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Text 2 Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to r...
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I'dlikeahousewindowfacesthesea.
---What’sthematter?---_______________.
My finger hurt
My finger hurts
My finger is hurting
My finger hurting
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使用finger命令，可以列出网上任一主机的用户清单
finger命令不能用于显示主机某个用户帐号的信息
可以改变home目录中.plan和.project的文件内容，从而修改了其他用户使用finger信息
Katelikewearingaonherfinger.
Iwouldliketohavearoomwindowofwhichfacessouth.
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fingerwerner@cs.columbiedu
WhatDoestheLengthofYourFingersSayAboutYou?Areyouth
Theboywasmadeallthestudentsstartedwhentheysawhim.
Haveyouevercutyourfingerontheedge边缘ofabookpage?Th
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YesterdayI________whenIwascooking.
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Faceslikefingerprintsareunique.Didyoueverwonderhow
Areyouthepeace-lovingtypeortheambitiousgo-getter?Y
Manypeoplemakethepumpkinslikefacesandputcandlesin
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Text3 Inthe90’speoplewentcrazyaboutwireless.Electroniccommunicationsoncethoughtboundpermanentlytotheworldofcablesandhard-wiredconnectionssuddenlyweresprungfreeandthepossibilitiesseemedendless.Entrenchedmonopolieswouldfallandanewuncablederawouldusherinalevelofintimatecontactthatwouldnotonlytransformbusinessbutchangehumanbehavior.Suchwastheviewbytheendofthatgroundbreakingdecade--the1890s. Tobesurethewildpublicityofthosedayswasn’tallhotair.Marconi’s"magicbox"anditscontemporaneousinventionskickedoffaneraofprofoundchangesnottheleastofwhichwastheadventofbroadcasting.Soitdoesseemstrangethatacenturylaterthedebateoncemoreisabouthowwirelesswillchangeeverything.Andonceagainthenoisyconfusionisjustified.Changesareonthewaythatarearguablyasearthshatteringastheworld’sfirstwirelesstransformation. Certainlyahugepartofthisrevolutioncomesfromintroducingthemostpowerfulcommunicationtoolsofourtime.BetweenourmobilephonesourBlackBerriesandTreosandourWi-FiWirelessFidelitycomputerswe’realwaysonandalwaysconnected--andsoonourcarsandourapplianceswillbetoo.Whiletherehasbeenconsiderableplanningforhowpeoplewillusethesetoolsandhowthey’llpayforthemthewonderfulrealityisthataswiththeInternetmuchoftheactioninthewirelessworldwillultimatelyemergefromtheimaginativetwistsandturnsthatarepossiblewhendigitaltechnologytrumpstheanalogmindsetoftelecomcompaniesandgovernmentregulators. Wi-Fiisitselfashiningexampleofhowwirelessinnovationcanshedthetethersofconventionalwisdom.Atonepointitwasassumedthatwhenpeoplewantedtousewirelessdevicesforthingsotherthanconversationthey’dhavetorelyonthepainstakinglydrawninvestment-heavystandardsadoptedbythegiantcorporationsthatearnalotthroughyourmonthlyphonebill.Butthensomeresearcherscameupwithanewcommunicationsstandardexploitinganunlicensedpartofthespectrum.Itwascalled802.11andonlylatersexedupwiththenameWi-Fi. ThoughtherangeofsignalwasonlysomedozensofmetersWi-FiturnedouttobeagreatwaytowirelesslyextendanInternetconnectioninthehomeoroffice.Anewclassofactivistwasborn:thebandwidthliberatorwithagoalofextendingfreewirelessInternettoanyoneventuringwithintherangeofafreehotspot.MeanwhileAppleComputerseizedontheideaasaconsumersolutionothersfollowedandnowWi-Fiisascommonasthemodemoncewas. Wirelesstechnologyisintroducedas
Text2 Foralongtimeresearchershavetriedtonaildownjustwhatshapesus--orwhatatleastshapesusmost.Andovertheyearsthey’vehadalotoffindingmoments.Firstitwasourparentsparticularlyourmothers.Thenitwasourgenes.Nextitwasourpeerswhoshowuplastbutholdgreatsway.Andallthoseideasweregoodones--butonlyasfarastheywent. Thefactisonceinvestigatorshadexposedallthedatafromthosetheoriestheystillcameawaywithasmanyquestionsasanswers.Somewheretherewasasortoftemperamentaldarkmatterexertinganinvisiblegravitationalpullofitsown.Moreandmorescientistsareconcludingthatthisunexplainedforceisoursiblings. Fromthetimetheyarebornourbrothersandsistersareourcollaboratorsandcoconspiratorsourrolemodelsandcautionarytales.Theyareourscoldsprotectorsgoadstormentorsplaymatescounselorssourcesofenvyobjectsofpride.Theyteachushowtoresolveconflictsandhownotto;howtoconductfriendshipsandwhentowalkawayfromthem.Sistersteachbrothersaboutthemysteriesofgirls;brothersteachsistersaboutthepuzzleofboys.Ourspousesarrivecomparativelylateinourlives;ourparentseventuallyleaveus.Oursiblingsmaybetheonlypeoplewe’lleverknowwhotrulyqualifyaspartnersforlife."Siblings"saysfamilysociologistKatherineConger"arewithusforthewholejourney." Withinthescientificcommunitysiblingshavenotbeenwhollyignoredbutresearchhasbeenlimitedmostlytodiscussionsofbirthorder.Oldersibsweresaidtobestrivers;youngeronesrebels;middlekidsthelostsouls.Thestereotypeswerebroadifnotentirelyuntrueandtherethediscussionmostlyended. Butallthat’schanging.AtresearchcentersintheU.S.CanadaEuropeandelsewhereinvestigatorsarelaunchingawealthofnewstudiesintothesiblingdynamiclookingatwaysbrothersandsisterssteeroneanotherinto--orawayfrom--riskybehavior;howtheyformaprotectivebufferagainstfamilyupheaval;howtheyeducateoneanotherabouttheoppositesex;howallsiblingscompeteforfamilyrecognitionandcometotermsoversuchimpossiblychargedissuesasparentalfavoritism. Fromthatresearchscientistsaregainingintriguinginsightsintothepeoplewebecomeasadults.DoesthemanagerwhorunsacongenialofficecallonthepeacemakingskillslearnedinthefamilyplayroomDohusbandsandwivesbenefitfromtheinter-gendernegotiationstheywagedwhentheirmostimportantpartnersweretheirsistersandbrothersAllthatisunderinvestigation."Siblingshavejustbeenofftheradarscreenuntilnow"saysConger.Buttodayseriousworkisrevealingexactlyhowourbrothersandsistersinfluenceus. Fromthelastparagraphwecanconcludethat
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawings 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourpointofview.
