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不是肿瘤组织特有的正常细胞和其他组织上也存在的抗原是
TSA
TAA
TSTA
TRA
TNF
当轻雾使天空部分或完全不明时观测记录和编报参照雾执行如10/10=Actra
脂肪产热的指标是
腋温（T
肛温（TR）
TA-R
TRA
口温
代表肿瘤排斥抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
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输血相关的急性肺损伤TRA-LI
代表肿瘤特异抗原的是
TSTA
TAA
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LAA
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硬盘是计算机主要的外存储器其速度直接影响计算机整体的性能目前硬盘的数据接口比较多下面传送速度最快的是
U1tra2 SCSI
E-IDE
U1tra ATA/66
U1tra ATA/100
SY230C6B发动机型号是
AA-6BG1TRP
CC-6BG1TRA01
CC-6BG1TRA02
CC-6BG1TRP
简述BSC中如下硬件的功能作用TRHTRASRSC7
Theblueprintistothebuilder_____theoutlineistothewr
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代表肿瘤特异性移植抗原的是
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代表白血病相关性膜抗原的是
TAA
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怎样区别Cs云与Astra云
BSC中用于语音信息的代码转换的单元是
TRAU
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TRX
TRI
代表肿瘤特异性抗原的是
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代表肿瘤相关抗原的是
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呼叫等待的英文缩写是.
CW
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脂肪产热的指标是
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不能够直接演变成Actra的有.
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Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. WhatistheuniquesignificanceoftheMPowercampaign
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 13
Thebiggestdemonstrationinagenerationisbeingassembledbymobilizingthepowerofthewebwhichallowsanti-wargroupstorallymultitudesattheclickofamouse.Cornishspeakersforpeacecanshareideasbye-mailwithRhodesScholarsAgainsttheWarwhiletakingintoaccountthesensitivitiesoftheYoungMuslimSisters.Footsoreban-the-bombveteranssuchasTonyMyersoftheCampaignforNuclearDisarmamentbusilypreparingyesterdayforthemassprotestcanonlymarvelatthepowerofthenet. "It’smadeamassivedifference"hesaid."Backinthe1980swhenweweretryingtoorganizehugedemositwasallaboutgoingtomeetingsandsendingmailtoregionalpeople.Iwasavolunteerbeforethe1983demonstrationwhichattracted400000marchers.Theofficewasjustawashwithpeopleprintingthingsonoldduplicators.Peopletodayfeelmoreliketheyarepartofabigmovement.Inthe1980swewouldreadaboutdemosallovertheworldafewdayslaterinthenewspapers.Nowyouknowallthedetailsinadvanceifyouareonthee-maillist.TheStoptheWarCoalitionneedsonlyahandfulofheadquartersstaffbecausethewebsiteisavirtualcampaigngroupinitselfcompletewithbriefingsnewsaddressesandartwork. Children’ssuperiormasteryoftheinternetisreflectedintheproliferationofyouthgroupsopposingwar.TheWoodcraftFolkasortofpacifistversionoftheScoutsannouncethattheywillbebringinganorangeparachuteonthemarch.TheEngels-MarxCommunistPartyslogan"ResistandRevolt"isagroupofpupilsataLeicestercomprehensiveschoolopposingthewar.TheentirecountryiscoveredfromtheAberdeenStudentsAgainstWarSocietytoTorbayStoptheWargroup. Anti-warcampaignersputleafletsmapspostersandpetitionsontheirwebsitesforsupporterstoprintstickintheirwindoworhandoutatthemarch.StoptheWarCoalitionincludesadirect-debitformwhichsupporterscandownloadandsendtotheirbankmanagertomakedonations. Messageboardsarefilledwithanti-warprotestersarguingtheircase.TheissueisbeingexploitedbytheBritishNationalPartywhichhaspostedaself-servingpressreleaseproclaimingsupportforthemarchbecauseoftheirconcernsover"thepoweroftheIsraelilobby".Anti-warindividualshavebeene-mailingfriendswithsongsforthemarchonetothetuneofIfYou’reHappyandYouKnowIt.Theinternetwascreatedinthe1960spartlybytheAdvancedResearchProjectAgencyoftheUSDepartmentofDefense.Itiswidelysaidtohavebeencreatedinordertosendmilitarymessagesafteranatomicwar. Whatisthemainideaofparagraph3
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 19
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. AstothemoneyofthiscampaignwhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 3
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. 49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 43
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 11
低碳也可促进经济低碳经济是指温室气体排放量尽可能低的经济发展方式尤其要有效控制二氧化碳这一主要温室气体的排放在全球变暖的大背景下低碳经济受到越来越多国家的关注低碳经济以低能耗低排放低污染为基础其实质是提高能源利用效率和创建清洁能源结构核心是技术创新制度创新和发展观的改变发展低碳经济是一场涉及生产模式生活方式价值观念和国家权益的全球性革命在即将于20日落幕的全国节能宣传周中低碳经济成了一个热门词汇低碳意味着环保彰显出我们应对气候变化的努力方向但它并不仅仅意味着减少使用化石燃料从国际经验来看低碳经济是一项系统工程低碳也可以促进经济英国是全球低碳经济的积极倡导者和先行者在2003年的能源白皮书中英国首次以政府文件形式提出要创建低碳经济领先其他各国英国将发展低碳经济置于国家战略高度不仅是为了推动环保应对气候变化还希望通过发展应用和输出低碳技术来创造新的商机和就业机会在未来可能的低碳大产业中占据先机以英国能源和气候变化部17日刚刚公布的清洁煤炭计划草案为例评估认为这一计划将在工程制造等领域提供3万到6万个就业岗位到2030年它对英国经济的贡献值将达到每年40亿英镑其他发达国家在发展低碳经济上也不甘落后美国奥巴马政府将把发展绿色能源作为重要的经济刺激手段计划在10年内创造500万个新能源节能和清洁生产就业岗位日本的绿色经济与社会变革政策草案被认为可使日本环境领域的市场规模在2020年增长到120万亿日元1美元约合96日元具体来说低碳目标最有可能在三个方面促进经济发展首先是加速太阳能风能等新能源产业的发展这是减少使用化石燃料从而减排二氧化碳等温室气体的治本之策目前世界新能源产业已具备相当规模并正得到各国持续追加的投资其次是对传统产业的低碳化升级改造前述英国清洁煤炭计划便是针对煤电厂的技术改造计划要求煤电厂具有捕捉并储存二氧化碳的能力汽车产业中兴起的电动汽车生物能源汽车也是传统产业向低碳化发展的范例最后全球碳交易市场本身也是一种新兴的经济活动根据联合国清洁发展机制等规定没有减排指标的发展中国家或减排工作做得较好的机构可以将碳排放配额拿到市场上交易碳交易已经有效帮助了许多发展中国家的经济发展英国前首相布朗曾表示英国将力争用低碳经济模式帮助经济复苏在当前全球经济衰退的大背景下低碳经济将是科学而可持续发展的良好方向我们也参与了上面提到的日本和英国的合作研究并进行了相应的针对中国低碳社会的研究这里的研究目标是在英国和日本等发达国家实现低碳社会理想的情况下发展中国家和发达国家共享技术和对策那么中国有可能迎接低碳未来这些技术或者政策有可能会晚些进入发展中国家但只是时间的问题明年有关部门将对完成十一五节能目标有困难的地区加强督导确保节能减排设施的有效运行同时在全国范围内继续深入开展节能减排全民行动此外我国还将完善有关政策法规和标准促进节能减排积极推进十大重点节能工程全面实施节能产品惠民工程在做好财政补贴推广高效节能空调的基础上制定冰箱洗衣机平板电视燃气热水器电机等节能产品的财政补贴推广实施细则
Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportantbutitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperiencebutthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbeganforexampleinthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclaborforthemostpartbecauseofenslavementtoothersetc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnotedandonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventodayinourindustriallifeapartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrifttheintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld’sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoungthefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfactgainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdispositionitisnotseeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguishwithinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringamoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroupswefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup.
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 41
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 1
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 5
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 9
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare. InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930—1960.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces. Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty. Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandmedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.Highchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandmedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetsofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare. Canadianhealth-caresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.inthat
Thebiggestdemonstrationinagenerationisbeingassembledbymobilizingthepowerofthewebwhichallowsanti-wargroupstorallymultitudesattheclickofamouse.Cornishspeakersforpeacecanshareideasbye-mailwithRhodesScholarsAgainsttheWarwhiletakingintoaccountthesensitivitiesoftheYoungMuslimSisters.Footsoreban-the-bombveteranssuchasTonyMyersoftheCampaignforNuclearDisarmamentbusilypreparingyesterdayforthemassprotestcanonlymarvelatthepowerofthenet. "It’smadeamassivedifference"hesaid."Backinthe1980swhenweweretryingtoorganizehugedemositwasallaboutgoingtomeetingsandsendingmailtoregionalpeople.Iwasavolunteerbeforethe1983demonstrationwhichattracted400000marchers.Theofficewasjustawashwithpeopleprintingthingsonoldduplicators.Peopletodayfeelmoreliketheyarepartofabigmovement.Inthe1980swewouldreadaboutdemosallovertheworldafewdayslaterinthenewspapers.Nowyouknowallthedetailsinadvanceifyouareonthee-maillist.TheStoptheWarCoalitionneedsonlyahandfulofheadquartersstaffbecausethewebsiteisavirtualcampaigngroupinitselfcompletewithbriefingsnewsaddressesandartwork. Children’ssuperiormasteryoftheinternetisreflectedintheproliferationofyouthgroupsopposingwar.TheWoodcraftFolkasortofpacifistversionoftheScoutsannouncethattheywillbebringinganorangeparachuteonthemarch.TheEngels-MarxCommunistPartyslogan"ResistandRevolt"isagroupofpupilsataLeicestercomprehensiveschoolopposingthewar.TheentirecountryiscoveredfromtheAberdeenStudentsAgainstWarSocietytoTorbayStoptheWargroup. Anti-warcampaignersputleafletsmapspostersandpetitionsontheirwebsitesforsupporterstoprintstickintheirwindoworhandoutatthemarch.StoptheWarCoalitionincludesadirect-debitformwhichsupporterscandownloadandsendtotheirbankmanagertomakedonations. Messageboardsarefilledwithanti-warprotestersarguingtheircase.TheissueisbeingexploitedbytheBritishNationalPartywhichhaspostedaself-servingpressreleaseproclaimingsupportforthemarchbecauseoftheirconcernsover"thepoweroftheIsraelilobby".Anti-warindividualshavebeene-mailingfriendswithsongsforthemarchonetothetuneofIfYou’reHappyandYouKnowIt.Theinternetwascreatedinthe1960spartlybytheAdvancedResearchProjectAgencyoftheUSDepartmentofDefense.Itiswidelysaidtohavebeencreatedinordertosendmilitarymessagesafteranatomicwar. Theexampleinthefirstparagraphisusedtoshowthedemonstrators
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 7
TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit. UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized. 50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. 47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.
