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武学是中国古代最早的职业军事学校产生于北宋仁宗时期其目的是将培养军事指挥人才纳入国家教育体制是中国军
简述古代学校教育的特征
摩尼教最初产生于哪里
古代波斯
古代印度
古代希腊
罗马
古代学校教育的特征具有
我国古代学校产生于
夏朝
商朝
周朝
秦朝
汉谟拉比法典产生于
古代中国
古巴比伦
古代埃及
古代印度
为什么说我国古代报纸产生于唐代
汉谟拉比法典产生于
古代中国
古巴比伦
古代埃及
古代印度
人类古代的掠夺婚产生于时期
试论述科举制度对中国古代学校教育产生的深刻影响
物流活动产生于20世纪初期古代
我国最早的学校产生于
制度化教育出现的教育标志是
人类教育的产生
古代学校的出现
近代学校体系的形成
终身教育的实现
中国古代商业的萌芽产生于朝
fó jiāo 产生于古代印度但13世纪后在印度本土基本消失
人类古代的掠夺婚产生于哪个时期
是产生于中国的zōng jiāo 渊源于古代的巫术秦汉室的神仙方术
制度化教育出现的标志是
人类教育的产生
古代学校的出现
近代学校系统的形成
终身教育的实现
古代学校产生的条件有哪些
汉谟拉比法典产生于
古代中国
古巴比伦
古代埃及
古代印度
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Directions: AStudythegraphsbelowCarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. BYouressaymustcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow: 1interpretthepicture; 2explaintherolesofthemigrantworkers; 3yourcomments. ThePercentageofMigrantWorkersinaChineseCity
Text2 WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodand LarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthink he’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsin havingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed’untilthebubble burstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthe celebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethata firmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmeta nastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenas badforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollins arguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswho adornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtful monkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatistical answermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMeto bepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyof Managementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffect narcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjee andDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismin theupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheybadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissism havehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingfor whichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sothe authorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicators obtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceof theboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypress releases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthe firstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cash compensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaid executive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositions ofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessional advancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemore narcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrs ChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomake biggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchand developmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbigger mergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebig winsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumbler peers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.Although oddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhave revealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethe studylimiteditsefftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhe tookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissistic bossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjoke yet.ApracticalproblemwiththeIt’sallaboutmestudyisthat
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Thehistoryofthecomputerinthe twentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhad modestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirst electroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseof undergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematical computationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternet ARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10 yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedo businessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingto embracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.Computerizationhas changedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthat considerbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaid forteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrieval facilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbythe introductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseof computersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondary scienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.Howeversincethenhigh schoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout 1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer. Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschools forexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverhead projectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.By thesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractand retainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcan attractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditional methodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.This isaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethigh schoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworked libraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywayto accesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughthe globalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthe scannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisa majorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindinguseful informationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersand students.Thewordfacilitatedline3paragraph2isclosestinmeaningto
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChineseYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthe wayinwhichinformationisdistributedbyalteringpoliticalcampaignsand changingcitizens’patternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizen’s independentaccesstothecandidatestelevisiondismissedtheroleofthe politicalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycantering politicsonthepersonofcandidatestelevisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocus oncharacterratherthanissues.Televisionhasalteredthe formsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.47Themessagesonwhichmostof usrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewerethestumpspeechapoliticalspeech givenbytravellingpoliticiansandlasting1.5to2hourswhichcharacterized nineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscoursehasgivenwaytothe30second advertisementandthen10secondsoundbiteinbroadcastnews. Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthe politicianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeaclipofthe speechonthenews.Intheseabbreviatedformsmuchofwhat consistedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost. 48In15or30secondsaspeakercan’testablishthehistoricalcontext thatshapedtheissueinquestioncannotdetailtheprobablecausesofthe problemandcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneis preferabletoothers.Inclipspoliticiansassertbutdonot argue.Becausetelevisionisanintimatemediumspeaking throughitrequiredachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversational personalandvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceon televisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorable picturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachusnotanalyzewordsand print.49Howeverinaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills. Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spicturespoliticianscraft televisualandstagedeventscalledpseudo-eventsdesignedtoattractmedia coverage.50Politicianstheirspeechwritersandtheirpublicrelations advisersfortelevisedconsumptionhavecraftedmuchofthepoliticalactivity weseeontelevisionnews.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsin debatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Text4 LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLaw Journaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruck co-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.The advicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedto resignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—after hisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeen conductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlyto himInevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffair rolledout.Theotherpartywasre2portedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarried andhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.Thecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgot togetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.After thatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr. Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthe firm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsit seemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMr Stonecipher’sdownfallLewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthat MrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengagein conductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonesty impartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany. Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompany rules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthat thecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeen madepublic.Gonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofits businessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkof WailStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporate jet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthe messagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibleto anyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstall softwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas sexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmerican ManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincoming andoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees. Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthan electronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitiveto embarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly 15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschief financialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvingan illegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStoneciphera crustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethe company’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedly puritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verbally explicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseems thoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthat one-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthat over40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwitha colleagueandthatinhaftofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthe time.