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A. Recent archaeological research has focused on a phenomenon barely noticed before: extensive pa...
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A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphen
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A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphen
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A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphen
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A.Humanbehavior B.Cultureattributes C.PhysiologyofHomosapiens D.ClassificationofHomosapiens E.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiens HumancommonnamegiventoanyindividualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies.ThetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionaryforerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofasinglespecies. 41.__________ Homosapiensisidentifiedforpurposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinalcordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta;thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepairofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontoftheheadstereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.ThespeciesbelongstothefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussedbelow. 42.__________ ThedetailsofskeletalstructuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-thegorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationtoacompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shapedspinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyovertheareaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceintheuptightposition. Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthehandtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationandgrasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementistheelongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletotheotherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarilyestablishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolledbreathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursinassociationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisaprerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximatelydoublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichistheprolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageofbrainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiodoftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unliketheearlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodemhumanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturityaproportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-roundeddomestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthecharacteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensionsrequiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythehumanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisbornprematurely. 44.__________ Thephysiologicaladaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthedevelopmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityinbehavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneuralconnectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthatlearnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.Newenvironmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslowgeneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextremeconditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation.Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavastnumberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiologicalpotentialasahuman. 45.__________ Thehumanspecieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinkingandplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsandcreativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehaviorrequiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmayalsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfiremakingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossiblyritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandartdatefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethicsforthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.FromaboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralizedspeciesofHomosapiens. 42
Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeoplebelievehoweverthatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthemachinesproductsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnologyscienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.46Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork. 47Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimalsandindoingsoensuredtheirsurvivalbytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Theprocessofcarefulobservationperceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobservedfollowedbyexploitationofthisknowledgehaslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas"science".48Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomenatheformulationofahypothesisorhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthemtheuseofthesetopredictfutureeventstheverificationofthehypothesesandonthisbasistheconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity. Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivitytheclassic"scientificmethod"hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.49Tobeginwithitisapparentthatthe"objectivity"ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestorderofscientificactivity—observationandevenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmustafterallinpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.Considerforexamplethedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework. Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.Atthisstageofthescientificmethodanelementofsubjectivityisinevitablypresent.Thiscanmosteasilybeseenintheextremecaseofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileoforinstancechallengedthescientistsandthechurchofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandClick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.50Clearlysciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchinagivenareaofstudy. Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizenofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachinestoproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghoursbecomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseisnowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsaredemandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneaboutit. 46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-disciplineannoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportionthereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedtheexpenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthanlateandfinallytechnicalknowledge. Technicaldifficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem.Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreadingonaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47Youfindthatwithanyexistingsimple"noise-meter"vehicleswhicharejudgedtobeequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayinmanycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytotheear. 48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledbyforethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesellorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthecommunitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrunithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernairtransportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrolmeasuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolistobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreducetheirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythepurchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50Oneestimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjetengineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateofthearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointstoacceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary. Oneestimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjetengineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateofthearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointstoacceptablevalues
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Informationtechnologistshavedreamtfordecadesofmakinganelectronicdisplaythatisasgoodaspaper:cheapenoughtobepastedontowailsandbillboardsclearenoughtobereadinbroaddaylightandthinandflexibleenoughtobeboundashundredsofflippableleavestomakeabook.Overthepastfewyearstheyhavegotclose.Inparticulartheyhaveworkedouthowtoproducethedisplayitselfbysandwichingtinyspheresthatchangecolourinresponsetoanelectricchargeinsidethinsheetsofflexibletransparentplastic.Whattheyhavenotyetfoundisawaytomass-produceflexibleelectroniccircuitrywithwhichtocreatethatcharge.ButapaperjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencessuggeststhatthistoomaybedonesoon.TheprocessdescribedbyJohnRogersandhiscolleaguesfromBellLaboratoriesanarmofLucentTechnologiesinNewJerseyandEInkCorporationinCambridgeMassachusettsstartswithEInk’sestablishedhalf-wayhousetowardstrueelectronicpaper.Thisisbasedonspherescontainingblackliquiddyeandparticlesofwhitesolidpigment.Thepigmentparticlesarenegativelychargedsotheycanbepushedandpulledaroundbyelectrodeslocatedaboveandbelowthesheet.Theelectrodesinturnarecontrolledbytransistorsunderthesheet.Eachtransistormanipulatesasinglepictureelementpixelmakingitblackorwhite.Thepatternofpixelsinturnmakesupthepictureortextonthepage.Theproblemliesinmakingthetransistorsandconnections.Establishedwaysofdoingthissuchasphotolithographyusesiliconasthesemiconductorinthetransistors.Thatisallrightforapplicationssuckaspesters.Itistoofragileandtooexpensivethoughforgenuineelectronicpaper—whichiswhycheapandflexibleelectroniccomponentsareneeded.ForflexibilityDrRogersandhiscolleagueschosepentaceneastheirsemiconductorandgoldastheirwiring.Pentaceneisapolymerwhosesemiconductingpropertieswerediscoveredonlyrecently.Goldisthemostmalleablemetalknownandoneofthebestelectricalconductors.Althoughitispriceysolittleisneededthatthecostperarticleistiny.TomaketheirelectronicpapertheresearchersstartedwithathinsheetofMylaratoughplasticthatwascoatedwithindium-tinoxideITOatransparentelectricalconductor.Tocarvethisconductorintoasuitableelectriccircuittheyusedaninnovationcalledmicrocontactprintinglithography.ThistrickinvolvesprintingthepatternofthecircuitontotheITOusingarubberstamp.Theinkintheprocessisasolvent-resistantchemicalthatprotectsthispartoftheITOwhileallowingtheresttobedissolved.Fromthefirstparagraphofthepassagewecanlearnthatanelectronicdisplay______.
ItishardtogetanyagreementontheprecisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohaveadifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocialscale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplexmixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityorprovinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Intheeighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthatthewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’providedrevenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewholivebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageoftheindustrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremorecomplicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthenineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.Thereweresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersandtradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersandprofessionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedinallcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffectedaperson’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemadefortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthantheirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupperclasswhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensenttheirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Heretheirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedbythemandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewayathriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsaveforhissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehopethathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahighersalaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcenturytheincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesandthewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthesocialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemainpossessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialpositionstillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayarehostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachieveaclasslesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanothertendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisasocietyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfairopportunitiesformakingthebestofhisabilities.Whathappenedtotheclassdifferencesinthetwentiethcentury
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Erroneousvirtuesarerunningoutofcontrolinourculture.Idon’tknowhowmanytimesmy13-year-oldsonhastoldmeaboutclassmateswhoreceived＄10foreachAgradeontheirreportcards—hintingthatIshoulddothesameforhimshouldheeverreceiveanA.WheneverheapproachesmeonthissubjectIgivehimthesamereply:forgetit!ThisisnottosaythatIwouldneverpraisemysonfordoingwellinschool.Butmypraiseisnotmeanttorewardorelicitfutureachievementsbutrathertoexpressmygenuinedelightinthesatisfactionhefeelsathavingdonehisbest.Dolingout＄10sendsoutthemessagethatthefeelingaloneisn’tgoodenough.Asasocietyweseemtobeonthebrinkoflosingourinternalcontrol—theethicalboundariesthatguideouractionsandfeelings.Insteadtheseethicalstandardshavebeeneclipsedbyexternalstuffasameasureofourworth.Wepassthisobscenemessageontoourchildren.Weofferthemmoneyforlearninghowtoconvertfractionstodecimals.Refreshmentsaregivenasarewardforreading.Infactinonenationalreadingprogramapartyawaitstheentireclassifeachchildreadsacertainnumberofbookswithinafour-monthperiod.Wecallthesethingsincentivestellingourselvesthatifwecanjustreeltheminandgetthemhookedthentheinternalrewardswillfollow.Irecentlysawatelevisionprogramwhereunmarriedteenagemotherswerefeaturedastheparticipantsinaprogramthatoffersa＄10aweekincentiveiftheseyoungwomendon’tgetpregnantagain.Isn’tthedailyplightofbeingasingleteenagedmotherenoughtodiscouragethemfrombecomingpregnantagainNoitisn’tbecauseweasasocietywon’tallowittobe.Nothingispermittedtosucceedorfailonitsownmeritsanymore.Astapledietofcandybarsmakesanordinaryappleororangeseemsour.Similarlyanendlessparadeofincentivescorrodesourabilitytofeelagenuinesenseofinnerpeaceorinnerconflict.Thesimplevirtuesofhonestykindnessandintegritysufferfromanimageproblemandareindesperateneedofbetterpublicity.Onewaytodothisisbyexample.Ifearthatinourso-calledupwardlymobileworldweareonadownwardspiraltowardsbecomingmorallybankrupt.Wemaysoonrenderourselvesworthlessinsidewhiledesperatelyclingingtoashellofappearances.Fromthelastparagraphwemayconcludethattheauthor______.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachinestoproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghoursbecomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseisnowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsaredemandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneaboutit. 46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-disciplineannoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportionthereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedtheexpenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthanlateandfinallytechnicalknowledge. Technicaldifficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem.Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreadingonaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47Youfindthatwithanyexistingsimple"noise-meter"vehicleswhicharejudgedtobeequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayinmanycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytotheear. 48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledbyforethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesellorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthecommunitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrunithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernairtransportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrolmeasuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolistobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreducetheirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythepurchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50Oneestimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjetengineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateofthearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointstoacceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary. Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-disciplineannoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportionthereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedtheexpenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthanlateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.