Thebiggestdemonstrationinagenerationisbeingassembledbymobilizingthepowerofthewebwhichallowsanti-wargroupstorallymultitudesattheclickofamouse.Cornishspeakersforpeacecanshareideasbye-mailwithRhodesScholarsAgainsttheWarwhiletakingintoaccountthesensitivitiesoftheYoungMuslimSisters.Footsoreban-the-bombveteranssuchasTonyMyersoftheCampaignforNuclearDisarmamentbusilypreparingyesterdayforthemassprotestcanonlymarvelatthepowerofthenet. "It’smadeamassivedifference"hesaid."Backinthe1980swhenweweretryingtoorganizehugedemositwasallaboutgoingtomeetingsandsendingmailtoregionalpeople.Iwasavolunteerbeforethe1983demonstrationwhichattracted400000marchers.Theofficewasjustawashwithpeopleprintingthingsonoldduplicators.Peopletodayfeelmoreliketheyarepartofabigmovement.Inthe1980swewouldreadaboutdemosallovertheworldafewdayslaterinthenewspapers.Nowyouknowallthedetailsinadvanceifyouareonthee-maillist.TheStoptheWarCoalitionneedsonlyahandfulofheadquartersstaffbecausethewebsiteisavirtualcampaigngroupinitselfcompletewithbriefingsnewsaddressesandartwork. Children’ssuperiormasteryoftheinternetisreflectedintheproliferationofyouthgroupsopposingwar.TheWoodcraftFolkasortofpacifistversionoftheScoutsannouncethattheywillbebringinganorangeparachuteonthemarch.TheEngels-MarxCommunistPartyslogan"ResistandRevolt"isagroupofpupilsataLeicestercomprehensiveschoolopposingthewar.TheentirecountryiscoveredfromtheAberdeenStudentsAgainstWarSocietytoTorbayStoptheWargroup. Anti-warcampaignersputleafletsmapspostersandpetitionsontheirwebsitesforsupporterstoprintstickintheirwindoworhandoutatthemarch.StoptheWarCoalitionincludesadirect-debitformwhichsupporterscandownloadandsendtotheirbankmanagertomakedonations. Messageboardsarefilledwithanti-warprotestersarguingtheircase.TheissueisbeingexploitedbytheBritishNationalPartywhichhaspostedaself-servingpressreleaseproclaimingsupportforthemarchbecauseoftheirconcernsover"thepoweroftheIsraelilobby".Anti-warindividualshavebeene-mailingfriendswithsongsforthemarchonetothetuneofIfYou’reHappyandYouKnowIt.Theinternetwascreatedinthe1960spartlybytheAdvancedResearchProjectAgencyoftheUSDepartmentofDefense.Itiswidelysaidtohavebeencreatedinordertosendmilitarymessagesafteranatomicwar. Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Thetechnologicalfairisintendedbyitsorganizerstobe
Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportantbutitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperiencebutthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbeganforexampleinthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclaborforthemostpartbecauseofenslavementtoothersetc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnotedandonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventodayinourindustriallifeapartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrifttheintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld’sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoungthefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfactgainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdispositionitisnotseeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguishwithinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringamoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroupswefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup.
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 17
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Inthewriteropinionthevirtualexpositioninthenewerais
Directions:ForsomereasonyouneedtoborrowabookfromyourclassmateKate.WritealettertohertodescribethebookTheCompositionofAmericanHigherEducationInvestmentyouwanttoborrowspecifybywhenthebookwillbereturnedandexpressyourgratitude. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. TheorganizersthinksthattheeffectonNetuseoftheg006world’sfairis
[A]Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge. [B]WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon. [C]Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries. [D]Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries. [E]Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur. [F]Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace. [G]WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus. 45
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 1
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 15
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare. InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930—1960.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces. Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty. Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandmedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.Highchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandmedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetsofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare. TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat
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