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Directions: You are going to read a text about The Big Melt, followed by a list of examples. Ch...
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Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 41
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatbyyear2050
Directions: Supposeyouarethesecretaryoftheprincipalofyouruniversity.Youareexpectedtowriteamemotoremindtheprincipalofanimportantinternationalmeetinghehastoattendthenextday.Imaginesomedetailedactivitiestheprincipalhastoperforminthemeeting. Writeyourmemoinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameonthememo;useLiHuainstead. Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 43
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheirlanguageofthemind.
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. AccordingtoParagraphland2whichofthefollowingitemsissocialandeconomicright
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. AccordingtothetextpolicymakerssolvetheproblemsinthehousingmarketintheUSby
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. IfthegiantGSEScollapsethemostpossibleresultwouldbe
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. TheunderlinedworddisparityLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Accordingtotheauthorwhichisthemostfeasiblewaytoprotectbirds
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. Whichofthefollowingisunlikelytobetheriskthatthetwogiantsarefacing
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Whichofthefollowingstatementhasnothingtodowiththedrasticallydecliningnumberofbirds
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 45
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. Socialandeconomicrightsaremainlyemphasizedinpoorcountriesbecause
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