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垄断统治在经济上的实现形式是
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垄断统治在经济上的实现形式是
垄断组织
参与制
垄断利润
平均利润
垄断利润是
凭借垄断地位获得的利润
超过平均利润的高额利润
通过资本自由转移而形成的一种利润
垄断资本所有权在经济上的实现形式
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过来实现的
参与制
国有化
货币政策
直接投资
垄断资本的实质在于获取垄断利润垄断利润是
凭借垄断地位获得的利润
垄断资本所有权在经济上的实现形态
通过资本自由转移而形成的一种利润
超过平均利润的髙额利润
各资本主义国家的垄断组织通过订立协议建立起国际垄断资本的联盟即国际垄断同盟以便在世界范围形成垄断并在
国际垄断同盟在经济上瓜分世界是通过垄断组织间的协议实现的
早期的国际垄断同盟主要是跨国公司
当代国际垄断同盟的形式以国际卡特尔和国家垄断资本主义的国际联盟为主
国家垄断资本主义的国际联盟，是国际垄断同盟的高级形式
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过来实现的
参与制
国有化
货币政策
直接投资
金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过
自由竞争来实现
私人垄断来实现
“参与制”来实现
“个人联合”来实现
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过实现
国有制
赎买制
参与制
委托制这种商品的
垄断利润是
凭借垄断地位获得的利润
超过平均利润的高额利润
通过资本自由转移而形成的一种利润
垄断资本所有权在经济上的实现形式
收益权是使用权在经济上的实现形式
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要通过来实现
参与制
代理制
委托制
国有化
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过实现
国有制
赎买制
参与制
委托制
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过实现的
国有制
赎买制
参与制
合作制
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过来实现的
参与制
国有化
货币政策
直接投资
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治重要是通过实现
国有制
赎买制
参与制
委托制
金融资本是工业垄断资本和银行垄断资本的融合它在经济上实现统治的形式是
混合联合公司
个人联合
跨国公司
参与制
我国的土地价格是土地在经济上的一种实现形式
所有权
使用权
权利
收益
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过实现
国有制
赎买制
参加制
托付制
在垄断资本主义阶段金融察头主要通过实现在经济上的统治
参与制
国有化
委托制
代理制
在垄断资本主义阶段金融寡头在经济上的统治主要是通过实现
国有制
赎买制
参与制
委托制
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IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Welearnbyinferencethatprivatepropertymay
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Thewriterismostprobablyinfavorofthestatementthat
AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.TenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeingbutnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneedsandyoungpeopledon’’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext. Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurveyitwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollifecomparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.InadditionfarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed. WhileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasicsJapaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personalityabilitycourageorhumanity--arecompletelyignoredsaysToshikiKaifuchairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’’seducationcommittee.Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.LastyearJapanexperienced2125incidentsofschoolviolenceincluding929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcrymanyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyamawhowastheneducationministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents. ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.InJapansayseducatorYokoMuroit’’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlifebutonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralizationfully76percentofJapan’’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolatedtwo-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutestravelstoandfromworkandcrowdedlivingconditionsbutastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweakenthediscomfortisbeginningtotell.InthepastdecadetheJapanesedivorceratewhilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStateshasincreasedbymorethan50percentandsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter. ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat__________.
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepianotorecitationofapoemandeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemoryrememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typicallythedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences. Practiceorreviewtendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yetdramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissensetheabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeedwhenone’’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxietyforgettingmayproducerelief.Neverthelessanevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection. Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspectsitishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintimesinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandoutprovidingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgettingadaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexamplelearnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhobyordinarystandardsforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies. Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisviewcontinualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageinputandforgettingoutput.Indeedthereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance. Accordingtothepassageifapersonneverforgot________________.
Text4Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicists9astronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions.Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistry.astronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsweredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations.Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol.Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNotagreewith
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Theauthorassertshisbeliefthat
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Accordingtothetextreallyagedsocietiesmayinclude
Directions: studythefollowingmapgraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describeoilfieldsdistribution 2statetheinformationthemapgraphtendstoconveyand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points GHANGINGNATIONALFORTUNESINOILDISCOVERIES
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions: YouareannoyedbytoomanyfamilycomediesofaTVstation.Writeacomplaintlettertothestation.Inyourletteryoushouldtellthem: 1yourannoyanceattheprograms 2thesamefeelingsofothers 3yourrequestofthestationtoreform. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
PartBDirections:ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedbox.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBelloeortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarethosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.HAudenLouisMacNeieeevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions—heoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby1inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNewberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition—thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes’becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdiffer—ifindeeditdiffersatall—fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetryE.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention.F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearninghut—togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancing—theyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible“Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept."G..Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild"appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin’and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyself-defining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem—butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." 45
PartBDirections:ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedbox.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBelloeortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarethosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.HAudenLouisMacNeieeevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions—heoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby1inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNewberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition—thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes’becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdiffer—ifindeeditdiffersatall—fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetryE.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention.F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearninghut—togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancing—theyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible“Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept."G..Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild"appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin’and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyself-defining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem—butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." 43
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Text4Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicists9astronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions.Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistry.astronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsweredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations.Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol.Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. Scienceisastheauthorarguessimilartotechnologyinthat
PartBDirections:ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedbox.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A.Dothechildren’sversesofEdwardLearHilaireBelloeortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarethosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.HAudenLouisMacNeieeevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeit’snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter’seveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions—heoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby1inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNewberythefirstspecialistchildren’spublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition—thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummer’splayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes’becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren’schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium"whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdiffer—ifindeeditdiffersatall—fromanyothersortofchildren’spoetryE.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention.F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearninghut—togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancing—theyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildren’sloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildren’ssongintheBible“Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept."G..Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb’sPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedby"N.Lovechild"appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bahbahablacksheep""WhodidkillCockRobbin’and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn’tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussexcomesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It’scompletelyself-defining"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanonbecausewhenpeoplebuyananthologytheydon’twantalotofchange.AthometheyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildrenwhichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanonifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem—butwehavegotpastthatstagenow." 41
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2.Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion.Arethesepeoplementallyiii46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins.47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps.Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater.48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders.Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles."Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased.Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid.Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationso{behaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
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