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“一切以条件、地点和时间为转移。”这句话是
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改革开放三十年我国经济实力综合国力显著增强人民生活水平大幅度提高但与发达国家相比还有很大差距我国仍然
前途是光明的，道路是曲折的
一切以时间、地点、条件为转移
要把握事物发展的阶段和地位
意识是能够正确反映客观事物的
联系的条件性是指
一切都是有条件的
一切随时间、地点、条件而转移
离开了条件一切都无法理解
只有有条件本身是无条件的
一切以时间地点和条件为转移
生活的经验告诉我们在适当的时候做适当的事情这句话所体现的思想方法是
一切从实际出发，实事求是
具体问题具体分析
一切以时间地点条件为转移
两点论与重点论相统一
一切以时间地点条件为转移这一观点是
形而上学的观点
相对主义的观点
辩证法的观点
诡辩论的观点
做任何事情都要不唯书不唯上要唯实这句话的哲学寓意是①一切从实际出发使主观符合客观②物质决定意识意识对
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有专家指出世界上本没有垃圾废物是放错了地方的资源对这句话理解正确的是①认识事物应一切以时间地点条件为
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我们常说要一切以时间地点条件为转移这句话体现的主要哲学原理是①物质决定意识②规律的客观性③事物联系的
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联系的客观性要求我们掌握的方法论是
一切以时间地点条件为转移
一切从实际出发，实事求是
把握时机，促成质变，实现飞跃和发展
把握事物的固有联系，切忌主观随意性
我们常说要一切以时间地点条件为转移这句话体现的主要哲学原理是①物质决定意识②规律的客观性③事物联系的
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生活的经验告诉我们在适当的时候做适当的事情这句话给我们的方法论启示是①一切从实际出发实事求是②物质决
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宋代苏洵权书写道凡战之道未战养其财将战养其力既战养其气既胜养其心如今这句话从哲学上给我们的启示是①意
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联系是客观的要求我们一切以时间地点和条件为转移
我们常说要一切以时间地点条件为转移这句话体现的主要哲学原理是①物质决定意识②规律的客观性③事物联系的
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一切以条件时间和地点为转移的观点属于机械的条件决定论
生活的经验告诉我们在适当的时候做适当的事情这句话给我们的方法论启示是①一切从实际出发实事求是②物质决
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之所以要坚持一切以时间地点和条件为转移是因为①物质决定意识②矛盾具有特殊性③事物是变化无常的④联系具
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想问题办事情要不唯书不唯上只唯实这句话的哲学含义是①一切从实际出发主观符合客观②坚持主观和客观的具体
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联系的条件性是指
一切事物的存在和发展都是有条件的
一切随时间、地点和条件而转移
只有有条件这一点是无条件的
离开了条件一切都无法理解
一切以条件时间和地点为转移的观点属于机械的条件决定论
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Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Wemayinferthatthewriterofthearticledoesnotfavor
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 8
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregretIfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow.ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenaremorematerialisticandlessaltruistic.41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthealtruisticfieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup.42.______.FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife.43.______.Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld.44.______.Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds.45.______.Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob.[A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes.[B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjectiveistobefinanciallywelloff.Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.[C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions.[D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow.[E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever.[F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense.[G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic.
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Facebook’susers
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 20
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 18
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Intheauthor’sviewtheGreekswhostudiedconicsections
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 14
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 12
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. AccordingtothispassagetheproblemAmericafirmfacedwithis
Mostmarketingoperationspaycloseattentiontowhatyoungpeoplearebuyingandthinking.NotBritain’spoliticalpartieshoweverforthesimplereasonthattheunder-30sareunlikelytogoanywherenearapollingbooth.In196411%ofthoseaged18to24claimednottovoteaccordingtotheBritishElectionStudy.Atthegeneralelectionlastyearthatfigureroseto55%.46.AreportthisweekbyReformathink-tanksuggeststhatthisreticenceiscostingthemdearly.Changesingovernmentpolicyitargueshaveturnedbeingyoungintoaterriblebore.47.Therearealreadytwopowerfuleconomicforcesworkingagainsttheso-calledIPODgenerationthatarebeyondthegovernment’scontrol.Firsttheageingofthepopulationisfastincreasingtheratioofpeopleinretirementtothoseofworkingage.Sotheyoungcanlookforwardtohandingoverarisingproportionoftheirpaytosupporttheoldiesintheirdecline.Secondthecostofbuyingahouseinplaceswherepeoplewanttolivehasshotupbeyondthereachoftheyoung.In199524%ofallfirst-timehomebuyerswereunder25;todaylessthan15%areaccordingtotheHalifaxabank.Thismuchisuncontroversial.ButthereportalsoarguesthattheLabourgovernmenthasmadelifeworseforyoungpeopleinthreeways.Firstincreasedspendingonhealthcarehastendedtobenefittheoldwho’usetheNHSmorethantheyoung.Secondtiltingthetaxandbenefitsystemtowardspeoplewithchildrenhastransferredmoneyfromtheyoungtothemiddle-aged.Thirdhighertuitionfeesarelandinguniversitygraduateswithheftydebts.48．