首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
清政府针对中央各部门的职责、办事规程而制定的基本规则称之为
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
一般说各部门原始总收入之和我们称之为
按照职责分工预算编制和执行的机构是
国务院
中央各部门
财政部
各级地方政府
职责是组织控制整个市场调查与预测工作协调下属各部门之间的关系制定公司的管理规则人员的职责
管理人员
研究人员
督导
调查员
有权部门为保证本部门的生产工作能够安全稳定有效运转而制定的相关人员在操作 设备或办理业务时必须遵循的
操作制度
操作标准
操作规程
操作规范
根据国民经济各部门生产中的投入来源和使用去向纵横交叉组成的棋盘式平衡表称之为
供给表
使用表
投入产出表
产品部门表
铁路各部门各单位制定的规程规范规则细则标准和办法等都必须符合的规定
《铁路旅客运输规程》
《铁路技术管理规程》
《铁路旅客运输办理细则》
《铁路旅客运输管理规则》
由国务院组织中央预算和地方预算的执行其主要职责有
执行国家预算法律、法令，制定预算管理方针、政策
核定政府预算、决算草案
组织领导并监督本级各部门和下级政府的预算制定
决定中央总预备费的动用
向全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会报告中央和地方预算执行情况
铁路各部门各单位制定的规则细则规范标准等都必须符合的规定
《行车组织规程》
《车站行车工作细则》
《铁路技术管理规程》
《行车组织规则》
被称之为法的细胞属于法的微观结构组成法的基本单位的是
法律原则
法律概念
法律部门
法律规则
按照职责分工预算编制和执行的职责属于
中央各部门
财政部
各级人们政府
各级人民代表大
根据国民经济各部门生产中的投入来源和使用去向纵横交叉组成的棋盘式平衡表称之为
供给表
使用表
投入产出表
产品部门表
清政府针对中央各部门的职责办事规程而制定的基本规则称为
则例
会典
附例
律例
业务决策机构负责制定融资融券业务的基本管理制度决定与融资融券业务有关的部门设置及各部门职责确定融资融
铁路技术管理规程是铁路技术管理的基本规章铁路的其他规章和规范性文件以及 各部门各单位制定的技术管理文
清代的则例
专指刑事单行法规
指清政府针对中央各部门的职责、办事规程制定的基本规则
指皇帝就某项事务发布的“上谕”或经皇帝批准的政府部门提出的建议
指经过整理编订的事例
一个组织采用了一个内部报告系统这个系统只要求各部门经理提供他们可控项目的成本与利润信息他们不可控的项
边际贡献报告法
部门报告法
完全成本法
责任会计法
秦朝实行三公九卿制最主要反映
__各部门和官职基本完备
形成了__各部门的相互制约机制
秦朝确立了皇权至高无上
__权力的分散
省政府制定的行政规章可称之为××条例
一个组织采用了一个内部报告系统这个系统只要求各部门经理提供他们可控项目的成本与利润信息他们不可控的项
边际贡献报告法
部门报告法
完全成本法
责任会计法
解放区政府秘书厅各部门的职责
热门试题
更多
PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeignministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermathwouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopularweb-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouthhumiliatedAustriaandEurope’sotherpowers.Itsrivals—Yahoo!thelargestofthetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsiteandMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingwebportal—wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichrespondedbyforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreatea"balanceofpower"againstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesamething. GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.ItstruckadealwithViacoman"old"mediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicatevideoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsitesandintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderinthefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.ItalsoannouncedadealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillpro-videallthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsitesincludingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.BothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchtoGoogleoverthepastyear—Googlenowhashalfthemarket.TheyhavealsofallenfurtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmakelessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SafaRashtchyananalystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforeveryadvertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithaddesignedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditssharepricefellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop. MSNisfurtherbehindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesanevenmorefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snewventuresbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethroughtheirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorandspreadsheetforinstance. ThesmallereBayontheotherhandmightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalotoftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertisersonGoogle’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.Aninfluentialre-centstudyfromBerkeley’sHaasSchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%ofeBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3%ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercutitscorebusiness.SellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtextadvertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBaytoconnectwithsellersdirectly.Asaresult"eBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeeppartnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerintheindustry"saidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecotandSteveLeesoundinglikediplomatsattheCongressofViennain1814. GooglewinsanadvantageoverMSNinthat
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
PrinceKlemensVonMetternichforeignministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermathwouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohimtheworld’smostpopularweb-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouthhumiliatedAustriaandEurope’sotherpowers.Itsrivals—Yahoo!thelargestofthetraditionalwebgatewayseBaythebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsiteandMicrosoftasoftwareempirethatownsMSNastrugglingwebportal—wouldlookalotlikeRussiaPrussiaandAustria.Metternichrespondedbyforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreatea"balanceofpower"againstFrance.Google’senemieshemightsayoughtnowtodothesamething. GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.ItstruckadealwithViacoman"old"mediafirmunderwhichitwillsyndicatevideoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsitesandintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderinthefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.ItalsoannouncedadealwithNewsCorporationanothermediagiantunderwhichitwillpro-videallthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation’swebsitesincludingMySpaceanenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite. ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!andMSNwhichhadalsobeennegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.BothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchtoGoogleoverthepastyear—Googlenowhashalfthemarket.TheyhavealsofallenfurtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworkssothatbothmakelessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SafaRashtchyananalystatPiperJaffrayasecuritiesfirmestimatesthatforeveryadvertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchqueryYahoo!makesonly60-70cents.LastmonthYahoo!saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithaddesignedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayedanditssharepricefellby22%itsbiggest-everone-daydrop. MSNisfurtherbehindGooglethanYahoo!insearchanditsparentMicrosoftfacesanevenmorefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle’snewventuresbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethroughtheirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorandspreadsheetforinstance. ThesmallereBayontheotherhandmightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google’ssearchresultssendalotoftraffictoeBay’sauctionsiteandeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertisersonGoogle’snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.Aninfluentialre-centstudyfromBerkeley’sHaasSchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%ofeBay’srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGooglewhereasGooglegetsonly3%ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBayGoogleisstartingtoundercutitscorebusiness.SellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtextadvertisementsfromGoogleandbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBaytoconnectwithsellersdirectly.Asaresult"eBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeeppartnershipwithYahoo!orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerintheindustry"saidthestudy’sauthorsJulienDecotandSteveLeesoundinglikediplomatsattheCongressofViennain1814. Googlewillplayadecisiveroleinthemarketforweb-videoadvertisingbecauseof