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
Text2 Foralongtimeresearchershavetriedtonaildownjustwhatshapesus--orwhatatleastshapesusmost.Andovertheyearsthey’vehadalotoffindingmoments.Firstitwasourparentsparticularlyourmothers.Thenitwasourgenes.Nextitwasourpeerswhoshowuplastbutholdgreatsway.Andallthoseideasweregoodones--butonlyasfarastheywent. Thefactisonceinvestigatorshadexposedallthedatafromthosetheoriestheystillcameawaywithasmanyquestionsasanswers.Somewheretherewasasortoftemperamentaldarkmatterexertinganinvisiblegravitationalpullofitsown.Moreandmorescientistsareconcludingthatthisunexplainedforceisoursiblings. Fromthetimetheyarebornourbrothersandsistersareourcollaboratorsandcoconspiratorsourrolemodelsandcautionarytales.Theyareourscoldsprotectorsgoadstormentorsplaymatescounselorssourcesofenvyobjectsofpride.Theyteachushowtoresolveconflictsandhownotto;howtoconductfriendshipsandwhentowalkawayfromthem.Sistersteachbrothersaboutthemysteriesofgirls;brothersteachsistersaboutthepuzzleofboys.Ourspousesarrivecomparativelylateinourlives;ourparentseventuallyleaveus.Oursiblingsmaybetheonlypeoplewe’lleverknowwhotrulyqualifyaspartnersforlife."Siblings"saysfamilysociologistKatherineConger"arewithusforthewholejourney." Withinthescientificcommunitysiblingshavenotbeenwhollyignoredbutresearchhasbeenlimitedmostlytodiscussionsofbirthorder.Oldersibsweresaidtobestrivers;youngeronesrebels;middlekidsthelostsouls.Thestereotypeswerebroadifnotentirelyuntrueandtherethediscussionmostlyended. Butallthat’schanging.AtresearchcentersintheU.S.CanadaEuropeandelsewhereinvestigatorsarelaunchingawealthofnewstudiesintothesiblingdynamiclookingatwaysbrothersandsisterssteeroneanotherinto--orawayfrom--riskybehavior;howtheyformaprotectivebufferagainstfamilyupheaval;howtheyeducateoneanotherabouttheoppositesex;howallsiblingscompeteforfamilyrecognitionandcometotermsoversuchimpossiblychargedissuesasparentalfavoritism. Fromthatresearchscientistsaregainingintriguinginsightsintothepeoplewebecomeasadults.DoesthemanagerwhorunsacongenialofficecallonthepeacemakingskillslearnedinthefamilyplayroomDohusbandsandwivesbenefitfromtheinter-gendernegotiationstheywagedwhentheirmostimportantpartnersweretheirsistersandbrothersAllthatisunderinvestigation."Siblingshavejustbeenofftheradarscreenuntilnow"saysConger.Buttodayseriousworkisrevealingexactlyhowourbrothersandsistersinfluenceus. Studiesonsiblingsbyscientistsusedto
Text3 Inthe90’speoplewentcrazyaboutwireless.Electroniccommunicationsoncethoughtboundpermanentlytotheworldofcablesandhard-wiredconnectionssuddenlyweresprungfreeandthepossibilitiesseemedendless.Entrenchedmonopolieswouldfallandanewuncablederawouldusherinalevelofintimatecontactthatwouldnotonlytransformbusinessbutchangehumanbehavior.Suchwastheviewbytheendofthatgroundbreakingdecade--the1890s. Tobesurethewildpublicityofthosedayswasn’tallhotair.Marconi’s"magicbox"anditscontemporaneousinventionskickedoffaneraofprofoundchangesnottheleastofwhichwastheadventofbroadcasting.Soitdoesseemstrangethatacenturylaterthedebateoncemoreisabouthowwirelesswillchangeeverything.Andonceagainthenoisyconfusionisjustified.Changesareonthewaythatarearguablyasearthshatteringastheworld’sfirstwirelesstransformation. Certainlyahugepartofthisrevolutioncomesfromintroducingthemostpowerfulcommunicationtoolsofourtime.BetweenourmobilephonesourBlackBerriesandTreosandourWi-FiWirelessFidelitycomputerswe’realwaysonandalwaysconnected--andsoonourcarsandourapplianceswillbetoo.Whiletherehasbeenconsiderableplanningforhowpeoplewillusethesetoolsandhowthey’llpayforthemthewonderfulrealityisthataswiththeInternetmuchoftheactioninthewirelessworldwillultimatelyemergefromtheimaginativetwistsandturnsthatarepossiblewhendigitaltechnologytrumpstheanalogmindsetoftelecomcompaniesandgovernmentregulators. Wi-Fiisitselfashiningexampleofhowwirelessinnovationcanshedthetethersofconventionalwisdom.Atonepointitwasassumedthatwhenpeoplewantedtousewirelessdevicesforthingsotherthanconversationthey’dhavetorelyonthepainstakinglydrawninvestment-heavystandardsadoptedbythegiantcorporationsthatearnalotthroughyourmonthlyphonebill.Butthensomeresearcherscameupwithanewcommunicationsstandardexploitinganunlicensedpartofthespectrum.Itwascalled802.11andonlylatersexedupwiththenameWi-Fi. ThoughtherangeofsignalwasonlysomedozensofmetersWi-FiturnedouttobeagreatwaytowirelesslyextendanInternetconnectioninthehomeoroffice.Anewclassofactivistwasborn:thebandwidthliberatorwithagoalofextendingfreewirelessInternettoanyoneventuringwithintherangeofafreehotspot.MeanwhileAppleComputerseizedontheideaasaconsumersolutionothersfollowedandnowWi-Fiisascommonasthemodemoncewas. Theassumptionofthefutureisnotallhotairbecause