CancomputerviruseseverbeaforceforprogressInthewildwestoftheonlineworldthearchetypalbaddiesarecomputervirusesandworms.Theseself-replicatingprogramsarenotoriousforwreakinghavocinthesystemsofunwaryusers.Butasinthewestnotallgunslingerswearblackhats.Someviruswriterswishtheirfellowuserswellandhavebeenspreadingvirusesthataredesignedtodogoodnotharm.CheeseWormwhichappearedafewweeksagoattemptstofixcomputersthathavebeencompromisedbytheLionWorm.TheLionWormisdangerous.ItinfectscomputersthatusetheLinuxoperatingsystemandcreatesmultiplebackdoorsintotheinfectedcomputer.Itthene-mailsinformationaboutthesebackdoorstopeoplewhowishtomisusethatcomputerfornefariouspurposessuchasdenialofserviceattacksonwebsites.Suchattacksbombardasitewithsomanysimultaneousrequestsforaccessthatitcomesoutwithitshandsup.Thatmightsoundlikeagoodthing.SomightVBS.Noped.A@mm.Thisviruswhicharrivesasane-mailattachmentsearchesauser’sharddriveforspecificfileswhichtheunknownviruswriterbelievescontainchildpornography.Ifthevirusfindsanyfilesontheproscribedlistite-mailsacopyofthefileinquestiontoarandomrecipientfromalistofAmericangovernmentagencieswithanexplanatorynote.Thenotionofgoodvirusesmaysoundnovel;butaccordingtoVesselinBontchevavirusexpertwithFriskSoftwareInternationalinIcelanditisnot.Howeverearlyattemptstocreatebeneficialviruses—forexampleprogramsthatcompressedorencryptedfileswithoutaskingauser’spermission—wereresentedbecausetheyrepresentedalossofcontroloverauser’scomputerandadiversionofdata-processingresources.Inoculatingcomputersagainstinfectionsoundslikeagoodideabutfailsbecauseanyunauthorisedchangesaresuspicious.CheeseWormeventhoughitisdesignedtohelptheuserwhosediskitendsuponsuffersfromthesameobjection.AndVBS.Noped.A@mmwhateversocialbenefitsitsauthormightthinkithasisnotevenmeanttodothat.Ifitworksitwillharmtheuserratherthanhelphim.Itislittlemorethancyber-vigilantism.Appropriatetothewildwestperhapsbutifcyberspaceistobecivilisedothersolutionswillhavetobefound.AccordingtothepassagetheLionWormis______.
TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitutionbutnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessran.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessasthestateofbeingwell-deceivedorofbeingafoolamongidiotsforSwiftsawsocietyasalandoffalsegoals.Itisofcourseun-Americantothinkintermsoffalsegoals.Wedohoweverseemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericanbusinessarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustriesandadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyone’sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatterourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.Lookatanyofthemagazinesthatcatertowomen.Thereadvertisingbeginsasartandslogansinthefrontpagesandendsaspillsandtherapyinthebackpages.Theartatthefrontillustratesthedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.Thistheperfumedbreathshemustbreatheout.Thisthesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatfortyatfiftyatsixtyandforever.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.Thisisthecreamthatrestoresskinthesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfataroundthethighsandthesearethepillsofperpetualyouth.Obviouslynoreasonablepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchartorbysuchpillsanddevices.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythisdreamandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomersbutwhatisittheyaretryingtobuyDefiningthemeaningofhappinessisaperplexingproposition:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworktowardsthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasachievingsuperiorityoverotherslivinginamansionmadeofmarblehavingawardrobewithhundredsofoutfitswilldotosetthegreedyextreme.InadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethemLine3Par
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachinestoproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghoursbecomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseisnowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsaredemandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneaboutit. 46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-disciplineannoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportionthereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedtheexpenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthanlateandfinallytechnicalknowledge. Technicaldifficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem.Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreadingonaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47Youfindthatwithanyexistingsimple"noise-meter"vehicleswhicharejudgedtobeequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayinmanycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytotheear. 48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledbyforethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesellorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthecommunitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrunithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernairtransportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrolmeasuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolistobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreducetheirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythepurchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50Oneestimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjetengineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateofthearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointstoacceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary. Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledbyforethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.