Andthefuturedoesn’tlookmuchbetter:thegovernment’sproposedpensionreformsalongwiththedeclineofdefined-benefitcompany-pensionschemesmakegrimreadingfortheunder-30stoo.Thesechangesoughttohavebroughtaboutare-examinationoftheburdenoftaxationonthisagegroupsaysNickBosanquetofImperialCollegeLondononeoftheauthorsofthereporttiereckonsthatafterpayingvarioustaxmenandlendersgraduatestakehomeonlyaroundhalfoftheirsalaries.Theaverageforallsalariedworkersisaboutthree-fifths.ArethingsreallythatbadWhenexaminedinafreeze-framebeingyoungdoesnotlookmuchfunfinancially.Butwelfarestatesaremeanttotransferresourcesfromthevigoroustothefragile.Somebenefitsaremerelydeferred:today’s25-year-oldswillhavebabiesandhipreplacementsoneday.49．Andalthoughpeopleintheir20sand30stendtobeheavilyindebtedthispasseswhentheysinkintotheir40sand50ssaysRichardDisneyofNottinghamUniversity.Evensothefeelingthatyoungpeoplearebeingsqueezedpresentsapoliticalopportunityfortheoppositionparties.50．DavidWillettstheConservativeshadoweducationsecretarysaidinaspeechlastyearthattheyoungcouldbeforgivenforbelievingthatthewayinwhicheconomicandsocialpolicyisnowconductedislittlelessthanaconspiracybythemiddle-agedagainstthem_.TheLiberalDemocratcommissionontaxpolicyworriedinAugustaboutinter-generationalunfairnesstoo.Therewillbemoreofsuchtalk.FortheToriesitoffersawaytodiscussreducingspendingwithoutsoundingasiftheyaremerelythemouthpieceofthewealthy.ItgivesLibDemleadersawaytoargueactivistsoutofpromisingtoout-spendLabour.Anditmightevenpersuadesomeofthosegloomy25-year-oldstovote.
实践是人的存在方式而实践区别于自然物质形态运动和动物本能活动的本质特征是
1945年9月2日中国代表与参加对日作战的同盟国代表在密苏里号上正式接受了日本的投降这标志着中国军民历经八年抗战终于取得了抗日战争的胜利中国人民取得抗日战争胜利的决定性因素是
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Mehdizadehmaythinkthat
Ithasoftenbeenremarkedthatthesaddestthingaboutyouthisthatitiswastedontheyoung.ReadingarecentnewspaperreportonasurveyconductedamongcollegefreshmenIrecalledtheregretIfonlyIknewthenwhatIknownow.ThesurveydisclosedwhatIhadalreadysuspectedfrominformalpollsofstudents.Accordingtothesurveywhichwasbasedontheresponsesofover188000studentstoday’straditional-agecollegefreshmenaremorematerialisticandlessaltruistic.41.______.Itfollowsthenthattodaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureorhistorybutaccounting.Interestinteachingsocialserviceandthealtruisticfieldsisatalowalongwithethnicandwomen’sstudies.Ontheotherhandenrollmentinbusinessprogramsengineeringandcomputerscienceiswayup.42.______.FranklyI’mproudoftheyoungladynotherattitudebuthersuccess.Butwhycan’twehaveitbothwaysCan’tweeducatepeopleforlifeaswellasforacareerIbelievewecan.Ifwe’renotthenthatisafaultofoureducationalsystem--elementarysecondaryandhigher.Inatimeofincreasingspecializationatimewhen90percentofallthescientistswhohaveeverlivedarecurrentlyalivemorethaneverweneedtoknowwhatistrulyimportantinlife.43.______.Mostofusfinallycometorealizethatqualityoflifeisnotentirelydeterminedbyhowmuchweearn.Sureeveryonewantstobefinanciallycomfortablebutwealsowanttofeelthatwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation;wewanttobeabletorenderservicetoourfellowmanandtotheworld.44.______.Itisequallytruethatinstudyingthediversewisdomofotherswelearnhowtothink.Moreimportantperhapseducationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthingsaswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneeds.45.______.Inthelongrunthat’swhateducationreallyoughttobeabout.AndIthinkitcanbe.That’sthewayitshouldbe.OscarWildehaditrightwhenhesaidthatweoughttogiveourabilitytoourworkbutourgeniustoourlives.Let’shopeoureducatorsanswerthestudentscriesforcareereducationbutatthesametimelet’sensurethatthestudentsarepreparedforthedaywhentheyrealizetheirfolly.There’salotmoretolifethanajob.[A]Academicemphasisoncompetitionrationalityandexternalsacknowledgesonlyonekindofknowing.Itmakesstudentsdevaluetheirinnerselvesorlargersocialpurposes.[B]Notsurprisinginthesehardtimesthestudent’smajorobjectiveistobefinanciallywelloff.Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.[C]Educationmustmeettheneedsofthehumanspirit.Itmustassiststudentstodevelopasatisfactorypersonalphilosophyandsenseofvalues;tocultivatetastesforliteraturemusicandthearts;togrowinabilitytoanalyzeproblemsandarriveatthoughtfulconclusions.[D]That’snosurpriseeither.Afriendofmineasalesrepresentativeforachemicalcompanywasmakingtwicethesalaryofhercollegeinstructorsduringherfirstyearonthejob.Andthatwasfouryearsago;Shemustbeearningmuchmorenow.[E]Mostpeoplesomewherebetweentheagesof30and50finallyarriveattheinevitableconclusionthattheycoulddomorethanservingacorporationagovernmentagencyorwhatever.[F]Butthemostimportantargumentforabroadeducationisthatinstudyingtheaccumulatedwisdomoftheagesweimproveourmoralsense.[G]Whileit’struethatweallneedacareerpreferablyaprofitableoneitisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge--beitscientificorartistic.
