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Text 3 Science is the never-ending struggle to find truth. You may dismiss this statement as th...
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Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ThegreatAmericanmeltingpot熔炉isbeautifullysimpleintheory:colorscreedsandculturesstirredtogetherinthelandofthefree.Butthedallydetailsaremoredifficult.41______Thereare43.6millionchildrenattendingpublicschoolsinAmericaand2.6millionofthemdon’tspeakEnglishanincreaseof76%inthepastdecade.42______.CitingthecloseQuebecsecessionvoteinCanadaasawarningsignalU.S.HouseSpeakerNewtGingrichsaidlastweek"WeshouldinsistonEnglishasacommonlanguage.That’swhatbindsustogether."SenatemajorityleaderandRepublicanpresidentialcandidateRobertDolerecentlymadeitanelementofhiscampaigndeclaring"Wemuststopthepracticeofmultilingualeducationasameansofinstilling渗透ethnicprideorasatherapyforlowself-esteems."DolelastweekendorsedlegislationtomakeEnglishthe"officiallanguage"oftheU.S.43______ 44_______Butmanycriticsofpolyglot多语言的AmericaaremoredirectthanDole:twopendingproposalswouldvirtuallydismantletheFederalGovernment’s27-yearsupportforbilingualschoolingcongressionalbudgetcutsunderconsiderationwouldslashpresentfunding’asmuchastwo-thirds.Behindthesemovesliesabacklashagainstimmigrationandaffirmativeactionprogramstohelpminoritiesaswellasanimpatiencewiththefailuresandideologicalstricturesofsomebilingualprograms. 45______NewYorkCityclassesforexamplearenowtaughtinSpanishChineseHaitianCreoleRussianKoreanArabicVietnamesePolishBengaliandFrench.InGaliforniathedemographic人口统计学的changehasbeenthemostbreathtaking.Thirtyyearsagothestate’sschoolsweremorethanthree-quartersfilledwithwhitenon-Latinochildren.Todaythatproportionhasdroppedto44%.AquarterofCalifornia’s5millionpublicschoolstudents"donotspeakEnglishwellenoughtounderstandwhatisgoingoninaclassroom"accordingtoa1993reportofastatewatchdogagency.TheagencychargedthatCalifornia’sbilingualbureaucracyhad"calcifiedintoaselfservingmachine....anideologicallybasedprogrammoreconcernedwiththeintrinsicvaluesofbilingualismandbiculturalismthanwithteachingEnglish." A.WhetherthesestudentsshouldbetaughtintheirparentallanguageintheEnglishoftheirnewhomeorinbilingualclasseshassuddenlybecomeanationalissue. B.Bilingualeducationreferstousingtwolanguagesinsomeproportioninordertofacilitatelearningbystudentswhohaveanativeproficiencyinonelanguageandareacquiringproficiencyintheother. C.ForastartinexplainingthisconcepttoachildgrowingupintheU.S.racialmixwhatlanguageshouldbeused D.A"timelyfashion"isadifficultexpressionforsomeonewrestlingwithEnglish. E.Hesayshewouldnotseektobanthecountry’smanybilingualeducationprogramsprovidedthey"ensurepeoplelearnEnglishinatimelyfashion." F.Apolyglotisapersonhavingaspeakingreadingorwritingknowledgeofseverallanguages. G.Thebiggesttestofthelanguagemeltingpotisinthefivestateswherethree-quartersoftheyoungnewcomerslive:CaliforniaNewYorkFloridaTexasandIllinois. 42
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandrespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivebetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. WhileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoaWOman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess. Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Increasinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses. WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobsbutanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistrueeveninpolitics."Whentheoneclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem. Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotherisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercars.orlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentrationBACof0.Ipercentorhigher.Fortheaverageadultoverfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinkingbutfewerthan4percentofalldriversdemonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACsof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashedtheprobabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinkingplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofthecountry’spopulationithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemostanyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepunishedbythisapproach. Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.InsomestatesthelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommittinganytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimateshoweverthatevenwithincreasedarreststhereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.InBritainmotorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnotbestoppedtheeffectivenessdeclinedalthoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct. WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessivetaxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldetertheexcessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.Onethingisclearhoweverunlesswedealwithautomobileandhighwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinkingplaysarolemanywillcontinuetodie. TheauthorimpliesthataBACof0.1percent