A."Itisalwaysbettertobuyahouse;payingrentislikepouringmoneydownthedrain."Foryearssuchadvicehasencouragedpeopletoborrowheavilytogetonthepropertyladderassoonaspossible.ButisitstillsoundadviceHousepricesarecurrentlyatrecordlevelsinrelationtorentsinmanypartsoftheworldanditnowoftenmakesmorefinancialsense—especiallyforfirst-timebuyers—torentinstead. B."IfIdon’tbuynowI’llnevergetonthepropertyladder"isacommoncryfromfirst-timebuyers.Ifhousepricescontinuetooutpacewagesthatistrue.Butitnowlooksunlikely.Whenpricesgetoutoflinewithwhatfirst-timerscanaffordastheyaretodaytheyalwayseventuallyfallinrealterms.Themyththatbuyingisalwaysbetterthanrentinggrewoutofthehighinflationeraofthe1970sand1950s.First-timebuyersthenalwaysendedupbetteroffthanrentersbecauseinflationerodedtherealvalueofmortgagesevenwhileitpusheduprents.Mortgage-interesttaxreliefwasalsoworthmorewheninflationandhencenominalinterestrateswashigh.Withinflationnowtamedhomeownershipisfarlessattractive. C.Homebuyerstendtounderestimatetheircosts.Oncemaintenancecostsinsuranceandpropertytaxesareaddedtomortgagepaymentstotalannualoutgoingsnoweasilyexceedthecostofrentinganequivalentpropertyevenaftertakingaccountoftaxbreaks.Ahbutcapitalgainswillmorethanmakeupforthatitispopularlyargued.OverthepastsevenyearsaveragehousepricesinAmericahaverisenby65%thoseinBritainSpainAustraliaandIrelandhavemorethandoubled.Butitisunrealistictoexpectsuchgainstocontinue.Makingtheoptimisticassumptionthathousepricesinsteadriseinlinewithinflationandincludingbuyingandsellingcoststhenoveraperiodofsevenyears—theaveragetimeAmericanownersstayinonehouse—ourcalculationsshowthatyouwouldgenerallybebetteroffrenting. D.Bewarnedifyoumakesuchaboldclaimatadinnerpartyyouwillimmediatelybesetupon.Payingrentisthrowingmoneyawayitwillbeargued.Muchbettertospendthemoneyonamortgageandbysodoingbuildupequity.Thesnagisthatthetypicalfirst-timebuyerkeepsahouseforlessthanfiveyearsandduringthattimemostmortgagepaymentsgooninterestnotonrepayingtheloan.Andifpricesfallitcouldwipeoutyourequity. E.Inanycasearentercanaccumulatewealthbyputtingthemoneysavedeachyearfromthelowercostofrentingintoshares.Thesehavehistoricallyyieldedahigherreturnthanhousing.Puttingallyourmoneyintoahousealsobreaksthebasicruleofprudentinvesting:diversify.Andyesitistruethatamortgageleveragesthegainsonyourinitialdepositonahousebutitalsoamplifiesyourlossesifhousepricesfall. F.Thedivergencebetweenrentsandhousepricesisofcourseevidenceofahousingbubble.Somedaypriceswillfallrelativetorentsandwages.Aftertheydoitwillmakesensetobuyahome.Untiltheydothesmartmoneyisonrenting. G."Iwanttohaveaplacetocallhome"isapopularretort.Rentingprovideslesslong-termsecurityandyoucannotpaintallthewallsorangeifyouwantto.Homeownershipisanexcellentpersonalgoalbutitmaynotalwaysmakefinancialsense.Theprideof"owning"yourownhomemayquicklyfadeifyouaresaddledwithamortgagethatcostsmuchmorethanrenting.Alsorentingdoeshavesomeadvantages.Rentersfinditeasiertomoveforjoborfamilyreasons. Order: 42
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Erroneousvirtuesarerunningoutofcontrolinourculture.Idon’tknowhowmanytimesmy13-year-oldsonhastoldmeaboutclassmateswhoreceived＄10foreachAgradeontheirreportcards—hintingthatIshoulddothesameforhimshouldheeverreceiveanA.WheneverheapproachesmeonthissubjectIgivehimthesamereply:forgetit!ThisisnottosaythatIwouldneverpraisemysonfordoingwellinschool.Butmypraiseisnotmeanttorewardorelicitfutureachievementsbutrathertoexpressmygenuinedelightinthesatisfactionhefeelsathavingdonehisbest.Dolingout＄10sendsoutthemessagethatthefeelingaloneisn’tgoodenough.Asasocietyweseemtobeonthebrinkoflosingourinternalcontrol—theethicalboundariesthatguideouractionsandfeelings.Insteadtheseethicalstandardshavebeeneclipsedbyexternalstuffasameasureofourworth.Wepassthisobscenemessageontoourchildren.Weofferthemmoneyforlearninghowtoconvertfractionstodecimals.Refreshmentsaregivenasarewardforreading.Infactinonenationalreadingprogramapartyawaitstheentireclassifeachchildreadsacertainnumberofbookswithinafour-monthperiod.Wecallthesethingsincentivestellingourselvesthatifwecanjustreeltheminandgetthemhookedthentheinternalrewardswillfollow.Irecentlysawatelevisionprogramwhereunmarriedteenagemotherswerefeaturedastheparticipantsinaprogramthatoffersa＄10aweekincentiveiftheseyoungwomendon’tgetpregnantagain.Isn’tthedailyplightofbeingasingleteenagedmotherenoughtodiscouragethemfrombecomingpregnantagainNoitisn’tbecauseweasasocietywon’tallowittobe.Nothingispermittedtosucceedorfailonitsownmeritsanymore.Astapledietofcandybarsmakesanordinaryappleororangeseemsour.Similarlyanendlessparadeofincentivescorrodesourabilitytofeelagenuinesenseofinnerpeaceorinnerconflict.Thesimplevirtuesofhonestykindnessandintegritysufferfromanimageproblemandareindesperateneedofbetterpublicity.Onewaytodothisisbyexample.Ifearthatinourso-calledupwardlymobileworldweareonadownwardspiraltowardsbecomingmorallybankrupt.Wemaysoonrenderourselvesworthlessinsidewhiledesperatelyclingingtoashellofappearances.AccordingtotheauthorimproperincentivesincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT______.
