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In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordo...
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Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemest
Directions:YouaregoingtostudyattheUniversityofCard
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Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethisseme
Java语言由下列哪个公司发布的
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Directions: yougetthegoodnewsthatyourgoodfriendsgotmarriedrecently.Youwritetoshow: 1.yourheartiestcongratulation; 2.recallofyourfriendship; 3.bestwishes. youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiuYu"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet.
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedaspartofthenewfactorysystem
Text1 Asamediumofexchangemoneypermitstheseparationofexchangeintothetwodistinctactsofbuyingandsellingwithoutrequiringthesellertopurchasegoodsfromthepersonwhobuyshisproductsorviceversa.Henceproducerswhoknowtheywillbepaidinmoneycanconcentrateonfindingthemostsuitableoutletfortheirgoodswhilebuyerswhowillpayinmoneycanconcentrateonfindingthecheapestmarketforthethingstheywishtopurchase.specializationwhichisvitaltoanadvancedeconomyisencouragedbecausepeoplewhoseoutputisnotacompleteproductbutonlyapartofoneinwhichmanyothersareinvolvedcanbepaidanamountequivalenttotheirshareoftheproduct. Anotheradvantageofmoneyisthatitisameasureofvalue--thatisitservesasaunitintermsofwhichtherelativevaluesofdifferentproductscanbeexpressed.Inabartereconomyitwouldbenecessarytodeterminehowmanyplateswereworthonehundredweightofcottonorhowmanypensshouldbeexchangedforatonofcoalwhichwouldbeadifficultandtime-consumingtask.Theprocessofestablishingrelativevalueswouldhavetobeundertakenforeveryactofexchangeaccordingtowhatproductswerebeingofferedagainstoneanotherandaccordingtothetwoparties’desiresandpreferences.IfIamtryingtobarterfishforbananasforexamplealotwoulddependonwhetherthepersonwillingtoexchangebananasisorisnotkeenonfish. Thirdlymoneyactsasastoreofwealth.Itisdifficulttoimaginesavingunderabartersystem.Nooneengagedononlyonestageinthemanufactureofaproductcouldsavepartofhisoutputsincehewouldbeproducingnothingcomplete.Evenwhenapersonactuallyproducedacompleteproductthedifficultieswouldbeoverwhelming.Mostproductsdeterioratefairlyrapidlyeitherphysicallyorinvalueasaresultoflongstorage;evenifstoragewerepossiblethepracticeofstoringproductsforyearsonendwouldinvolveobviousdisadvantages--imagineacoal-minerattemptingtosaveenoughcoalwhichofcourseishisproducttokeephimforlife.Ifwealthcouldnotbesavedoronlywithgreatdifficultyfutureneedscouldnotbeprovidedfororcapitalaccumulatedtoraiseproductivity. Howmanyadvantagesofmoneyarementionedinthispassage
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Oneoftherecentimportantchangesinhighereducationrelatesto
Text2 Todaybusinesscardsaredistributedbyworkingpeopleofallsocialclassesillustratingnotonlytheuniquityofcommercialinterestsbutalsothefluidityoftheworldoftrade.Whetheroneisbuttonholingpotentialclientsforacarpentryserviceannouncingone’slatestacademicappointmentor“networking”withfellowexecutivesitispermissibletoadvertiseone’stalentsandavailabilitybyanoutstretchedhandandthestatement"H6re’smycard."AsRobertLouisStevensononceobservedeverybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor. Ithasnotalwaysbeenthisway.Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcardsanartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.IntheGildedAgepossessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationshipsbutthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.Forthecalling-cardclasslifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisitsandtheprotocol礼遇governingthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards.PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarIandyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady;whenaladymustandmustnotturndowntheedgesofacard;andwhetheranunmarriedgirlofbetweenfourteenandseventeenmaycarrymorethansixorlessthanthirteencardsinherpurseinmonthsbeginningwitha"J".ThecallingcardsystemwasespeciallycherishedbythosewhomadenodistinctionbetweenmannersandmereformanditspreciousnesswaswelldefinedbyMrs.JohnSherwood.Her1887manualcalledthecard"thefieldmarkanddevice"ofcivilization. Thebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundthemmofthecenturywhentheformerlywelldefinedbordersbetweenthecommercialandthepersonalrealmswereusedwidelysocietymavens内行considereditunforgivabletofusethetworealms.EmilyPost’scontemporaryLilianEichlercalleditverypoortastetousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposesaridaslateas1967AmyVanderbiltcounseledthatthemerchant’smarker"mayneverdoubleforsocialpurposes. Thesentencethatyourmoneywassooldinthesecondparagraph
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text1 Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Thetextmentionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatself-employedwomenmayencounterEXCEPT
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Intheauthor'sviewifsomeonetaughtustosayawfullyforvery
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 43