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." WhatdoesSteliosmeanbytalkingaboutfunerals
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
Iwasthinkingabouthoweverybodycan’tbeeverythingtoeachotherbutsomepeoplecanbesomethingtoeachotherthankGodfromtheoneswhoseshoulderyoucryontotheoneswhosehalfslipsyouborrowtothenamelessonesyouchatwithinthegroceryline. 41.Buddies: Theyaretheworkhorsesofthefriendshipworld.Theyarethepeopleoutthereonthefrontlinesdefendingyoufromlonelinessandboredom. 42.WorkingFriend: Thenthereisthatspecialguyatwork.Likealltheotherpeopleatthejobsitealfirsthe’sjustpartofthescenery.Butgraduallyhestartstostandoutfromthecrowd. 43.AFarawayFriend He/sheissomeoneyougrewupwithorwenttoschoolwithorlivedinthesametownasuntiloneofyoumovedaway. 44.TheFormerFriend: Ahasadthing.Atbestasadmemoryatworstadangerousenemywhoisinpossessionofmanyofyourdeepestsecrets. 45.FriendsYouLovetoHate: Andlestweforgettherearethefriendsyoulovetohate. ANewFriendisatonicunlikeanyother.Sayyoumeetherataparty.Inyourbowlingleague.AtaJapaneseconversationclassperhaps.Whereverwheneverthere’sthatsparkofrecognition.Thefirsttimeyoutalkyoucan’tbelievehowmuchyouhaveincommon.Suddenlyyourlifestoryisinterestingagainyourinsightsfreshyouropinionvalued.Yourvariousshortcomingsareasyetcompletelyinvisible.It’salmostlikefallinginlove. [A]Theycallatinopportunetimes.Theysaystupidthings.Theybuttintheybossyouaroundtheyembarrassyouinpublic.Theyinvitethemselvesover.Theytakeadvantage.You’vedonethebestyoucanbuttheyneedprofessionalhelp.Ontopofallthistheyloveyoutodeathandareconvincedthey’reyourbestfriendsontheplanet. [B]Theycallyouuptheylistentoyourcomplaintstheycelebrateyoursuccessesandcurseyourmisfortunesandyoudothesamefortheminreturn.Theyholdoutthroughinnumerablecrisesbeforeconcludingthatthepersonyou’redatingisnogoodandeventhenunderstandifyouignoretheirgoodcounsel.TheyaccompanyyoutoamoviewithsubtitlesortoseethedivingpigatAquarenaSprings.Theyfeedyourcatwhenyouareoutoftownandpickyouupfromtheairportwhenyougetback. [C]WhilesomanyfamilyrelationshipsaretingedwithguiltandobligationarelationshipwithaRelativeFriendisrelativelyworry-free.Youdon’tevenhavetohideyourvicesfromthisdelightfulperson.WhenyouslipoutAuntJoan’sbackdoorforacigarettesheisalreadythere. [D]Yourfriendshipiscementedbyjokesaboutcoworkersandthoughtfulfavorsaroundtheoffice.DidyouseeRyan’shair.*Wanthalfofmybread.*SoonyouknowthenamesofhisturtleswhathedidlastFridaynightexactlywhichmodelCDplayerhewantsforhisbirthday.Hishandwritingisasfamiliartoyouasyourown. [E]ButwhatwasitthatdroveyouapartAmisunderstandingabetrayedconfidenceanun-repaidloananiH-conceivedflirtation.Apoorchoiceofspousecandoinafriendshipjustlikethat.Goingintobusinesstogethercanbeaseriousmistake.Timemoneydistancereligions:allnotedfriendshipkillers.Youquitdoingdrugsyou’renotsuchgoodfriendswithyourdealeranymore. [F]Withoutthemyouwouldnevergetanymailaddressedinhandwriting.AFarawayFriendcallslateatnightinvitesyoutoherweddingalwayssayssheiscomingtovisitbutrarelyshowsup.AnactualvisitfromaFarawayFriendisacauseforcelebrationandpartiesofallkinds.CigarettesChipsAhoybottlesoftequila. 42
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." SomeexpertslikeChrisVossthinkthat
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. Employeesaredemandingmorefromtheiremployersbecause
Text2 Foralongtimeresearchershavetriedtonaildownjustwhatshapesus--orwhatatleastshapesusmost.Andovertheyearsthey’vehadalotoffindingmoments.Firstitwasourparentsparticularlyourmothers.Thenitwasourgenes.Nextitwasourpeerswhoshowuplastbutholdgreatsway.Andallthoseideasweregoodones--butonlyasfarastheywent. Thefactisonceinvestigatorshadexposedallthedatafromthosetheoriestheystillcameawaywithasmanyquestionsasanswers.Somewheretherewasasortoftemperamentaldarkmatterexertinganinvisiblegravitationalpullofitsown.Moreandmorescientistsareconcludingthatthisunexplainedforceisoursiblings. Fromthetimetheyarebornourbrothersandsistersareourcollaboratorsandcoconspiratorsourrolemodelsandcautionarytales.Theyareourscoldsprotectorsgoadstormentorsplaymatescounselorssourcesofenvyobjectsofpride.Theyteachushowtoresolveconflictsandhownotto;howtoconductfriendshipsandwhentowalkawayfromthem.Sistersteachbrothersaboutthemysteriesofgirls;brothersteachsistersaboutthepuzzleofboys.Ourspousesarrivecomparativelylateinourlives;ourparentseventuallyleaveus.Oursiblingsmaybetheonlypeoplewe’lleverknowwhotrulyqualifyaspartnersforlife."Siblings"