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Informationtechnologistshavedreamtfordecadesofmakinganelectronicdisplaythatisasgoodaspaper:cheapenoughtobepastedontowailsandbillboardsclearenoughtobereadinbroaddaylightandthinandflexibleenoughtobeboundashundredsofflippableleavestomakeabook.Overthepastfewyearstheyhavegotclose.Inparticulartheyhaveworkedouthowtoproducethedisplayitselfbysandwichingtinyspheresthatchangecolourinresponsetoanelectricchargeinsidethinsheetsofflexibletransparentplastic.Whattheyhavenotyetfoundisawaytomass-produceflexibleelectroniccircuitrywithwhichtocreatethatcharge.ButapaperjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencessuggeststhatthistoomaybedonesoon.TheprocessdescribedbyJohnRogersandhiscolleaguesfromBellLaboratoriesanarmofLucentTechnologiesinNewJerseyandEInkCorporationinCambridgeMassachusettsstartswithEInk’sestablishedhalf-wayhousetowardstrueelectronicpaper.Thisisbasedonspherescontainingblackliquiddyeandparticlesofwhitesolidpigment.Thepigmentparticlesarenegativelychargedsotheycanbepushedandpulledaroundbyelectrodeslocatedaboveandbelowthesheet.Theelectrodesinturnarecontrolledbytransistorsunderthesheet.Eachtransistormanipulatesasinglepictureelementpixelmakingitblackorwhite.Thepatternofpixelsinturnmakesupthepictureortextonthepage.Theproblemliesinmakingthetransistorsandconnections.Establishedwaysofdoingthissuchasphotolithographyusesiliconasthesemiconductorinthetransistors.Thatisallrightforapplicationssuckaspesters.Itistoofragileandtooexpensivethoughforgenuineelectronicpaper—whichiswhycheapandflexibleelectroniccomponentsareneeded.ForflexibilityDrRogersandhiscolleagueschosepentaceneastheirsemiconductorandgoldastheirwiring.Pentaceneisapolymerwhosesemiconductingpropertieswerediscoveredonlyrecently.Goldisthemostmalleablemetalknownandoneofthebestelectricalconductors.Althoughitispriceysolittleisneededthatthecostperarticleistiny.TomaketheirelectronicpapertheresearchersstartedwithathinsheetofMylaratoughplasticthatwascoatedwithindium-tinoxideITOatransparentelectricalconductor.Tocarvethisconductorintoasuitableelectriccircuittheyusedaninnovationcalledmicrocontactprintinglithography.ThistrickinvolvesprintingthepatternofthecircuitontotheITOusingarubberstamp.Theinkintheprocessisasolvent-resistantchemicalthatprotectsthispartoftheITOwhileallowingtheresttobedissolved.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.