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. Itseemsthatmentalactivitiesarecharacteristicof
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabour.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilieswhilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeopleandtherewasnotmuchopportunityformenorwomentoexchangetheirroles.Butbythemiddleofthiscenturymen’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed. Inthe1950seconomicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcaremenbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infactsomeyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.InadditionmanyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam. Intermsofnumbersthecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon"over-time"worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctorslawyersandteachersturned.awayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighbourhoods. Inthe1970sthefeministmovementorwomen’sliberationproducedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobssuchaspublicschoolteachingnursingandsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policeworkbankingdentistryandconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalworkandequalopportunitiesforpromotion. WhichsentenceisthemainideaofParagraph2
Text4 ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotherisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercars.orlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentrationBACof0.Ipercentorhigher.Fortheaverageadultoverfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinkingbutfewerthan4percentofalldriversdemonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACsof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashedtheprobabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinkingplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofthecountry’spopulationithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemostanyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepunishedbythisapproach. Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.InsomestatesthelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommittinganytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimateshoweverthatevenwithincreasedarreststhereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.InBritainmotorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnotbestoppedtheeffectivenessdeclinedalthoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct. WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessivetaxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldetertheexcessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.Onethingisclearhoweverunlesswedealwithautomobileandhighwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinkingplaysarolemanywillcontinuetodie. TheauthorcitestheBritishexampleinorderto
Text2 Theideaofpublicworksprojectsasadevicetopreventorcontroldepressionwasdesignedasameansofcreatingjobopportunitiesforunemployedworkersandasa"pumppriming"devicetoaidbusinesstorevive.ItwasconceivedduringtheearlyyearsoftheNewDealEra1933--1937.By1933thenumberofunemployedworkershadreachedabout13million.Thismeantthatabout50millionpeople--aboutone-thirdofthenation--werewithoutmeansofsupport.AtfirstdirectreliefintheformofcashOrfoodwasprovidedthesepeople.Thismadethemrecipientsofgovernmentcharity.Inordertoremovethisstigmaandrestoretotheunemployedsomemeasureofrespectabilityandhumandignityaplanwasdevisedtocreategovernmentallysponsoredworkprojectsthatprivateindustrywouldnotorcouldnotprovide.Thiswouldalsostimulateproductionandrevivebusinessactivity. Thebestwaytoexplainhowthisprocedureisexpectedtoworkistoexplainhowitactuallyworkedwhenitwasfirsttried.ThefirstexperimentwithitwasthecreationoftheWorksProjectAdministrationWPA.Thisagencysetupworkprojectsinvariousfieldsinwhichthereweremanyunemployed.Forexampleunemployedactorswereorganizedintotheaterprojectsorchestraswereorganizedforunemployedmusiciansteachingprojectsforunemployedteachersandevenwriters’projectsforunemployedwriters.Unemployedlaborerswereputtoworkbuildingormaintainingroadsparksplaygroundsorpublicbuildings.Thesewerealltemporaryworkreliefprojects--ratherthanpermanentworkopportunities. MoresubstantialworkprojectsofapermanentnaturewereorganizedbyanotheragencythePublicWorksAdministrationPWA.Thisagencyundertooktheplanningofconstructionofschoolshousespostofficesdamsandotherpublicstructures.Itenteredintocontractswithprivateconstructionfirmstoerectthemoritloanedmoneytolocalorstategovernmentswhichundertooktheirconstructions.Thiscreatedmanyjobsinthefactoriesproducingthematerialaswellasintheprojectsthemselvesandgreatlyreducedthenumberofunemployed. StillanotheragencywhichprovidedworkprojectsfortheunemployedwastheCivilianConservationCorpsCCC.Thisagencyprovidedjobopportunitiesforyouthsaged16to20toworkinnationalparksorforestsclearinglandguardingagainstfiresbuildingroadsordoingotherconservationwork.Intheeventofafuturedepressionthefederategovernmentmightreviveanyoralloftheabovemethodstorelieveunemploymentandstimulatebusiness. Byusingtheexpressionpumpprimingasadescriptionofpublicworksprojectstheauthorimpliesthatit
