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Text 4 There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death fr...
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在横线上填上运算符号或括号使等式成立．4444=144+44=24444=34444=4．
化简下列各式﹣﹣4=+﹣4=﹣|﹣4|=+|﹣4|=．
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1＝∠2∠BAC＝80°．求∠AGD． 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2＝ ∵
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4.04从右边起第一个4在位上表示4个第二个4在位上表示4个它比4.004．
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个．
0.424中最左边的4表示4个0.1最右边的4表示4个0.01．．判断对错
例4在下面添上运算符号和小括号组成3个不同的等式使得数都是2．4444=24444=24444=2
下列等式成立的是
-|-4|-|4|=0
-4-4=0
|-4|-|4|=0
-4-|-4|=0
24.04是位小数左边的4在位上表示4个右边的4在位上表示4个．
5.00分在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
下列式子可以用=连接的是
5+4
12-5
7+（-4）
7-（+4）
2+4（-2）
-12
2（3-4）
23-4
有一组数据44346410这组数据的平均数是中位数是众数是．
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4是5的%4比5少%5比4多%．
在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=9．
找规律在横线上填入适当的数.145494134．
一个比的后项是4比值是4前项是假如这个比的前项是4比值是4后项是．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=94444=34444=15．
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Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whydoesthewriterputthesuggestionthatadvisorycouncilsshouldbesetup
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. AccordingtothepassageasthenineteenthcenturyprogressedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Accordingtotheauthorifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 10
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whatseemstobethemostimportantthingyouhavetodecideonbeforeameetingstarts
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 18
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 42
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 2
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Withwhichofthefollowingopinionswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 20
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Thewiseman'sremarkssuggestthat
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 14
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. ApproximatelywhatpercentageofthepopulationinIndiamostprobablyobservesthecustomofarrangedmarriage
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
Directions: A.Title:EXAMINATIONS B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph. Howeveritisnoteasytoabolishexaminationsanditisevenmoredifficulttoimprovethem.
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 16
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 6
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 8
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 4
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. CuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulationbecause
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 12
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction.
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Bysayingyoumighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therode.Part1theauthorimpliesthat
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 44
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