saysfamilysociologistKatherineConger"arewithusforthewholejourney." Withinthescientificcommunitysiblingshavenotbeenwhollyignoredbutresearchhasbeenlimitedmostlytodiscussionsofbirthorder.Oldersibsweresaidtobestrivers;youngeronesrebels;middlekidsthelostsouls.Thestereotypeswerebroadifnotentirelyuntrueandtherethediscussionmostlyended. Butallthat’schanging.AtresearchcentersintheU.S.CanadaEuropeandelsewhereinvestigatorsarelaunchingawealthofnewstudiesintothesiblingdynamiclookingatwaysbrothersandsisterssteeroneanotherinto--orawayfrom--riskybehavior;howtheyformaprotectivebufferagainstfamilyupheaval;howtheyeducateoneanotherabouttheoppositesex;howallsiblingscompeteforfamilyrecognitionandcometotermsoversuchimpossiblychargedissuesasparentalfavoritism. Fromthatresearchscientistsaregainingintriguinginsightsintothepeoplewebecomeasadults.DoesthemanagerwhorunsacongenialofficecallonthepeacemakingskillslearnedinthefamilyplayroomDohusbandsandwivesbenefitfromtheinter-gendernegotiationstheywagedwhentheirmostimportantpartnersweretheirsistersandbrothersAllthatisunderinvestigation."Siblingshavejustbeenofftheradarscreenuntilnow"saysConger.Buttodayseriousworkisrevealingexactlyhowourbrothersandsistersinfluenceus. ThewordsiblingsLine4Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text4 EuropeansandAmericansalikehavecertainromanticnotionsaboutSweden.Weimagineitasalandofliberal-mindedpeoplelivinginabastionofequality--whichinmanywaysitis.Swedenhasthesecondhighestnumberoffemaleparliamentarians’intheworld.Halfitsgovernmentministersarewomen.Itswagegapisnarrowandfemalesarewellrepresentedinthelaborforce.BoththeUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForumhaveratedittopsintheworldforequality. Butnoparadiseiswithoutitsparadoxes.InSwedenthebiggestoneisthis:whilethegovernmenthasdonemuchtoimprovethelivesofwomenithasalsocreatedaglassceilingforthemthatisthickerthanthatinmanyotherEuropeancountriesaswellasintheUnitedStates.WhilestatefundedchildcareandextremelylongandcushymaternitybenefitsmakeiteasytobeaworkingmotherinSwedensuchbenefitsalsohavetheeffectofdampeningfemaleemploymentinthemostlucrativeandpowerfuljobs.InSwedenmorethan50percentofwomenwhoworkdosointhepublicsector--mostasteachersnursescivilservantshomehealthaidesorchildmindersaccordingtotheOECD.Comparethistoabout30percentintheU.K.and19.5percentinAmerica."Private-sectoremployersarelesswillingtodealwiththedisruptioncausedbyverylongmaternityleaves"saysManuelaTomeialaborsociologistwiththeInternationalLaborOrganizationinGeneva."GenderdiscriminationinSwedenmaybemoresubtlebutitisverymuchthere." Thelinkbetweenfamily-friendlypoliciesandfemaleemploymentareahottopicalloverthedevelopedworldasbirthratesfallandashortageofskilledlaborlooms.EuropeanshavelookedtotheNordiccountriesasamodel--longermaternityleavesandstate-fundedchildcaremustmakeiteasierforwomentohavecareersorsotheconventionalwisdomgoes.Andindeedthesystemdoesmakeiteasierforwomentoholdlower-to-midleveljobsandhavechildren.ButasLondonSchoolofEconomicsfellowCatherineHakimnotespoliciesthatraisethebirthrate"don’tnecessarilytranslateintocompletegenderequalityparticularlyintheprivatesector". Swedishwomenareunlikelytoholdimportantmanagerialpositions.AstudybyformerILOeconomistRichardAnkerusingdatafrom2000foundthatwhilewomenintheUnitedStatesheld45.3percentofmanagerialpositionstheirSwedishcounter-partsheldonly29.2percentBritonsheld33percentGermans27percentandDanes23percent.AndwhiletheaveragewagegapbetweenthegendersinSwedenisnarrowabout15percentitcanexceed40percentinhigh-endjobs.AndwhilethegapisclosinginothercountriesithasheldsteadyinSwedenformostofthelastdecade. BycitingexamplesofwomenemploymentinSwedentheauthorintendstoshowthat
Text4 EuropeansandAmericansalikehavecertainromanticnotionsaboutSweden.Weimagineitasalandofliberal-mindedpeoplelivinginabastionofequality--whichinmanywaysitis.Swedenhasthesecondhighestnumberoffemaleparliamentarians’intheworld.Halfitsgovernmentministersarewomen.Itswagegapisnarrowandfemalesarewellrepresentedinthelaborforce.BoththeUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForumhaveratedittopsintheworldforequality. Butnoparadiseiswithoutitsparadoxes.InSwedenthebiggestoneisthis:whilethegovernmenthasdonemuchtoimprovethelivesofwomenithasalsocreatedaglassceilingforthemthatisthickerthanthatinmanyotherEuropeancountriesaswellasintheUnitedStates.WhilestatefundedchildcareandextremelylongandcushymaternitybenefitsmakeiteasytobeaworkingmotherinSwedensuchbenefitsalsohavetheeffectofdampeningfemaleemploymentinthemostlucrativeandpowerfuljobs.InSwedenmorethan50percentofwomenwhoworkdosointhepublicsector--mostasteachersnursescivilservantshomehealthaidesorchildmindersaccordingtotheOECD.Comparethistoabout30percentintheU.K.and19.5percentinAmerica."Private-sectoremployersarelesswillingtodealwiththedisruptioncausedbyverylongmaternityleaves"saysManuelaTomeialaborsociologistwiththeInternationalLaborOrganizationinGeneva."GenderdiscriminationinSwedenmaybemoresubtlebutitisverymuchthere." Thelinkbetweenfamily-friendlypoliciesandfemaleemploymentareahottopicalloverthedevelopedworldasbirthratesfallandashortageofskilledlaborlooms.EuropeanshavelookedtotheNordiccountriesasamodel--longermaternityleavesandstate-fundedchildcaremustmakeiteasierforwomentohavecareersorsotheconventionalwisdomgoes.Andindeedthesystemdoesmakeiteasierforwomentoholdlower-to-midleveljobsandhavechildren.ButasLondonSchoolofEconomicsfellowCatherineHakimnotespoliciesthatraisethebirthrate"don’tnecessarilytranslateintocompletegenderequalityparticularlyintheprivatesector". Swedishwomenareunlikelytoholdimportantmanagerialpositions.AstudybyformerILOeconomistRichardAnkerusingdatafrom2000foundthatwhilewomenintheUnitedStatesheld45.3percentofmanagerialpositionstheirSwedishcounter-partsheldonly29.2percentBritonsheld33percentGermans27percentandDanes23percent.AndwhiletheaveragewagegapbetweenthegendersinSwedenisnarrowabout15percentitcanexceed40percentinhigh-endjobs.AndwhilethegapisclosinginothercountriesithasheldsteadyinSwedenformostofthelastdecade. Theauthorwillprobablyagreewiththestatementthat
Text4 EuropeansandAmericansalikehavecertainromanticnotionsaboutSweden.Weimagineitasalandofliberal-mindedpeoplelivinginabastionofequality--whichinmanywaysitis.Swedenhasthesecondhighestnumberoffemaleparliamentarians’intheworld.Halfitsgovernmentministersarewomen.Itswagegapisnarrowandfemalesarewellrepresentedinthelaborforce.BoththeUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForumhaveratedittopsintheworldforequality. Butnoparadiseiswithoutitsparadoxes.InSwedenthebiggestoneisthis:whilethegovernmenthasdonemuchtoimprovethelivesofwomenithasalsocreatedaglassceilingforthemthatisthickerthanthatinmanyotherEuropeancountriesaswellasintheUnitedStates.WhilestatefundedchildcareandextremelylongandcushymaternitybenefitsmakeiteasytobeaworkingmotherinSwedensuchbenefitsalsohavetheeffectofdampeningfemaleemploymentinthemostlucrativeandpowerfuljobs.InSwedenmorethan50percentofwomenwhoworkdosointhepublicsector--mostasteachersnursescivilservantshomehealthaidesorchildmindersaccordingtotheOECD.Comparethistoabout30percentintheU.K.and19.5percentinAmerica."Private-sectoremployersarelesswillingtodealwiththedisruptioncausedbyverylongmaternityleaves"saysManuelaTomeialaborsociologistwiththeInternationalLaborOrganizationinGeneva."GenderdiscriminationinSwedenmaybemoresubtlebutitisverymuchthere." Thelinkbetweenfamily-friendlypoliciesandfemaleemploymentareahottopicalloverthedevelopedworldasbirthratesfallandashortageofskilledlaborlooms.EuropeanshavelookedtotheNordiccountriesasamodel--longermaternityleavesandstate-fundedchildcaremustmakeiteasierforwomentohavecareersorsotheconventionalwisdomgoes.Andindeedthesystemdoesmakeiteasierforwomentoholdlower-to-midleveljobsandhavechildren.ButasLondonSchoolofEconomicsfellowCatherineHakimnotespoliciesthatraisethebirthrate"don’tnecessarilytranslateintocompletegenderequalityparticularlyintheprivatesector". Swedishwomenareunlikelytoholdimportantmanagerialpositions.AstudybyformerILOeconomistRichardAnkerusingdatafrom2000foundthatwhilewomenintheUnitedStatesheld45.3percentofmanagerialpositionstheirSwedishcounter-partsheldonly29.2percentBritonsheld33percentGermans27percentandDanes23percent.AndwhiletheaveragewagegapbetweenthegendersinSwedenisnarrowabout15percentitcanexceed40percentinhigh-endjobs.AndwhilethegapisclosinginothercountriesithasheldsteadyinSwedenformostofthelastdecade. DevelopedcountriestendtoadoptSweden-likepoliciesinorderto
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
