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夹竹桃科的主要化学成分为：
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Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.WhatkepttheminplaceWhydidn’’ttheyfalloutoftheskyThefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets. HowmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit. Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaidthedataarestillinconclusive.WeknowthatthemenfromthebudgetofficehavesaidbutwhatdoyouthinkIsitworthwhilegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpectThescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate. Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheoddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhoworkwellwiththeteam. TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat____________.
Ifambitionistobewellregardedtherewardsofambition--wealthdistinctioncontroloverone’’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitalityitmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmiredtheeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddwayhoweveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem. Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.SummerhomesEuropeantravelBMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychangebutsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacleswhichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflifewhoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.ForsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptionaltheproperformulationisSucceedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious. Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressivewheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.AsaresultthesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulseaqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoungisprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanendthatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptingsbutonlythatnolongeropenlyhonoreditislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthisofcoursesomeofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadesly.Suchthenisthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycriticsontherightstupidsupportersandinthemiddleasusualthemajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife. Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause___________.
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