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Text 2 Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who peopl...
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1分Theseclothesarethebasketballplay.
焦炭的冷态强度是指
CRI+CSR
M40+M10
M40+CRI
CSR+M10
焦炭反应性CRI及反应后强度CSR的重复性r不得超过下列数值
CRI：r≤1.80%，CSR：r≤2.8%
CRI：r≤2.00%，CSR：r≤2.8%
CRI：r≤2.20%，CSR：r≤3.0%
CRI：r≤2.40%，CSR：r≤3.2%
顺势剪接cri-splicing
HerearethecommentsonCRIChinaRadioInternationalgive
抗碎强度的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
试述CRI的产生原因及发病机制
－ShallweinviteTomtoplayfootballnow?－Ohno.He______h
is washing
washes
has washed
will wash
慢性肾功能不全chronicrenalinsufficiencyCRI
HerearethecommentsonCRIChinaRadioInternationalgive
配平CrI3+Cl2+KOH――K2CrO4+KIO4+KCl+H2O
reportQuantity中哪几项是用于CSI获取的上 报量
cri-RI-PMI-CQI
cri-RI-CQI
cri-RI-i1
cri-RSRP
通过短信方式怎样获取CRI手机电视的PUSH链接地址
焦炭的热态强度是指
CRI+CSR
M40+M10
M40+CRI
CSR+M10
耐磨强度的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
焦炭反应性的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
如下哪些是焦炭的热态特性
M40
M10
CRI
、CSR
Thosebusinessesthatareclosely____sportsuchasthehug
applied to
contributed to
connected to
submitted to
怎样退订CRI手机电视业务
CRI表示
热反应性
耐磨强度
热强度
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Text2 Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects. Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology. Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior. "Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid. Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans’saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitiveness"hesaid. Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid. HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange. Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals. Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers. Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 Accordingtothetextanimalwelfaregroupshavesucceededin
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheattitudeofthosewhoarebarkingupthewrongtreetowardstheprimacyofUSinthe21stcenturyseemstobe
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points17
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points9
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 45
Text1 HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-bystepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger—andmanypresidents—oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch. Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Themainideaofthetextisthat
Text3 AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points13
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 43
Directions:YouwanttorecommendMr.CollinstoProfessorSmithtofindapositionfortheformer.Writealetterbasedonthefollowingoutline..1PersonalinformationaboutMr.Coilinscurriculumvitaepersonalityjobcapabilitiesetc.2Yoursincerehope.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
[A]Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaginge.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paperwithadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperisinfactprobablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnowwithmassiveincreasesinpaperpricesthetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable. [B]Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottleswhicharereturnedtothedairieswashedoutandrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.MoreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottlesandithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplasticthenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays! [C]Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopperwhousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.SowhyisitdoneSomeofitlikethecellophaneonmeatisnecessarybutmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment. [D]Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshopsasuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks. [E]Littleresearchhoweverisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisitforinstanceforlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaperpulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxesWoulditbecheapertoplantanotherforestPaperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged. [F]Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackagingintendedtobeusedjustonceandmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythemisclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatisafterallarelativelyunimportantfunction. [G]Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoffthelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophanepolytheneorpaper. Notescellophane包装用的玻璃纸doup打包装饰polythene聚乙烯refusen．废料废物messup弄脏弄乱salvage回收利用pulp使……成为浆状carton纸板盒encircle环绕mound小丘小堆doawaywith处理掉asopposedto与……对照notsomuch...as与其……倒不如……” Order: 41
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points5
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points11