Text1 ImprovingthebalancebetweentheworkingpartofthedayandtherestofitisagoalofagrowingnumberofworkersinrichWesterncountries.Someareturningawayfromtheidealsoftheirparentsforwhomworkalwayscamefirst;otherswithscarceskillsaredemandingmorebecausetheyknowtheycangetit.EmployersCaughtbetweenafallingpopulationofworkersandtightcontrolsonimmigrationareeagertoidentifyextraperksthatwillluremore"talent"theirway.Justnowtheyarefocusingonbenefitsespeciallyflexibleworkingthatofferemployeesmorethanjustpay. Somecompaniessawthechangeofmoodsometimeago.IBMhasmorethan50differentprogrammespromotingwork-lifebalanceandBankofAmericaover30.Butplentyofotherfirmsremainunconvincedandmanylackthecapacitytocatertosuchideaseveniftheywantedto.HelenMuftiswithHayGroupahuman-resourcesconsultancyseesawideninggapbetweenfirms"atthecreativeendofemployment"andthosethatarenot. Thechiefcomponentofalmostallschemestopromotework-lifebalanceisflexibleworking.Thisallowspeopletoescaperigidnine-to-fiveschedulesandworkawayfromaformaloffice.IBMsaysthat40%ofitsemployeestodayworkoffthecompanypremises.Formanybusinessesflexibleworkingisanecessity.Globalizationhasspreadthehoursinwhichworkersneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandincreasedthecallforflexibleshifts. NellaBarkleyanAmericanwhoadvisescompaniesonwork-lifebalancesaysthatlargefirmsalebeginningtounderstandthevalueofsuchschemes"butonlyslowly".Formostofthemtheystillmeanlittlemorethanchildcarehealthcareandflexibleworking. Tosomeextenttheproliferationofwork-life-balanceschemesisafunctionoftoday’slabourmarket.Companiesinknowledgebasedindustriesworryabouttheshortageofskillsandhowtheyaregoingtopersuadetalentedpeopletoworkforthem.Althoughwhite-collarworkersaremorelikelytobelaidoffnowadaystheyarealsolikelytogetrehired.UnemploymentamongcollegegraduatesinAmericaisjustover2%.Thesamecompetitionforscarce.talentisevidentinBritain. ForsometimetocometalentedpeopleintheWestwilldemandmorefromemployersandcleveremployerswillcreatenewgewgawstoenticethemtojoin.Thoseemployersshouldnotethatforagrowingnumberoftheseworkersthemostappealinggewgawofallisthefreedomtoworkasandwhentheyplease. IBMismentionedinthethirdparagraphtoshowthat
AsasymbolofAmericanconquestit’seasytoforgethowMcDonald’swasfirstreceivedoverseas.Backin1974BritonsqueuedforhoursattheopeningofaMickeyD’sinLondon.46WhentheGoldenArchessprangupinMoscownotlongafterthefalloftheBerlinwalltheywerecelebratedasasignofliberation.In1994thedrive-throughlineonopeningdayinKuwaitCitywassevenmileslong. WhattomakethenofMcDonald’srecentwarningtoWallStreetwhenitannouncedthatitwillpostitsfirstquarterlylossin37yearsasapubliccompany47FormuchofthepastdecadesMcDonald’shasbeenthemosttypicalhigh-growthmultinationaljumpingfromsuccessto.successandbuildingauniquelyAmericanempire.Thenumberofitsrestaurantsworldwiderosebyathirdinthepasteightyearsalone--to30000includingsome17000outsidetheUnitedStates.Alongthewayithasbecomeamodelforentrepreneurialsuccessacasestudyinhowto"gointernational"andsucceed. HasthejuggernautmaxedoutMcDonald’sexecssaynot."Idon’tthinkthat’salairviewatall"saysMikeLoveavicepresidentforcorporateaffairsnotingforexamplethecompany’splanstoadd300newrestaurantsnextyeartothe6000alreadyinplaceinEurope.Stillthere’snoquestionthatthetroubledfinancialsrepresentastrikingturnaroundforaproudcompanythat’slongbeensynonymouswithPaxAmericana.48Thesecretof’McDonald’smagichasalwaysbeenan"aspirational"thingsaysaretiredmarketingdirectorinHongKong."IfyoucouldeathamburgersanddrinkCokeyoucouldtastepartoftheAmericandream." 49It’stemptingtosuspectthatthecompany’sproblemsmightreflectabroadergeopoliticalbacklashagainsttheUnitedStatesanditsglobalculture.Andtherehavebeenprotests--fromMexicotoFrance--evenbombattacksinIndiaandLebanon.Butaccordingtotheexpertsthat’snotwhat’shobblingMcDonald’stoday.Toasurprisingdegreethecorporationhasbeentrippedupbyitsownmistakes."Thisisnotaboutprotesters"saysAlanRugmanaprofessorofinternationalbusiness."Thecompanyisintroublebecauseitsbusinessmodelisoutofdate." McDonald’shasbeenobsessedwithrapidgrowthsinceitsfoundingin1955.50EarningsteadyrentandfatroyaltiesfromitschainswhileenforcingrigidstandardsforqualityandcleanlinesstheMcDonald’smodelproducedstunningannualaveragerevenuegrowthof24percentfrom1965to1991.Ascompetitiongrewstifferathomethecompanyincreasinglyturnedoverseasinthe1990sopening2000restaurantsgloballyin1996thepeakyearofexpansion. WhentheGoldenArchessprangupinMoscownotlongafterthefalloftheBerlinwalltheywerecelebratedasasignofliberation
Text3 ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes. They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.Isthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaper Theansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays. Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome. Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. Accordingtothepassageitispossiblethate-paper
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