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. Bycallingtheseearlycomputershigh-speedidiotspeoplewerereallyimplyingthatcomputers
WhenIwasapsychiatricresidentwehadafacultymemberwhowasfamousforhismessyoffice:stacksofpapersandoldjournalscoveredeverychairandtableaswellasmuchofthefloor.Eventuallythefacultymemberhadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients. Notsurprisinglythepsychiatricdiagnosticmanualdoesriotlist"messyroom"intheindex.Butitdoesmentionatantalizingsymptom:inability"todiscardworn-outorworthlessobjectsevenwhentheyhavenosentimentalvalue."Itcomesunderthediagnosisobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderanobscurecousinofthemorefamousobsessive-compulsivedisorder强迫性神经官能症 Iwasbarelyawareofthediagnosis.Everyerahasmentaldisordersthatforculturalorscientificreasonsbecomepopular.InFreud’sdayitwashysteria.Currentlydepressionhasmovedtocenterstage.Butotherailmentsgorelativelyignoredandthisdisorderwasone. 46Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptoms:anxietyaboutspendingmoneyexcessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivitiesrigidityaboutfollowingrulesperfectionismindoingtasks--attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem. 47Inmoderationthesymptomsseemedtofitrightinwithourworkaholicculture--perhapsexplainingthelowprofileofthediagnosis.Relentlessworkorientationandperfectionismmayevenbeassetsinrule-and-detail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw. Butwhenthesymptomsaretoointenseorpervasivetheybecomecrippling.Beneaththeseeminglyadaptivebehaviorslies’acentraldisability.Peoplewiththisdiagnosishaveenormousdifficultyinmakingdecisions.48Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceorataskevenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.Inobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderthisfeelingoccursonlyafterendlessdeliberationandrevisionifatall. 49Theneedtocomeupwiththe"correct"answerthebestpurchaseortheperfectproposalleadstoexcessruminationovereachdecision.Itcanevenleadtocompleteparalysis.Forsuchpeoplerulesofallkindsareagodsendtheyrepresentpre-madedecisions.Open-endedassignmentslikewritingpapersarenightmares. Forsuchapatientorforapsychiatristunderstandingaclusterofdiagnosticsymptomscanbe%revelation.Thepictureleapsoutfromthepreviouslydisorganizedbackground.50Butundoubtedlyattimeswecanbecometooreductionisticseeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom. Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceorataskevenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.
ThegreatAmericanmeltingpot熔炉isbeautifullysimpleintheory:colorscreedsandculturesstirredtogetherinthelandofthefree.Butthedallydetailsaremoredifficult.41______Thereare43.6millionchildrenattendingpublicschoolsinAmericaand2.6millionofthemdon’tspeakEnglishanincreaseof76%inthepastdecade.42______.CitingthecloseQuebecsecessionvoteinCanadaasawarningsignalU.S.HouseSpeakerNewtGingrichsaidlastweek"WeshouldinsistonEnglishasacommonlanguage.That’swhatbindsustogether."SenatemajorityleaderandRepublicanpresidentialcandidateRobertDolerecentlymadeitanelementofhiscampaigndeclaring"Wemuststopthepracticeofmultilingualeducationasameansofinstilling渗透ethnicprideorasatherapyforlowself-esteems."DolelastweekendorsedlegislationtomakeEnglishthe"officiallanguage"oftheU.S.43______ 44_______Butmanycriticsofpolyglot多语言的AmericaaremoredirectthanDole:twopendingproposalswouldvirtuallydismantletheFederalGovernment’s27-yearsupportforbilingualschoolingcongressionalbudgetcutsunderconsiderationwouldslashpresentfunding’asmuchastwo-thirds.Behindthesemovesliesabacklashagainstimmigrationandaffirmativeactionprogramstohelpminoritiesaswellasanimpatiencewiththefailuresandideologicalstricturesofsomebilingualprograms. 45______NewYorkCityclassesforexamplearenowtaughtinSpanishChineseHaitianCreoleRussianKoreanArabicVietnamesePolishBengaliandFrench.InGaliforniathedemographic人口统计学的changehasbeenthemostbreathtaking.Thirtyyearsagothestate’sschoolsweremorethanthree-quartersfilledwithwhitenon-Latinochildren.Todaythatproportionhasdroppedto44%.AquarterofCalifornia’s5millionpublicschoolstudents"donotspeakEnglishwellenoughtounderstandwhatisgoingoninaclassroom"accordingtoa1993reportofastatewatchdogagency.TheagencychargedthatCalifornia’sbilingualbureaucracyhad"calcifiedintoaselfservingmachine....anideologicallybasedprogrammoreconcernedwiththeintrinsicvaluesofbilingualismandbiculturalismthanwithteachingEnglish." A.WhetherthesestudentsshouldbetaughtintheirparentallanguageintheEnglishoftheirnewhomeorinbilingualclasseshassuddenlybecomeanationalissue. B.Bilingualeducationreferstousingtwolanguagesinsomeproportioninordertofacilitatelearningbystudentswhohaveanativeproficiencyinonelanguageandareacquiringproficiencyintheother. C.ForastartinexplainingthisconcepttoachildgrowingupintheU.S.racialmixwhatlanguageshouldbeused D.A"timelyfashion"isadifficultexpressionforsomeonewrestlingwithEnglish. E.Hesayshewouldnotseektobanthecountry’smanybilingualeducationprogramsprovidedthey"ensurepeoplelearnEnglishinatimelyfashion." F.Apolyglotisapersonhavingaspeakingreadingorwritingknowledgeofseverallanguages. G.Thebiggesttestofthelanguagemeltingpotisinthefivestateswherethree-quartersoftheyoungnewcomerslive:CaliforniaNewYorkFloridaTexasandIllinois. 44
