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Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pie charts. In your essay, you s...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. Weknowfromtheauthor'ssuggestionsthat
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. AccordingtoDr.WalterWillettforgoodhealthpeoplecoulddrink
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ItcanbeinferredfromPara3that
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningandimplicationsand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the3by5campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit.
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. WhatcanbeinferredfromthewordsofDaveForney
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcommentonit.
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 44
Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment.
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 42
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Theauthorusesthesimileoffishandpondtoexplainthat
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. JamBayesisdifferentfromthepreviouslymentionedtechnologiesasit
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. Wecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthat
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ByalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHydetheauthormeans
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