AsasymbolofAmericanconquestit’seasytoforgethowMcDonald’swasfirstreceivedoverseas.Backin1974BritonsqueuedforhoursattheopeningofaMickeyD’sinLondon.46WhentheGoldenArchessprangupinMoscownotlongafterthefalloftheBerlinwalltheywerecelebratedasasignofliberation.In1994thedrive-throughlineonopeningdayinKuwaitCitywassevenmileslong. WhattomakethenofMcDonald’srecentwarningtoWallStreetwhenitannouncedthatitwillpostitsfirstquarterlylossin37yearsasapubliccompany47FormuchofthepastdecadesMcDonald’shasbeenthemosttypicalhigh-growthmultinationaljumpingfromsuccessto.successandbuildingauniquelyAmericanempire.Thenumberofitsrestaurantsworldwiderosebyathirdinthepasteightyearsalone--to30000includingsome17000outsidetheUnitedStates.Alongthewayithasbecomeamodelforentrepreneurialsuccessacasestudyinhowto"gointernational"andsucceed. HasthejuggernautmaxedoutMcDonald’sexecssaynot."Idon’tthinkthat’salairviewatall"saysMikeLoveavicepresidentforcorporateaffairsnotingforexamplethecompany’splanstoadd300newrestaurantsnextyeartothe6000alreadyinplaceinEurope.Stillthere’snoquestionthatthetroubledfinancialsrepresentastrikingturnaroundforaproudcompanythat’slongbeensynonymouswithPaxAmericana.48Thesecretof’McDonald’smagichasalwaysbeenan"aspirational"thingsaysaretiredmarketingdirectorinHongKong."IfyoucouldeathamburgersanddrinkCokeyoucouldtastepartoftheAmericandream." 49It’stemptingtosuspectthatthecompany’sproblemsmightreflectabroadergeopoliticalbacklashagainsttheUnitedStatesanditsglobalculture.Andtherehavebeenprotests--fromMexicotoFrance--evenbombattacksinIndiaandLebanon.Butaccordingtotheexpertsthat’snotwhat’shobblingMcDonald’stoday.Toasurprisingdegreethecorporationhasbeentrippedupbyitsownmistakes."Thisisnotaboutprotesters"saysAlanRugmanaprofessorofinternationalbusiness."Thecompanyisintroublebecauseitsbusinessmodelisoutofdate." McDonald’shasbeenobsessedwithrapidgrowthsinceitsfoundingin1955.50EarningsteadyrentandfatroyaltiesfromitschainswhileenforcingrigidstandardsforqualityandcleanlinesstheMcDonald’smodelproducedstunningannualaveragerevenuegrowthof24percentfrom1965to1991.Ascompetitiongrewstifferathomethecompanyincreasinglyturnedoverseasinthe1990sopening2000restaurantsgloballyin1996thepeakyearofexpansion. Thesecretof’McDonald’smagichasalwaysbeenanaspirationalthingsaysaretiredmarketingdirectorinHongKong.IfyoucouldeathamburgersanddrinkCokeyoucouldtastepartoftheAmericandream.
AsasymbolofAmericanconquestit’seasytoforgethowMcDonald’swasfirstreceivedoverseas.Backin1974BritonsqueuedforhoursattheopeningofaMickeyD’sinLondon.46WhentheGoldenArchessprangupinMoscownotlongafterthefalloftheBerlinwalltheywerecelebratedasasignofliberation.In1994thedrive-throughlineonopeningdayinKuwaitCitywassevenmileslong. WhattomakethenofMcDonald’srecentwarningtoWallStreetwhenitannouncedthatitwillpostitsfirstquarterlylossin37yearsasapubliccompany47FormuchofthepastdecadesMcDonald’shasbeenthemosttypicalhigh-growthmultinationaljumpingfromsuccessto.successandbuildingauniquelyAmericanempire.Thenumberofitsrestaurantsworldwiderosebyathirdinthepasteightyearsalone--to30000includingsome17000outsidetheUnitedStates.Alongthewayithasbecomeamodelforentrepreneurialsuccessacasestudyinhowto"gointernational"andsucceed. HasthejuggernautmaxedoutMcDonald’sexecssaynot."Idon’tthinkthat’salairviewatall"saysMikeLoveavicepresidentforcorporateaffairsnotingforexamplethecompany’splanstoadd300newrestaurantsnextyeartothe6000alreadyinplaceinEurope.Stillthere’snoquestionthatthetroubledfinancialsrepresentastrikingturnaroundforaproudcompanythat’slongbeensynonymouswithPaxAmericana.48Thesecretof’McDonald’smagichasalwaysbeenan"aspirational"thingsaysaretiredmarketingdirectorinHongKong."IfyoucouldeathamburgersanddrinkCokeyoucouldtastepartoftheAmericandream." 49It’stemptingtosuspectthatthecompany’sproblemsmightreflectabroadergeopoliticalbacklashagainsttheUnitedStatesanditsglobalculture.Andtherehavebeenprotests--fromMexicotoFrance--evenbombattacksinIndiaandLebanon.Butaccordingtotheexpertsthat’snotwhat’shobblingMcDonald’stoday.Toasurprisingdegreethecorporationhasbeentrippedupbyitsownmistakes."Thisisnotaboutprotesters"saysAlanRugmanaprofessorofinternationalbusiness."Thecompanyisintroublebecauseitsbusinessmodelisoutofdate." McDonald’shasbeenobsessedwithrapidgrowthsinceitsfoundingin1955.50EarningsteadyrentandfatroyaltiesfromitschainswhileenforcingrigidstandardsforqualityandcleanlinesstheMcDonald’smodelproducedstunningannualaveragerevenuegrowthof24percentfrom1965to1991.Ascompetitiongrewstifferathomethecompanyincreasinglyturnedoverseasinthe1990sopening2000restaurantsgloballyin1996thepeakyearofexpansion. EarningsteadyrentandfatroyaltiesfromitschainswhileenforcingrigidstandardsforqualityandcleanlinesstheMcDonald’smodelproducedstunningannualaveragerevenuegrowthof24percentfrom1965to1991.
