t stampontheblossomingflowerofcreativitybutinthesecondyearwestart introducingtheconstraintsofpricemanufacturabilitymarketingandso on.Almostallfashiondesignisdonetoabrief任务提示说明.It isnotaformofself-expressionassuchalthoughthereiscertainlyroomfor imaginationandinnovation.Mostyoungdesignersaregoingtoendupas employeesofamanufacturerorfashionhouseandtheystillneedtobeableto workwithinthecharacteristicstyleoftheiremployer.Eventhosestudentswho aremostavant-garde[艺术等激进派]intheirowntasteofclothesandimagemayneed toadapttoproducedesignswhicharerightforthemainstreamMarksandSpencer typeofmarket.Theyalsohavetobeabletoworkatboththeexclusively expensiveandthecheapendofthemarketandthechallengetoproducegood designinexpensivelymaywellbemoredemandingthanwheremoneyisno object.Initiallymanyyoungdesignershaveto______.
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