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Text2 Underpressurefromanimalwelfaregroupstwonationalscienceteachersassociationshaveadoptedguidelinesthatbanclassroomexperimentsharminganimals.TheNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachersandtheNationalScienceTeachersAssociationhopetoendanimalabuseinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsandinturndiscouragestudentsfrommishandlinganimalsinhomeexperimentsandsciencefairprojects. Animalwelfaregroupsareapparentlymostconcernedwithhighschoolstudentsexperimentingwithanimalsinextracurricularprojects.BarbaraOrlansPresidentoftheScientists’CenterforAnimalWelfaresaidthatstudentshavebeenperformingsurgeryatrandomtestingknownpoisonoussubstancesandrunningotherpathologyexperimentsonanimalswithoutevenknowingnormalphysiology. Atonesciencefairastudentcutoffthelegandtailofalizardtodemonstratethatonlythetailcanregenerateshesaid.Inanothercaseastudentboundsparrowsstarvedthemandobservedtheirbehavior. "Theamountofabusehasbeenquitehorrifying"Orlanssaid. Administratorsofmajorsciencefairsareshort-temperedovertheteachers’policychangeandtheimpressionithascreated."TheteachersweresoldabillofgoodsbyBarbaraOrlans’saidThurmanGraftonwhoheadstherulescommitteefortheInternationalScienceandEngineeringFair."Backyardtabletopsurgeryisjustnonsense.Thenewpoliciesthrowcoldwateronstudents’inquisitiveness"hesaid. Graftonsaidhewouldn’tdenythattherehasn’tbeenanimalabuseamongprojectsattheinternationalfairbutheaddedthatjudgesrejectcontestantswhohaveunnecessarilyinjuredanimals.Thejudgeshaveahardtimemonitoringlocalandregionalfairsthatmayormaynotchoosetocomplywiththeinternationalfair’srulesthatstresspropercareofanimalsGraftonsaid. HesaidthatseveralyearsagotheWestinghouseScienceTalentSearchbannedharmfulexperimentstoanimalswhensponsorsthreatenedtocanceltheirsupportafteranimalwelfaregroupslobbiedforchange. Theteachersadoptedthenewpoliciesalsotofendoffproposedlegislation—instatesincludingMissouriandNewYork--thatwouldrestrictorprohibitexperimentsonanimals. Officialsofthetwoteachersorganizationssaythattheydon’tknowhowmanyanimalshavebeenabusedintheclassroom.OntheonehandmanybiologyteachersarenottrainedinthepropercareofanimalssaidWayneMoyerexecutivedirectorofthebiologyteachers’association.Ontheothertheuseofanimalsinexperimentshasdroppedinrecentyearsbecauseofschoolbudgetcuts.Theassociationmaysetupseminarstoteachbetteranimalcaretoitsmembers. Notes:pathology病理学lizard蜥蜴tabletop桌面short-tempered脾气lobbyfor游说支持fendoff躲开 ThurmanGraftonsuggeststhat
Text3 AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. AccordingtothecontextthewordeffluentsinPara.1isclosestinmeaningto
Text4 Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno. MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia." YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome." Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid. Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs. "WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry." Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 Thetitlewhichbestexpressesthemainideaofthetextwouldbe
46A"scientific’viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisviewitwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworthbecausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightactionitmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedactiontothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.47Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythese"scientific"thinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeingbecausepersuasivediscourseifhonestlyconceivedalwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplotasitwereofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.48Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeelingdesiringactingandsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.49Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionallywithhopeorfeartoparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears. Rhetoricthenisaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoricwearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachinescreaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanitiessincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe"scientific"viewleavesout.Ifitisweaknesstoharborfeelingsthenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.50Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoactionmusteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive.Purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposesfeelingsanddesiresandtherebyceasedtobepurelogic. Notes:rhetoric修辞学discourse论文讲演语篇asitwere可以说是姑且这么说 Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogicastheywerebythesescientificthinkersrhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard.forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Text1 HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-bystepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger—andmanypresidents—oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch. Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
Text3 AfterWorldWarIItheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地. WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheexampleofaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionisusedtoshow
Text4 Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno. MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia." YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger"Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarketbasedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome." Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid. Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs. "WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry." Notes:slang俚语tearup撕碎挖开proponent支持者拥护者hub轮毂中心suckaway减少 WhenmentioningJaniceYaweetheauthoristalkingabout
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whenmentioningdouble-digitgrowthParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Theadvocatesofrealistinternationalrelationstendtothinkthat
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlaterthemcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points19
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points1
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