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeing apparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebefore theymarried.Thewordwhistleblowerline1paragraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChineseYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthe wayinwhichinformationisdistributedbyalteringpoliticalcampaignsand changingcitizens’patternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizen’s independentaccesstothecandidatestelevisiondismissedtheroleofthe politicalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycantering politicsonthepersonofcandidatestelevisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocus oncharacterratherthanissues.Televisionhasalteredthe formsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.47Themessagesonwhichmostof usrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewerethestumpspeechapoliticalspeech givenbytravellingpoliticiansandlasting1.5to2hourswhichcharacterized nineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscoursehasgivenwaytothe30second advertisementandthen10secondsoundbiteinbroadcastnews. Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthe politicianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeaclipofthe speechonthenews.Intheseabbreviatedformsmuchofwhat consistedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost. 48In15or30secondsaspeakercan’testablishthehistoricalcontext thatshapedtheissueinquestioncannotdetailtheprobablecausesofthe problemandcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneis preferabletoothers.Inclipspoliticiansassertbutdonot argue.Becausetelevisionisanintimatemediumspeaking throughitrequiredachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversational personalandvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceon televisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorable picturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachusnotanalyzewordsand print.49Howeverinaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills. Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spicturespoliticianscraft televisualandstagedeventscalledpseudo-eventsdesignedtoattractmedia coverage.50Politicianstheirspeechwritersandtheirpublicrelations advisersfortelevisedconsumptionhavecraftedmuchofthepoliticalactivity weseeontelevisionnews.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsin debatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.
休克时微循环淤血期组织缺氧的主要原因是
Text3 ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunk thatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsome scientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanew studysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgene lossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingapretty goodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhitehead InstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.That agreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgeneloss wouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnotein Thursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPage calledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedto extinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassince erodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomes havetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofits originalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27 genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Page reportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofits genesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreed withhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewhere genescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehuman andchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolving separatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthe comparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesorthe otherduringthattime.Theyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimp chromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalled surprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourown specieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.Thatcontradictsthe ideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’ll disappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss ...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA. MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraagene researcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’s workbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYis doomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosome disappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutit couldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalready disappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’t happentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosome wouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshe said.Jenniferseemstobelievethat
Text3 ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunk thatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsome scientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanew studysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgene lossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingapretty goodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhitehead InstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.That agreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgeneloss wouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnotein Thursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPage calledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedto extinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassince erodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomes havetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofits originalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27 genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Page reportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofits genesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreed withhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewhere genescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehuman andchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolving separatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthe comparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesorthe otherduringthattime.Theyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimp chromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalled surprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourown specieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.Thatcontradictsthe ideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’ll disappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss ...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA. MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraagene researcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’s workbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYis doomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosome disappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutit couldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalready disappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’t happentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosome wouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshe said.Pageseemstobelievethat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
肾活检显示肾小球只有少数毛细血管开放而大多数肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀和中性粒细胞浸润此时最可能的诊断是
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChineseYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthe wayinwhichinformationisdistributedbyalteringpoliticalcampaignsand changingcitizens’patternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizen’s independentaccesstothecandidatestelevisiondismissedtheroleofthe politicalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycantering politicsonthepersonofcandidatestelevisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocus oncharacterratherthanissues.Televisionhasalteredthe formsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.47Themessagesonwhichmostof usrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewerethestumpspeechapoliticalspeech givenbytravellingpoliticiansandlasting1.5to2hourswhichcharacterized nineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscoursehasgivenwaytothe30second advertisementandthen10secondsoundbiteinbroadcastnews. Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthe politicianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeaclipofthe speechonthenews.Intheseabbreviatedformsmuchofwhat consistedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost. 48In15or30secondsaspeakercan’testablishthehistoricalcontext thatshapedtheissueinquestioncannotdetailtheprobablecausesofthe problemandcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneis preferabletoothers.Inclipspoliticiansassertbutdonot argue.Becausetelevisionisanintimatemediumspeaking throughitrequiredachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversational personalandvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceon televisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorable picturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachusnotanalyzewordsand print.49Howeverinaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisual informedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills. Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spicturespoliticianscraft televisualandstagedeventscalledpseudo-eventsdesignedtoattractmedia coverage.50Politicianstheirspeechwritersandtheirpublicrelations advisersfortelevisedconsumptionhavecraftedmuchofthepoliticalactivity weseeontelevisionnews.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsin debatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements.