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Whoistheintervieweeinaclinicalinterview
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
WhenIwasapsychiatricresidentwehadafacultymemberwhowasfamousforhismessyoffice:stacksofpapersandoldjournalscoveredeverychairandtableaswellasmuchofthefloor.Eventuallythefacultymemberhadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients. Notsurprisinglythepsychiatricdiagnosticmanualdoesriotlist"messyroom"intheindex.Butitdoesmentionatantalizingsymptom:inability"todiscardworn-outorworthlessobjectsevenwhentheyhavenosentimentalvalue."Itcomesunderthediagnosisobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderanobscurecousinofthemorefamousobsessive-compulsivedisorder强迫性神经官能症 Iwasbarelyawareofthediagnosis.Everyerahasmentaldisordersthatforculturalorscientificreasonsbecomepopular.InFreud’sdayitwashysteria.Currentlydepressionhasmovedtocenterstage.Butotherailmentsgorelativelyignoredandthisdisorderwasone. 46Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptoms:anxietyaboutspendingmoneyexcessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivitiesrigidityaboutfollowingrulesperfectionismindoingtasks--attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem. 47Inmoderationthesymptomsseemedtofitrightinwithourworkaholicculture--perhapsexplainingthelowprofileofthediagnosis.Relentlessworkorientationandperfectionismmayevenbeassetsinrule-and-detail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw. Butwhenthesymptomsaretoointenseorpervasivetheybecomecrippling.Beneaththeseeminglyadaptivebehaviorslies’acentraldisability.Peoplewiththisdiagnosishaveenormousdifficultyinmakingdecisions.48Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceorataskevenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.Inobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderthisfeelingoccursonlyafterendlessdeliberationandrevisionifatall. 49Theneedtocomeupwiththe"correct"answerthebestpurchaseortheperfectproposalleadstoexcessruminationovereachdecision.Itcanevenleadtocompleteparalysis.Forsuchpeoplerulesofallkindsareagodsendtheyrepresentpre-madedecisions.Open-endedassignmentslikewritingpapersarenightmares. Forsuchapatientorforapsychiatristunderstandingaclusterofdiagnosticsymptomscanbe%revelation.Thepictureleapsoutfromthepreviouslydisorganizedbackground.50Butundoubtedlyattimeswecanbecometooreductionisticseeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom. Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptoms:anxietyaboutspendingmoneyexcessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivitiesrigidityaboutfollowingrulesperfectionismindoingtasks--attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 Theideaofpublicworksprojectsasadevicetopreventorcontroldepressionwasdesignedasameansofcreatingjobopportunitiesforunemployedworkersandasa"pumppriming"devicetoaidbusinesstorevive.ItwasconceivedduringtheearlyyearsoftheNewDealEra1933--1937.By1933thenumberofunemployedworkershadreachedabout13million.Thismeantthatabout50millionpeople--aboutone-thirdofthenation--werewithoutmeansofsupport.AtfirstdirectreliefintheformofcashOrfoodwasprovidedthesepeople.Thismadethemrecipientsofgovernmentcharity.Inordertoremovethisstigmaandrestoretotheunemployedsomemeasureofrespectabilityandhumandignityaplanwasdevisedtocreategovernmentallysponsoredworkprojectsthatprivateindustrywouldnotorcouldnotprovide.Thiswouldalsostimulateproductionandrevivebusinessactivity. Thebestwaytoexplainhowthisprocedureisexpectedtoworkistoexplainhowitactuallyworkedwhenitwasfirsttried.ThefirstexperimentwithitwasthecreationoftheWorksProjectAdministrationWPA.Thisagencysetupworkprojectsinvariousfieldsinwhichthereweremanyunemployed.Forexampleunemployedactorswereorganizedintotheaterprojectsorchestraswereorganizedforunemployedmusiciansteachingprojectsforunemployedteachersandevenwriters’projectsforunemployedwriters.Unemployedlaborerswereputtoworkbuildingormaintainingroadsparksplaygroundsorpublicbuildings.Thesewerealltemporaryworkreliefprojects--ratherthanpermanentworkopportunities. MoresubstantialworkprojectsofapermanentnaturewereorganizedbyanotheragencythePublicWorksAdministrationPWA.Thisagencyundertooktheplanningofconstructionofschoolshousespostofficesdamsandotherpublicstructures.Itenteredintocontractswithprivateconstructionfirmstoerectthemoritloanedmoneytolocalorstategovernmentswhichundertooktheirconstructions.Thiscreatedmanyjobsinthefactoriesproducingthematerialaswellasintheprojectsthemselvesandgreatlyreducedthenumberofunemployed. StillanotheragencywhichprovidedworkprojectsfortheunemployedwastheCivilianConservationCorpsCCC.Thisagencyprovidedjobopportunitiesforyouthsaged16to20toworkinnationalparksorforestsclearinglandguardingagainstfiresbuildingroadsordoingotherconservationwork.Intheeventofafuturedepressionthefederategovernmentmightreviveanyoralloftheabovemethodstorelieveunemploymentandstimulatebusiness. Thepassagemainlytalksabout