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationoftheblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsorlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtotheNorthfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrialcities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYorkCityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.Theseghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhichblackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettosremainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities. 41.Seriousproblemswithblackghettos.__________ Stablefamilylifewasdifficulttomaintain. 42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.__________ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtotheso-called"underclass"theyareso"under-privileged"andpoorthattheycannotseizetheopportunityforadvancement. 43.Effortstoputanendtoracialdiscrimination.__________ RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobeathornyproblem. 44.Improvementsinlivesoftheblacks.__________ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving. 45.Prevailingviolenceinsolvingracialproblems.__________ Itissaidthattelevisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandbitterblacksforitshowedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendofthe1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities. Theviolencequicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure.CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngelesCaliforniaelectedblackmayors.IntegrationofschoolsdespiteresistancefromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancollegeshasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20millionAmericansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsofwhites. [B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.Inmoreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheirstandardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstillahardstruggle.ThereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmostwalksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchesandsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethe"whitesonly"noticesinbusedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Goneweretherestrictionsthatpreventedblacksvoting.Gonetoowerethehideouslynch-ingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsofinnocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventodaypooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthemoreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect. [D]Manyblackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingtoviolence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilencewouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultinginanegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewouldgivethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedandputmoreracialdiscriminationonthem. [E]Unemployedfatherswouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglectedbytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemorethan700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesandHoustonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblackghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks. [F]RadicalblacksliketheBlackPanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithintheUnionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselvesagainstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.ForawhileviolenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblackMartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipforthosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunnedAmerica. 44
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthesituationoftheblacksinAmericafollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations.ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSERSHEET1. AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsorlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtotheNorthfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrialcities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYorkCityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.Theseghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhichblackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettosremainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities. 41.Seriousproblemswithblackghettos.__________ Stablefamilylifewasdifficulttomaintain. 42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.__________ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtotheso-called"underclass"theyareso"under-privileged"andpoorthattheycannotseizetheopportunityforadvancement. 43.Effortstoputanendtoracialdiscrimination.__________ RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobeathornyproblem. 44.Improvementsinlivesoftheblacks.__________ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving. 45.Prevailingviolenceinsolvingracialproblems.__________ Itissaidthattelevisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandbitterblacksforitshowedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendofthe1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities. Theviolencequicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure.CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngelesCaliforniaelectedblackmayors.IntegrationofschoolsdespiteresistancefromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancollegeshasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20millionAmericansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsofwhites. [B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.Inmoreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheirstandardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstillahardstruggle.ThereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmostwalksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchesandsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethe"whitesonly"noticesinbusedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Goneweretherestrictionsthatpreventedblacksvoting.Gonetoowerethehideouslynch-ingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsofinnocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventodaypooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthemoreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect. [D]Manyblackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingtoviolence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilencewouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultinginanegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewouldgivethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedandputmoreracialdiscriminationonthem. [E]Unemployedfatherswouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglectedbytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemorethan700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesandHoustonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblackghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks. [F]RadicalblacksliketheBlackPanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithintheUnionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselvesagainstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.ForawhileviolenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblackMartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipforthosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunnedAmerica. 42
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
EarlierthissummerArnoldSchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas"fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes".Indeedso.Some172000inmatesarecrowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12"communitycorrectionalfacilities"—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuseisrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangsposetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitationprogramsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsofCalifornia’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprisonwithinthreeyearsofbeingreleased. Willthegovernor’ssummonsofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringaremedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMr.Schwarzenegger’srequestforalmost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bondsfor$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bed"re-entryfacilities"forprisonersnearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexistingprisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$500mwouldgofornewprisonhospitals. Moneyalonewillprovideneitheranimmediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCaliforniasimplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisenalmosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhasconsistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsinthepast20years. The1994"three-strikes"lawapprovedbyvotersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoftentrivialthirdoffences—andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderlyinmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner.Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenforrelativelytrivialmis-stepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthesystem;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemorethan5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederalgovernment. ThesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreformCalifornia’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothegovernorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedtheword"rehabilitation"toCalifornia’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareform-mindedformerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerofthe31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthe"codeofsilence"thatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.TherealitynowisthatMr.HickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’sofficemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseonlife. Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencingpoliciesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother21000overthenextfiveyears—enoughtoout-paceanyprison-buildingprogram.Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchtheground AccordingtothepassageCaliforniahasthehighestrateofreturningprisonersbecause
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. TedKennedyismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructuredesignedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.46AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliamsandEdwardGriegwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneercomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandJamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologistscollectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags. Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.ForinstanceWilfredMellerscomments"ragsweretransferredtothepianolarollandevenifnotplayedbyamachineshouldbeplayedlikeamachinewithmeticulousprecision."47Howeverthereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoittheonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecisionanditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform. Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteen-barstrainsoftenorganizedwithrepeats.48Theragopenswithabrightmemorablestrainorthemefollowedbyasimilarthemeleadingtoamelodyofmarkedlyricalcharacterwiththestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmannerendingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.Typicallyeachstrainisdividedintotwo8-barsegmentsthatareessentiallyalikesotherhythmic-melodicunitofragtimeisonlyeightbarsof2/4measure.49Thereforenotconcernedwithdevelopmentofmusicalthemestheragtimecomposerinsteadsetsathemedownintactinfinishedformandlinksittovariousrelatedthemesthatarebriefwithclearmelodicfigures.Tensioninragtimecompositionsarisesfromapolaritybetweentwobasicingredients:acontinuousbass—calledbyjazzmusiciansaboom-chickbass--inthepianist’slefthandanditsmelodicsyncopatedcounterpartintherighthand. Ragtimeremainsdistinctfromjazzbothasaninstrumentalstyleandasagenre.Ragtimestylestressesapatternofrepeatedrhythmsnottheconstantinventionsandvariationsofjazz.50Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.Inthissenseragtimeismoreakintofolkmusicofthenineteenthcenturythantojazz. Asagenreragtimerequiresstrictattentiontostructurenotinventivenessorvirtuosityexistingasatraditionasetofconventionsabodyofwrittenscoresseparatefromtheindividualplayersassociatedwithit.
Divorceistheactbywhichavalidmarriageisdissolvedusuallyfreeingthepartiestoremarry.Inregionsin1ancient2authoritystillpredominatesdivorcemaybe3andrareespeciallywhenasamongRomanCatholicsandHindusthereligious4viewsmarriage5indissoluble.Custom6maymakedivorceasimplematterin7societies.8somePuebloIndiantribesawomancoulddivorceherhusband9leavinghismoccasinsonthedoorstep.The10ofindividualdeterminationandmutual11aremakingdivorce12acceptableinthe13partsoftheworld. Amongpremodernsocietiestherateofmaritalstabilityisdifficultto1415thevaryingdefinitionsof16anddivorce.Itseemstobebroadlytrue17whereverdivorceisalegalimpossibilitytheweddingisawell-definedeventconductedwith18formality.The19principledoesnotholdtrue:elaboratemarriageceremonialisquitecompatiblewithhighdivorcerates.Manyanthropologistsagreethatdivorceisgenerallymorepermissibleinmatrilinealsocieties20inpatrilinealonesinwhichtheprocreativeandsexualrightsofthebrideareoftensymbolicallytransferredtothehusbandwiththepaymentofbride-price. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisimmigrationreformseemstobe
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. Thewordstonedline1paragraph3mostprobablymeans
EarlierthissummerArnoldSchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas"fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes".Indeedso.Some172000inmatesarecrowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12"communitycorrectionalfacilities"—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuseisrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangsposetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitationprogramsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsofCalifornia’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprisonwithinthreeyearsofbeingreleased. Willthegovernor’ssummonsofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringaremedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMr.Schwarzenegger’srequestforalmost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bondsfor$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bed"re-entryfacilities"forprisonersnearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexistingprisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$500mwouldgofornewprisonhospitals. Moneyalonewillprovideneitheranimmediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCaliforniasimplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisenalmosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhasconsistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsinthepast20years. The1994"three-strikes"lawapprovedbyvotersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoftentrivialthirdoffences—andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderlyinmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner.Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenforrelativelytrivialmis-stepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthesystem;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemorethan5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederalgovernment. ThesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreformCalifornia’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothegovernorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedtheword"rehabilitation"toCalifornia’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareform-mindedformerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerofthe31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthe"codeofsilence"thatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.TherealitynowisthatMr.HickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’sofficemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseonlife. Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencingpoliciesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother21000overthenextfiveyears—enoughtoout-paceanyprison-buildingprogram.Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchtheground Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthethree-strikeslaw
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号