Text2 WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodand LarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthink he’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsin havingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed’untilthebubble burstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthe celebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethata firmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmeta nastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenas badforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollins arguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswho adornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtful monkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatistical answermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMeto bepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyof Managementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffect narcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjee andDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismin theupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheybadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissism havehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingfor whichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sothe authorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicators obtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceof theboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypress releases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthe firstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cash compensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaid executive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositions ofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessional advancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemore narcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrs ChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomake biggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchand developmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbigger mergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebig winsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumbler peers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.Although oddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhave revealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethe studylimiteditsefftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhe tookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissistic bossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjoke yet.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
Text2 WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodand LarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthink he’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsin havingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed’untilthebubble burstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthe celebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethata firmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmeta nastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenas badforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollins arguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswho adornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtful monkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatistical answermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMeto bepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyof Managementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffect narcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjee andDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismin theupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheybadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissism havehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingfor whichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sothe authorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicators obtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceof theboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypress releases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthe firstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cash compensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaid executive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositions ofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessional advancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemore narcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrs ChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomake biggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchand developmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbigger mergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebig winsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumbler peers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.Although oddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhave revealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethe studylimiteditsefftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhe tookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissistic bossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjoke yet.Theoldsoftwareindustryjokeisusedinthetextto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext aboutthefunctionsofadvertisment.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe listA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph4145.Thereisoneextrabeadingwhich youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife[B]Advertisementshelptosave money[C]Criticismsonadvertisers[D]Usefulnessofsmall advertisements[E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[F]Informing: thechieffunctionofadvertising41______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realways cominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhavea flairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround. It’siniquitoustheysaythatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryffwe cancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoesto showhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystop advertisingandreducethepriceOftheirgoodsAfterailit’stheconsumer whopay...42______Thepooroldconsumer!He’d havetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsfor products.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoods aresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeof advertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.A greatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfrom theadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsor remindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwanted tobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetails regardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43______Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverread advertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossible nottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Just thinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithout advertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylaws whilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumns ofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessucha differencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationof calamities.44______Wemustnotforgeteither thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissource ofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoyso manybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Just thinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45______Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthesmall ads.whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendously usefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbe accomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyor sellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe hatchmatchanddispatchcolumns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionis thepersonaloragonycolumn.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuch entertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthe bestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Text4 LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLaw Journaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruck co-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.The advicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedto resignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—after hisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeen conductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlyto himInevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffair rolledout.Theotherpartywasre2portedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarried andhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.Thecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgot togetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.After thatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr. Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthe firm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsit seemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMr Stonecipher’sdownfallLewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthat MrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengagein conductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonesty impartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany. Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompany rules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthat thecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeen madepublic.Gonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofits businessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkof WailStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporate jet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthe messagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibleto anyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstall softwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas sexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmerican ManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincoming andoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees. Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthan electronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitiveto embarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly 15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschief financialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvingan illegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStoneciphera crustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethe company’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedly puritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verbally explicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseems thoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthat one-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthat over40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwitha colleagueandthatinhaftofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthe time.