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandrespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivebetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. WhileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoaWOman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess. Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Increasinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses. WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobsbutanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistrueeveninpolitics."Whentheoneclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem. Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. Bowman'sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopoliticsattractiveness
Text4 ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotherisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercars.orlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentrationBACof0.Ipercentorhigher.Fortheaverageadultoverfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinkingbutfewerthan4percentofalldriversdemonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACsof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashedtheprobabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinkingplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofthecountry’spopulationithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemostanyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepunishedbythisapproach. Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.InsomestatesthelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommittinganytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimateshoweverthatevenwithincreasedarreststhereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.InBritainmotorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnotbestoppedtheeffectivenessdeclinedalthoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct. WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessivetaxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldetertheexcessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.Onethingisclearhoweverunlesswedealwithautomobileandhighwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinkingplaysarolemanywillcontinuetodie. Itcanbeinferredthatthe1967RoadSafetyActinBritain
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text2 Theideaofpublicworksprojectsasadevicetopreventorcontroldepressionwasdesignedasameansofcreatingjobopportunitiesforunemployedworkersandasa"pumppriming"devicetoaidbusinesstorevive.ItwasconceivedduringtheearlyyearsoftheNewDealEra1933--1937.By1933thenumberofunemployedworkershadreachedabout13million.Thismeantthatabout50millionpeople--aboutone-thirdofthenation--werewithoutmeansofsupport.AtfirstdirectreliefintheformofcashOrfoodwasprovidedthesepeople.Thismadethemrecipientsofgovernmentcharity.Inordertoremovethisstigmaandrestoretotheunemployedsomemeasureofrespectabilityandhumandignityaplanwasdevisedtocreategovernmentallysponsoredworkprojectsthatprivateindustrywouldnotorcouldnotprovide.Thiswouldalsostimulateproductionandrevivebusinessactivity. Thebestwaytoexplainhowthisprocedureisexpectedtoworkistoexplainhowitactuallyworkedwhenitwasfirsttried.ThefirstexperimentwithitwasthecreationoftheWorksProjectAdministrationWPA.Thisagencysetupworkprojectsinvariousfieldsinwhichthereweremanyunemployed.Forexampleunemployedactorswereorganizedintotheaterprojectsorchestraswereorganizedforunemployedmusiciansteachingprojectsforunemployedteachersandevenwriters’projectsforunemployedwriters.Unemployedlaborerswereputtoworkbuildingormaintainingroadsparksplaygroundsorpublicbuildings.Thesewerealltemporaryworkreliefprojects--ratherthanpermanentworkopportunities. MoresubstantialworkprojectsofapermanentnaturewereorganizedbyanotheragencythePublicWorksAdministrationPWA.Thisagencyundertooktheplanningofconstructionofschoolshousespostofficesdamsandotherpublicstructures.Itenteredintocontractswithprivateconstructionfirmstoerectthemoritloanedmoneytolocalorstategovernmentswhichundertooktheirconstructions.Thiscreatedmanyjobsinthefactoriesproducingthematerialaswellasintheprojectsthemselvesandgreatlyreducedthenumberofunemployed. StillanotheragencywhichprovidedworkprojectsfortheunemployedwastheCivilianConservationCorpsCCC.Thisagencyprovidedjobopportunitiesforyouthsaged16to20toworkinnationalparksorforestsclearinglandguardingagainstfiresbuildingroadsordoingotherconservationwork.Intheeventofafuturedepressionthefederategovernmentmightreviveanyoralloftheabovemethodstorelieveunemploymentandstimulatebusiness. ThePWAdifferedfromtheWPAinthat