A."Itisalwaysbettertobuyahouse;payingrentislikepouringmoneydownthedrain."Foryearssuchadvicehasencouragedpeopletoborrowheavilytogetonthepropertyladderassoonaspossible.ButisitstillsoundadviceHousepricesarecurrentlyatrecordlevelsinrelationtorentsinmanypartsoftheworldanditnowoftenmakesmorefinancialsense—especiallyforfirst-timebuyers—torentinstead. B."IfIdon’tbuynowI’llnevergetonthepropertyladder"isacommoncryfromfirst-timebuyers.Ifhousepricescontinuetooutpacewagesthatistrue.Butitnowlooksunlikely.Whenpricesgetoutoflinewithwhatfirst-timerscanaffordastheyaretodaytheyalwayseventuallyfallinrealterms.Themyththatbuyingisalwaysbetterthanrentinggrewoutofthehighinflationeraofthe1970sand1950s.First-timebuyersthenalwaysendedupbetteroffthanrentersbecauseinflationerodedtherealvalueofmortgagesevenwhileitpusheduprents.Mortgage-interesttaxreliefwasalsoworthmorewheninflationandhencenominalinterestrateswashigh.Withinflationnowtamedhomeownershipisfarlessattractive. C.Homebuyerstendtounderestimatetheircosts.Oncemaintenancecostsinsuranceandpropertytaxesareaddedtomortgagepaymentstotalannualoutgoingsnoweasilyexceedthecostofrentinganequivalentpropertyevenaftertakingaccountoftaxbreaks.Ahbutcapitalgainswillmorethanmakeupforthatitispopularlyargued.OverthepastsevenyearsaveragehousepricesinAmericahaverisenby65%thoseinBritainSpainAustraliaandIrelandhavemorethandoubled.Butitisunrealistictoexpectsuchgainstocontinue.Makingtheoptimisticassumptionthathousepricesinsteadriseinlinewithinflationandincludingbuyingandsellingcoststhenoveraperiodofsevenyears—theaveragetimeAmericanownersstayinonehouse—ourcalculationsshowthatyouwouldgenerallybebetteroffrenting. D.Bewarnedifyoumakesuchaboldclaimatadinnerpartyyouwillimmediatelybesetupon.Payingrentisthrowingmoneyawayitwillbeargued.Muchbettertospendthemoneyonamortgageandbysodoingbuildupequity.Thesnagisthatthetypicalfirst-timebuyerkeepsahouseforlessthanfiveyearsandduringthattimemostmortgagepaymentsgooninterestnotonrepayingtheloan.Andifpricesfallitcouldwipeoutyourequity. E.Inanycasearentercanaccumulatewealthbyputtingthemoneysavedeachyearfromthelowercostofrentingintoshares.Thesehavehistoricallyyieldedahigherreturnthanhousing.Puttingallyourmoneyintoahousealsobreaksthebasicruleofprudentinvesting:diversify.Andyesitistruethatamortgageleveragesthegainsonyourinitialdepositonahousebutitalsoamplifiesyourlossesifhousepricesfall. F.Thedivergencebetweenrentsandhousepricesisofcourseevidenceofahousingbubble.Somedaypriceswillfallrelativetorentsandwages.Aftertheydoitwillmakesensetobuyahome.Untiltheydothesmartmoneyisonrenting. G."Iwanttohaveaplacetocallhome"isapopularretort.Rentingprovideslesslong-termsecurityandyoucannotpaintallthewallsorangeifyouwantto.Homeownershipisanexcellentpersonalgoalbutitmaynotalwaysmakefinancialsense.Theprideof"owning"yourownhomemayquicklyfadeifyouaresaddledwithamortgagethatcostsmuchmorethanrenting.Alsorentingdoeshavesomeadvantages.Rentersfinditeasiertomoveforjoborfamilyreasons. Order: 44
TherighttopursuehappinessispromisedtoAmericansbytheUSConstitutionbutnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayhappinessran.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftconceivedofhappinessasthestateofbeingwell-deceivedorofbeingafoolamongidiotsforSwiftsawsocietyasalandoffalsegoals.Itisofcourseun-Americantothinkintermsoffalsegoals.Wedohoweverseemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericanbusinessarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustriesandadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyone’sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatterourwholeeconomyisbasedonaddictingustogreed.Weareeventolditisourpatrioticdutytosupportthenationaleconomybybuyingthings.Lookatanyofthemagazinesthatcatertowomen.Thereadvertisingbeginsasartandslogansinthefrontpagesandendsaspillsandtherapyinthebackpages.Theartatthefrontillustratesthedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.Thistheperfumedbreathshemustbreatheout.Thisthesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatfortyatfiftyatsixtyandforever.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.Thisisthecreamthatrestoresskinthesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfataroundthethighsandthesearethepillsofperpetualyouth.Obviouslynoreasonablepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchartorbysuchpillsanddevices.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythisdreamandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomersbutwhatisittheyaretryingtobuyDefiningthemeaningofhappinessisaperplexingproposition:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworktowardsthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasachievingsuperiorityoverotherslivinginamansionmadeofmarblehavingawardrobewithhundredsofoutfitswilldotosetthegreedyextreme.Itisimpliedbytheauthorthatthemagazinesare______.