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
Iwasthinkingabouthoweverybodycan’tbeeverythingtoeachotherbutsomepeoplecanbesomethingtoeachotherthankGodfromtheoneswhoseshoulderyoucryontotheoneswhosehalfslipsyouborrowtothenamelessonesyouchatwithinthegroceryline. 41.Buddies: Theyaretheworkhorsesofthefriendshipworld.Theyarethepeopleoutthereonthefrontlinesdefendingyoufromlonelinessandboredom. 42.WorkingFriend: Thenthereisthatspecialguyatwork.Likealltheotherpeopleatthejobsitealfirsthe’sjustpartofthescenery.Butgraduallyhestartstostandoutfromthecrowd. 43.AFarawayFriend He/sheissomeoneyougrewupwithorwenttoschoolwithorlivedinthesametownasuntiloneofyoumovedaway. 44.TheFormerFriend: Ahasadthing.Atbestasadmemoryatworstadangerousenemywhoisinpossessionofmanyofyourdeepestsecrets. 45.FriendsYouLovetoHate: Andlestweforgettherearethefriendsyoulovetohate. ANewFriendisatonicunlikeanyother.Sayyoumeetherataparty.Inyourbowlingleague.AtaJapaneseconversationclassperhaps.Whereverwheneverthere’sthatsparkofrecognition.Thefirsttimeyoutalkyoucan’tbelievehowmuchyouhaveincommon.Suddenlyyourlifestoryisinterestingagainyourinsightsfreshyouropinionvalued.Yourvariousshortcomingsareasyetcompletelyinvisible.It’salmostlikefallinginlove. [A]Theycallatinopportunetimes.Theysaystupidthings.Theybuttintheybossyouaroundtheyembarrassyouinpublic.Theyinvitethemselvesover.Theytakeadvantage.You’vedonethebestyoucanbuttheyneedprofessionalhelp.Ontopofallthistheyloveyoutodeathandareconvincedthey’reyourbestfriendsontheplanet. [B]Theycallyouuptheylistentoyourcomplaintstheycelebrateyoursuccessesandcurseyourmisfortunesandyoudothesamefortheminreturn.Theyholdoutthroughinnumerablecrisesbeforeconcludingthatthepersonyou’redatingisnogoodandeventhenunderstandifyouignoretheirgoodcounsel.TheyaccompanyyoutoamoviewithsubtitlesortoseethedivingpigatAquarenaSprings.Theyfeedyourcatwhenyouareoutoftownandpickyouupfromtheairportwhenyougetback. [C]WhilesomanyfamilyrelationshipsaretingedwithguiltandobligationarelationshipwithaRelativeFriendisrelativelyworry-free.Youdon’tevenhavetohideyourvicesfromthisdelightfulperson.WhenyouslipoutAuntJoan’sbackdoorforacigarettesheisalreadythere. [D]Yourfriendshipiscementedbyjokesaboutcoworkersandthoughtfulfavorsaroundtheoffice.DidyouseeRyan’shair.*Wanthalfofmybread.*SoonyouknowthenamesofhisturtleswhathedidlastFridaynightexactlywhichmodelCDplayerhewantsforhisbirthday.Hishandwritingisasfamiliartoyouasyourown. [E]ButwhatwasitthatdroveyouapartAmisunderstandingabetrayedconfidenceanun-repaidloananiH-conceivedflirtation.Apoorchoiceofspousecandoinafriendshipjustlikethat.Goingintobusinesstogethercanbeaseriousmistake.Timemoneydistancereligions:allnotedfriendshipkillers.Youquitdoingdrugsyou’renotsuchgoodfriendswithyourdealeranymore. [F]Withoutthemyouwouldnevergetanymailaddressedinhandwriting.AFarawayFriendcallslateatnightinvitesyoutoherweddingalwayssayssheiscomingtovisitbutrarelyshowsup.AnactualvisitfromaFarawayFriendisacauseforcelebrationandpartiesofallkinds.CigarettesChipsAhoybottlesoftequila. 44
Acontroversialdecisiononwhetherchoicecutsofsteakandcartonsofmilkproducedfromclonedanimalsaresuitableforthedinnertableisnowlongoverdue. Hundredsofpigscowsandotheranimalscreatedwiththehelpofcloningareliving1farmsacrosstheUnitedStatesand2theforthcomingrulingwilldirectly3AmericanconsumersBritishholidaymakersmayalso4themselvesattheforefrontofafoodrevolutionthatmanycommentatorsexpectwill5arrivehere. 6thebirthofDollythesheep-thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell--therewereextremepredictionsofherdsofgenetically7bullsandpastures8withcloneddairycows. Thatdouble9ofthepastdecadehasnotyetbeenrealized10cloneshavebecomeafamiliarsightatagriculturalfairsinAmericawhereproducersof11pigsandcattlehavebeenamongthefirstto12cloningwhichoffersawaytokeep13traitswithoutinbreedingproblemscausedbytraditionalmethods.Clonesofrareandeliteanimalsincludingsheepgoatsandrabbits14awaytoimproveanimalhealthy15thenutritionalvalueofmeatandmilkandbreedanimalsimmune16diseasesorbettersuitedfordevelopingcountries. Thesafetyofcloned17hasbeenunderexaminationbyvariousbodies.ThreeyearsagotheUSNationalAcademyofScienceconcludedthat18availabledataindicatedthatcloningmetanimalwelfareandfoodsafetyconsiderationsmoreinformationwasneeded.19scientificevidencesuggeststhatthereislittle20foralarmatleastonfood-safetygrounds. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Steliosexpandshisbusinessfollowingthekeyprinciplethat
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