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
WhenIwasapsychiatricresidentwehadafacultymemberwhowasfamousforhismessyoffice:stacksofpapersandoldjournalscoveredeverychairandtableaswellasmuchofthefloor.Eventuallythefacultymemberhadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients. Notsurprisinglythepsychiatricdiagnosticmanualdoesriotlist"messyroom"intheindex.Butitdoesmentionatantalizingsymptom:inability"todiscardworn-outorworthlessobjectsevenwhentheyhavenosentimentalvalue."Itcomesunderthediagnosisobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderanobscurecousinofthemorefamousobsessive-compulsivedisorder强迫性神经官能症 Iwasbarelyawareofthediagnosis.Everyerahasmentaldisordersthatforculturalorscientificreasonsbecomepopular.InFreud’sdayitwashysteria.Currentlydepressionhasmovedtocenterstage.Butotherailmentsgorelativelyignoredandthisdisorderwasone. 46Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptoms:anxietyaboutspendingmoneyexcessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivitiesrigidityaboutfollowingrulesperfectionismindoingtasks--attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem. 47Inmoderationthesymptomsseemedtofitrightinwithourworkaholicculture--perhapsexplainingthelowprofileofthediagnosis.Relentlessworkorientationandperfectionismmayevenbeassetsinrule-and-detail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw. Butwhenthesymptomsaretoointenseorpervasivetheybecomecrippling.Beneaththeseeminglyadaptivebehaviorslies’acentraldisability.Peoplewiththisdiagnosishaveenormousdifficultyinmakingdecisions.48Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceorataskevenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.Inobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderthisfeelingoccursonlyafterendlessdeliberationandrevisionifatall. 49Theneedtocomeupwiththe"correct"answerthebestpurchaseortheperfectproposalleadstoexcessruminationovereachdecision.Itcanevenleadtocompleteparalysis.Forsuchpeoplerulesofallkindsareagodsendtheyrepresentpre-madedecisions.Open-endedassignmentslikewritingpapersarenightmares. Forsuchapatientorforapsychiatristunderstandingaclusterofdiagnosticsymptomscanbe%revelation.Thepictureleapsoutfromthepreviouslydisorganizedbackground.50Butundoubtedlyattimeswecanbecometooreductionisticseeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom. Butundoubtedlyattimeswecanbecometooreductionisticseeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1themmofthecenturywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom.Butitbegantobe4intheearly1890s.JazzisAmerica’scontributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusicwhich6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoodsinterestsandemotionsofthepeople:Inthe1920sjazz8likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11.AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong14WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleansabandoftenaccompaniedthe16Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
PartB Directions: A.Title:HONESTY B.Time:40minutes C.Wordlimit:160-200words. D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheKeyWordsandExpressionsbelow. E.YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyintheANSWERSHEET2. 3.Benefitdishonestmeanstrouble.
Text3 Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabour.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilieswhilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeopleandtherewasnotmuchopportunityformenorwomentoexchangetheirroles.Butbythemiddleofthiscenturymen’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed. Inthe1950seconomicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcaremenbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infactsomeyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.InadditionmanyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam. Intermsofnumbersthecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon"over-time"worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctorslawyersandteachersturned.awayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighbourhoods. Inthe1970sthefeministmovementorwomen’sliberationproducedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobssuchaspublicschoolteachingnursingandsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policeworkbankingdentistryandconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalworkandequalopportunitiesforpromotion. Inthepassagetheauthorsuggeststhatthecounterculture
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thekeypointofthefirstparagraphisthat
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