Text2 Todaybusinesscardsaredistributedbyworkingpeopleofallsocialclassesillustratingnotonlytheuniquityofcommercialinterestsbutalsothefluidityoftheworldoftrade.Whetheroneisbuttonholingpotentialclientsforacarpentryserviceannouncingone’slatestacademicappointmentor“networking”withfellowexecutivesitispermissibletoadvertiseone’stalentsandavailabilitybyanoutstretchedhandandthestatement"H6re’smycard."AsRobertLouisStevensononceobservedeverybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor. Ithasnotalwaysbeenthisway.Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcardsanartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.IntheGildedAgepossessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationshipsbutthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.Forthecalling-cardclasslifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisitsandtheprotocol礼遇governingthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards.PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarIandyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady;whenaladymustandmustnotturndowntheedgesofacard;andwhetheranunmarriedgirlofbetweenfourteenandseventeenmaycarrymorethansixorlessthanthirteencardsinherpurseinmonthsbeginningwitha"J".ThecallingcardsystemwasespeciallycherishedbythosewhomadenodistinctionbetweenmannersandmereformanditspreciousnesswaswelldefinedbyMrs.JohnSherwood.Her1887manualcalledthecard"thefieldmarkanddevice"ofcivilization. Thebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundthemmofthecenturywhentheformerlywelldefinedbordersbetweenthecommercialandthepersonalrealmswereusedwidelysocietymavens内行considereditunforgivabletofusethetworealms.EmilyPost’scontemporaryLilianEichlercalleditverypoortastetousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposesaridaslateas1967AmyVanderbiltcounseledthatthemerchant’smarker"mayneverdoubleforsocialpurposes. IntheGildedAgepeoplewhopossessedacallingcard
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 41
Text1 Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. ThebesttitlewhichdescribesthecontentofthetextasawholeWouldbe
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. Thewordfundamentalinline6Para．1isclosestinmeaningto
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Millionsofdollarsoftendependonthechoiceofwhichcommercialtouseinlaunchinganewproduct.Soyoushowthecommercialstoa1oftypicalconsumersandasktheiropinion.Theanswersyougetcansometimesleadyouintoabig2.Respondentsmayliejusttobepolite. Nowsomecompaniesandmajoradvertising3havebeenhiringvoicedetectiveswhotestyournormalvoiceandthenrecordyouontape4commentingonaproduct.Acomputeranalyzesthedegreeanddirectionofchange5normal.Onekindofdivergenceofpitchmeansthesubject6Anotherkindmeanshewasreallyenthusiastic.Inatestingoftwocommercials7childrentheywerevocallyaboutequally8ofbothbutthecomputerreportedtheiremotional9inthetwowastotallydifferent. Mostmajorcommercialsaresentforresting-totheaters10withvariouselectronicmeasuringdevices.Peopleregardedas11arebroughtinoffthestreet.Viewerscanpushbuttonsto12whethertheyareinterestedorbored. Newspaperandmagazinegroupsbecameintenselyinterestedintestingtheiradsforaproduct13TVadsforthesameproduct.Theywereinterestedbecausethemain14ofevidenceshowsthatpeople15alotmorementalactivitywhentheyread16whentheysitinfrontoftheTVset.TVbegantobe17"alow-involvement"18.Itiscontendedthatlowinvolvementmeansthatthereisless19thattheadmessagewillbe20. Notes:commercial广告pitch音调 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper.
Text1 Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate—shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhatisstatedinthelastparagraphismostprobably
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Bymentioningthetreethrowingoutnewbranchestheauthorhopesto
Text2 InthepastAmericancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecentdisorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeusefulbutnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse. AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity. Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarketstoprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobilitytoachieveracialethnicorsocialintegrationormoregenerallytoproduce"productive"ascomparedto"educated"graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinitiontheideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity. Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"collegeaclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegreelongrecognized’asarequired".unioncard"intheacademicworldhascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction—communicatingknowledgetostudentsexpandingthecontentofvariousdisciplinesandinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety—hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears. Thisnoveldevelopmenthoweverisoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelatetoifnotresolvetheproblemsofsociety.What’sworsetheyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo Theopeningparagraphiswritteninordertostate
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Weareoftencheatedbysomewordsinthat
Text3 Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingbollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenterswhichhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamove’northwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion. Notes:bollweevilinfestation棉铃虫蔓延cessation中止停止mason泥瓦匠recruiter招募者influx入涌入 Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 45
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