构建社会主义和谐社会的原则包括坚持以人为本坚持科学发展坚持改革开放坚持民主法治坚持正确处理改革发展稳定的关系坚持在党的领导下全社会共同建设其中构建社会主义和谐社会的工作方针是
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Theauthordirectlydiscussesthefactthat
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 6
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 10
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 4
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsAmericancompanies
科学发展观的基本要求是
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 16
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment. Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy. WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies. Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear. Accordingtothispassage
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueoftraditioninanewspaper.Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaninggiveaspecificexampleand 3giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreattradition. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 传统就像一座大山站得远才可以看清全貌
Social-networkingsitesofferuserseasywaystopresentidealizedimagesofthemselvesevenifthoseidealsdon’talwayssquarewiththeirreal-worldpersonalities.PsychologyresearcherSorayaMehdizadehhasdiscoveredawaytopokethroughtheoffline-onlinecurtain:shehasusedFaeebooktopredictaperson’slevelofnarcissismandself-esteem. MehdizadehwhoconductedthestudyasanundergraduateatToronto’sYorkUniversitygainedaccesstotheFaeebookaccountsof100collegestudentsandmeasuredactivitieslikephotosharingwallpostingsandstatusupdates;shealsostudiedhowfrequentlyusersloggedonandhowoftentheyremainedonlineduringeachsession.HerfindingswerepublishedrecentlyinCyberpsyehologyBehaviorandSocialNetworking. AftermeasuringeachsubjectusingtheNarcissismPersonalityInventoryandRosenbergSelf-EsteemScaleMehdizadehwhograduatedfromYorkthispastspringdiscoverednarcissistsandpeoplewithlowerself-esteemweremorelikelytospendmorethananhouradayonFacebookandweremorepronetopostself-promo-tionalphotosstrikingaposeorusingPhotoshopforexample.Narcissistswerealsomorelikelytoshowcasethemselvesthroughstatusupdatesusingphraseslike"I’msoglamorousIbleedglitter"andwallactivitypostingself-servinglinkslike"MyCelebrityLook-alikes". Self-esteemandnarcissismareofteninterrelatedbutdon’talwaysgohandinhand.Somepsychologistsbelievethatnarcissists--thosewhohaveapervasivepatternofgrandiosityaneedforadmirationaswellasalackofsympathy--unconsciouslyinflatetheirsenseofself-importanceasadefenseagainstfeelinginadequate.NotenoughempiricalresearchhasbeenproducedtoconfirmthatlinkalthoughMehdizadeh’sstudyseemstosupportit.Becausenarcissistshavelesscapacitytosustainintimateorlong-termrelationshipsMehdizadehthinksthattheywouldbemoredrawntotheonlineworldofvirtualfriendsandemotionallydetachedcommunication. AlthoughitseemsthatFacebookcanbeusedbynarcissiststofueltheirinflatedegosMehdizadehstopsshortofproclaimingthatexcessivetimespentonFaeebookcanturnregularusersintonarcissists.Shealsonotesthatsocial-networkingsitesmightultimatelybefoundtohavepositiveeffectswhenusedbypeoplewithlowself-esteemordepression."Ifindividualswithlowerself-esteemaremorepronetousingFacebook"shesays"thequestionbecomes’CanFacebookhelpraiseself-esteembyallowingpatientstotalktoeachotherandhelpeachotherinasociallyinteractiveenvironment’Idon’tthinkit’snecessarilyabadthingthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemuseFacebook. Narcissistsmay
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