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeing apparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebefore theymarried.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Thehistoryofthecomputerinthe twentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhad modestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirst electroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseof undergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematical computationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternet ARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10 yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedo businessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingto embracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.Computerizationhas changedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthat considerbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaid forteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrieval facilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbythe introductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseof computersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondary scienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.Howeversincethenhigh schoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout 1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer. Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschools forexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverhead projectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.By thesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractand retainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcan attractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditional methodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.This isaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethigh schoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworked libraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywayto accesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughthe globalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthe scannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisa majorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindinguseful informationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersand students.AccordingtothepassagethemajoradvantageoftheInternetis
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext aboutthefunctionsofadvertisment.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe listA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph4145.Thereisoneextrabeadingwhich youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife[B]Advertisementshelptosave money[C]Criticismsonadvertisers[D]Usefulnessofsmall advertisements[E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[F]Informing: thechieffunctionofadvertising41______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realways cominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhavea flairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround. It’siniquitoustheysaythatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryffwe cancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoesto showhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystop advertisingandreducethepriceOftheirgoodsAfterailit’stheconsumer whopay...42______Thepooroldconsumer!He’d havetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsfor products.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoods aresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeof advertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.A greatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfrom theadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsor remindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwanted tobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetails regardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43______Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverread advertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossible nottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Just thinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithout advertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylaws whilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumns ofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessucha differencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationof calamities.44______Wemustnotforgeteither thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissource ofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoyso manybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Just thinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45______Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthesmall ads.whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendously usefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbe accomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyor sellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe hatchmatchanddispatchcolumns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionis thepersonaloragonycolumn.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuch entertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthe bestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!
为什么下利气者当利其小便
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
原发性肺结核病的肺内原发病灶常位于
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Untilthelate1940swhentelevision beganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintand radiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision 1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951 advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain 2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicate instantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3onthe WorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions 4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996 WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5$300 million.Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6 transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sites blendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringthe advertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandto createand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformation frequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10 .Aprototypeforexcellent11 promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-six pastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival 12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13 subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknow anadvertisingmessagehasbeen14.SegaofAmericamaker ofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15 ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgame characterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto 17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.To heighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape 18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19 inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchange foransweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotion createdproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowits customersbetter.
Text4 LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLaw Journaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruck co-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.The advicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedto resignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—after hisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeen conductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlyto himInevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffair rolledout.Theotherpartywasre2portedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarried andhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.Thecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgot togetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.After thatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr. Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthe firm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsit seemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMr Stonecipher’sdownfallLewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthat MrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengagein conductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonesty impartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany. Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompany rules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthat thecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeen madepublic.Gonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofits businessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkof WailStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporate jet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthe messagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibleto anyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstall softwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas sexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmerican ManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincoming andoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees. Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthan electronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitiveto embarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly 15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschief financialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvingan illegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStoneciphera crustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethe company’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedly puritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verbally explicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseems thoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthat one-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthat over40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwitha colleagueandthatinhaftofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthe time.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeing apparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebefore theymarried.Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
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