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Informationtechnologistshavedreamtfordecadesofmakinganelectronicdisplaythatisasgoodaspaper:cheapenoughtobepastedontowailsandbillboardsclearenoughtobereadinbroaddaylightandthinandflexibleenoughtobeboundashundredsofflippableleavestomakeabook.Overthepastfewyearstheyhavegotclose.Inparticulartheyhaveworkedouthowtoproducethedisplayitselfbysandwichingtinyspheresthatchangecolourinresponsetoanelectricchargeinsidethinsheetsofflexibletransparentplastic.Whattheyhavenotyetfoundisawaytomass-produceflexibleelectroniccircuitrywithwhichtocreatethatcharge.ButapaperjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencessuggeststhatthistoomaybedonesoon.TheprocessdescribedbyJohnRogersandhiscolleaguesfromBellLaboratoriesanarmofLucentTechnologiesinNewJerseyandEInkCorporationinCambridgeMassachusettsstartswithEInk’sestablishedhalf-wayhousetowardstrueelectronicpaper.Thisisbasedonspherescontainingblackliquiddyeandparticlesofwhitesolidpigment.Thepigmentparticlesarenegativelychargedsotheycanbepushedandpulledaroundbyelectrodeslocatedaboveandbelowthesheet.Theelectrodesinturnarecontrolledbytransistorsunderthesheet.Eachtransistormanipulatesasinglepictureelementpixelmakingitblackorwhite.Thepatternofpixelsinturnmakesupthepictureortextonthepage.Theproblemliesinmakingthetransistorsandconnections.Establishedwaysofdoingthissuchasphotolithographyusesiliconasthesemiconductorinthetransistors.Thatisallrightforapplicationssuckaspesters.Itistoofragileandtooexpensivethoughforgenuineelectronicpaper—whichiswhycheapandflexibleelectroniccomponentsareneeded.ForflexibilityDrRogersandhiscolleagueschosepentaceneastheirsemiconductorandgoldastheirwiring.Pentaceneisapolymerwhosesemiconductingpropertieswerediscoveredonlyrecently.Goldisthemostmalleablemetalknownandoneofthebestelectricalconductors.Althoughitispriceysolittleisneededthatthecostperarticleistiny.TomaketheirelectronicpapertheresearchersstartedwithathinsheetofMylaratoughplasticthatwascoatedwithindium-tinoxideITOatransparentelectricalconductor.Tocarvethisconductorintoasuitableelectriccircuittheyusedaninnovationcalledmicrocontactprintinglithography.ThistrickinvolvesprintingthepatternofthecircuitontotheITOusingarubberstamp.Theinkintheprocessisasolvent-resistantchemicalthatprotectsthispartoftheITOwhileallowingtheresttobedissolved.Siliconisnotusedforgenuineelectronicpaperbecause______.
Directions:A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast200wordsB.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning. 2Giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.
A.Humanbehavior B.Cultureattributes C.PhysiologyofHomosapiens D.ClassificationofHomosapiens E.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiens HumancommonnamegiventoanyindividualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies.ThetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionaryforerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofasinglespecies. 41.__________ Homosapiensisidentifiedforpurposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinalcordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta;thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepairofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontoftheheadstereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.ThespeciesbelongstothefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussedbelow. 42.__________ ThedetailsofskeletalstructuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-thegorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationtoacompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shapedspinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyovertheareaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceintheuptightposition. Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthehandtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationandgrasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementistheelongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletotheotherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarilyestablishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolledbreathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursinassociationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisaprerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximatelydoublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichistheprolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageofbrainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiodoftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unliketheearlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodemhumanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturityaproportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-roundeddomestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthecharacteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensionsrequiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythehumanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisbornprematurely. 44.__________ Thephysiologicaladaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthedevelopmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityinbehavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneuralconnectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthatlearnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.Newenvironmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslowgeneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextremeconditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation.Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavastnumberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiologicalpotentialasahuman. 45.__________ Thehumanspecieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinkingandplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsandcreativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehaviorrequiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmayalsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfiremakingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossiblyritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandartdatefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethicsforthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.FromaboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralizedspeciesofHomosapiens. 44
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto1otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan2. Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods3theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat4thedevelopmentofthehighwaymadeperson-to-personselling5slowandexpensive.Atthesametimemasscommunicationfirstnewspapersandmagazines6radioandtelevisionmademasssellingthrough7possible. Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest8totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction9betopurchaseaproductuseaservicevoteforapoliticalcandidateor10tojointheArmy. Advertisingasa11developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStatesthecountrythatusesittothegreatest12.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollarsor132percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct14advertising. 15advertisingbringstheeconomiesofmasssellingtothemanufacturerit16benefitsfortheconsumer17.Someofthoseeconomiesarepassedalongtothepurchasersothatthecostofaproductsoldprimarilythroughadvertisingisusuallyfar18thanonesoldthroughpersonalsalespeople.Advertising19peopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Finallyadvertising20fortheprogramsoncommercialtelevisionandradioandforabouttwothirdsofthecostofpublishingmagazinesandnewspapers. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
CancomputerviruseseverbeaforceforprogressInthewildwestoftheonlineworldthearchetypalbaddiesarecomputervirusesandworms.Theseself-replicatingprogramsarenotoriousforwreakinghavocinthesystemsofunwaryusers.Butasinthewestnotallgunslingerswearblackhats.Someviruswriterswishtheirfellowuserswellandhavebeenspreadingvirusesthataredesignedtodogoodnotharm.CheeseWormwhichappearedafewweeksagoattemptstofixcomputersthathavebeencompromisedbytheLionWorm.TheLionWormisdangerous.ItinfectscomputersthatusetheLinuxoperatingsystemandcreatesmultiplebackdoorsintotheinfectedcomputer.Itthene-mailsinformationaboutthesebackdoorstopeoplewhowishtomisusethatcomputerfornefariouspurposessuchasdenialofserviceattacksonwebsites.Suchattacksbombardasitewithsomanysimultaneousrequestsforaccessthatitcomesoutwithitshandsup.Thatmightsoundlikeagoodthing.SomightVBS.Noped.A@mm.Thisviruswhicharrivesasane-mailattachmentsearchesauser’sharddriveforspecificfileswhichtheunknownviruswriterbelievescontainchildpornography.Ifthevirusfindsanyfilesontheproscribedlistite-mailsacopyofthefileinquestiontoarandomrecipientfromalistofAmericangovernmentagencieswithanexplanatorynote.Thenotionofgoodvirusesmaysoundnovel;butaccordingtoVesselinBontchevavirusexpertwithFriskSoftwareInternationalinIcelanditisnot.Howeverearlyattemptstocreatebeneficialviruses—forexampleprogramsthatcompressedorencryptedfileswithoutaskingauser’spermission—wereresentedbecausetheyrepresentedalossofcontroloverauser’scomputerandadiversionofdata-processingresources.Inoculatingcomputersagainstinfectionsoundslikeagoodideabutfailsbecauseanyunauthorisedchangesaresuspicious.CheeseWormeventhoughitisdesignedtohelptheuserwhosediskitendsuponsuffersfromthesameobjection.AndVBS.Noped.A@mmwhateversocialbenefitsitsauthormightthinkithasisnotevenmeanttodothat.Ifitworksitwillharmtheuserratherthanhelphim.Itislittlemorethancyber-vigilantism.Appropriatetothewildwestperhapsbutifcyberspaceistobecivilisedothersolutionswillhavetobefound.AccordingtoVesselinBontchevthenotionofgoodvirusesis______.
Erroneousvirtuesarerunningoutofcontrolinourculture.Idon’tknowhowmanytimesmy13-year-oldsonhastoldmeaboutclassmateswhoreceived＄10foreachAgradeontheirreportcards—hintingthatIshoulddothesameforhimshouldheeverreceiveanA.WheneverheapproachesmeonthissubjectIgivehimthesamereply:forgetit!ThisisnottosaythatIwouldneverpraisemysonfordoingwellinschool.Butmypraiseisnotmeanttorewardorelicitfutureachievementsbutrathertoexpressmygenuinedelightinthesatisfactionhefeelsathavingdonehisbest.Dolingout＄10sendsoutthemessagethatthefeelingaloneisn’tgoodenough.Asasocietyweseemtobeonthebrinkoflosingourinternalcontrol—theethicalboundariesthatguideouractionsandfeelings.Insteadtheseethicalstandardshavebeeneclipsedbyexternalstuffasameasureofourworth.Wepassthisobscenemessageontoourchildren.Weofferthemmoneyforlearninghowtoconvertfractionstodecimals.Refreshmentsaregivenasarewardforreading.Infactinonenationalreadingprogramapartyawaitstheentireclassifeachchildreadsacertainnumberofbookswithinafour-monthperiod.Wecallthesethingsincentivestellingourselvesthatifwecanjustreeltheminandgetthemhookedthentheinternalrewardswillfollow.Irecentlysawatelevisionprogramwhereunmarriedteenagemotherswerefeaturedastheparticipantsinaprogramthatoffersa＄10aweekincentiveiftheseyoungwomendon’tgetpregnantagain.Isn’tthedailyplightofbeingasingleteenagedmotherenoughtodiscouragethemfrombecomingpregnantagainNoitisn’tbecauseweasasocietywon’tallowittobe.Nothingispermittedtosucceedorfailonitsownmeritsanymore.Astapledietofcandybarsmakesanordinaryappleororangeseemsour.Similarlyanendlessparadeofincentivescorrodesourabilitytofeelagenuinesenseofinnerpeaceorinnerconflict.Thesimplevirtuesofhonestykindnessandintegritysufferfromanimageproblemandareindesperateneedofbetterpublicity.Onewaytodothisisbyexample.Ifearthatinourso-calledupwardlymobileworldweareonadownwardspiraltowardsbecomingmorallybankrupt.Wemaysoonrenderourselvesworthlessinsidewhiledesperatelyclingingtoashellofappearances.Howdoestheauthorreacttoherson’sAgradeonthereportcardeachtime
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