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Directions: Write an essay of 160～200 words based on the following drawings. In you should: 1) desc...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." InBuchwald’sopinionwhichofthefollowingistrue
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive. Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed. Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse. Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces. TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang. Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse. Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos. Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore. Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino. FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid. Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown. Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults."Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcess"hesaid."Inasensewegotboth." ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1thattheinitialfindingsofDr.ConradandLouisare
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself.
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive. Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed. Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse. Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces. TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang. Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse. Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos. Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore. Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino. FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid. Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown. Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults."Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcess"hesaid."Inasensewegotboth." Wecanconcludethatthedynamicsofneutrinosmaycause
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." TheunderlinedwordSeasonedLine6Paragraph1mostprobablymeans
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook. Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally. Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome. Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown. Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter."Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserious"hesays.HisprescriptionThey"needtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained." Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger. Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully. Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoadd"Ihavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit." BysayingIamgoingtomissitinthelastparagraphBuchwaldwantstoindicatethat
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses. Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive. Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed. Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse. Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces. TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang. Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse. Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos. Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore. Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino. FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid. Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown. Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults."Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcess"hesaid."Inasensewegotboth." IntheexperimentDr.ConradandLouisfindout
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. AccordingtothetextU.S.prisoners
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. MoreandmoreAmericansfavorallofthefollowingEXCEPT
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. AccordingtoParagraph3theConservatives’responsetothepoorBritisheducationisthat
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms. ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures. It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaan"earlyharvest"unilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy. Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations. HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicated"spaghettibowl"hinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics. BysigningamassiveFFAwithASEANnationsChinatendsto
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 44
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Drugaddictionisbeingviewedasadiseasebecause
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 42
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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