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The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach ...
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无线设备作为AP使用为STA终端提供接入需将操作模式设为.
立即的拉丁缩写是
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当小区激活失败时可以采用工具进行信令跟踪
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风扇进口处的站位是多少
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STA12
STA20
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STA在相邻AP间漫游时Reassociation过程中STA会先与原有AP断掉后再与新的AP连接
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控制文件柜5VDC电源调节器的LEDs用于指示卡件工作状态表示当电源调节器卡插入或控制文件柜上电时电
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INPUTB STA TUS（DS9）
INPUT A STA TUS（DS8）
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HPLC台区自动识别时当采用STA分布式台区识别模式时如果STA已经 识别出了正确的台区归属其将向上
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控制文件柜5VDC电源调节器的LEDs用于指示卡件工作状态表示B线在使用中
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结构化网络Infrastructure是由哪几部分组成
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Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexplored--theoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry. Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea. Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothe"continentalshelf"waters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland. Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisthat
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses. Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid. ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.Theyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedand"thebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadiesel"saysBoon."Itwasprettyloudandsmoky." WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus."Thedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareover"saysBoon."AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless." Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen."Busesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycity"saysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency."Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions." Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006."There’sroomforcompetition"saysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind. TheexpressionchurnoutLine4Paragraph5mostprobablymeans
DuBoiswasasociologicalandeducationalpioneerwhochallengedtheestablishedsystemofeducationthattendedtorestrictratherthantoadvancetheprogressofblackAmericans.Hechallengedwhatiscalledthe“Tuskegeemachine”ofBookerT.WashingtontheleadingeducationalspokespersonoftheblacksintheU.S..AsasociologistandhistorianDuBoiscalledforamoredeterminedandactivistleadershipthanWashingtonprovided. UnlikeWashingtonwhoserootswereinsouthernblackagricultureDuBois’scareerspannedbothsidesoftheMason-DixonLine.HewasanativeofMassachusettsreceivedhisundergraduateeducationfromFiskUniversityinNashvilledidhisgraduatestudyatHarvardUniversityanddirectedtheAtlantaUniversityStudiesofBlackAmericanLifeintheSouth.DuBoisapproachedtheproblemofracialrelationsintheUnitedStatesfromtwodimensions:asascholarlyresearcherandasanactivistforcivilrights.AmonghisworkswasthefamousempiricalsociologicalstudyThePhiladelphiaNegro:ASocialStudyinwhichheexaminedthatcity’sblackpopulationandmaderecommendationsfortheschoolsystem.DuBois’sPhiladelphiastudywasthepioneerworkonurbanblacksinAmerica. DuBoishadalongandactivecareerasaleaderinthecivilrightsmovement.HehelpedtoorganizetheNiagaraMovementin1905whichledtotheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleNAACPestablishedin1909.From1910until1934DuBoiseditedTheCrisisthemajorjournaloftheNAACP.IntermsofitseducationalpolicytheNAACPpositionwasthatallAmericanchildrenandyouthshouldhavegenuineequalityofeducationalopportunity.ThispolicywhichDuBoishelpedtoformulatestressedthefollowingthemes:1publicschoolingshouldbefreeandcompulsoryforallAmericanchildren;2secondaryschoolingshouldbeprovidedforallyouth;3highereducationshouldnotbemonopolizedbyanyspecialclassorrace. AsaleaderineducationDuBoischallengednotonlythetraditionofracialsegregationintheschoolsbutalsotheaccommodationistideologyofBookerT.Washington.ThemajordifferencebetweenthetwomenwasthatWashingtonsoughtchangethatwasevolutionaryinnatureanddidnotupsetthesocialorderwhereasDuBoisdemandedimmediatechange.DuBoisbelievedineducatedleadershipforblacksandhedevelopedaconceptreferredtoasthe“talentedtenth”accordingtowhich10percentoftheblackpopulationwouldreceiveatraditionalcollegeeducationinpreparationforleadership. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 20
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 10
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 2
Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment. Itistheinnerworkingofownbrainsthatwefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisotherwayaround.46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffist-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithprimitiveandunchangedeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.47Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasagainstanywayinwhichwecanaffecttraditionalCustomisastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacular本国的ofhisfamily.48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation. 49Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalkheislittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitiesitshabitsarehishabitsitsbeliefshisbeliefsitsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemwhichismoreresponsibleforustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarietiesthemaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible. 46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses. Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid. ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.Theyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedand"thebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadiesel"saysBoon."Itwasprettyloudandsmoky." WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus."Thedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareover"saysBoon."AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless." Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen."Busesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycity"saysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency."Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions." Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006."There’sroomforcompetition"saysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind. HowdoesGenoaprotectitsarchitecturaltreasures
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. Itseemsthatthewriterismostconcernedabout
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturesbriefly 2givereasonsforgivingupsmokingand 3suggestwaystoquitsmoking.
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 8
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 12
DuBoiswasasociologicalandeducationalpioneerwhochallengedtheestablishedsystemofeducationthattendedtorestrictratherthantoadvancetheprogressofblackAmericans.Hechallengedwhatiscalledthe“Tuskegeemachine”ofBookerT.WashingtontheleadingeducationalspokespersonoftheblacksintheU.S..AsasociologistandhistorianDuBoiscalledforamoredeterminedandactivistleadershipthanWashingtonprovided. UnlikeWashingtonwhoserootswereinsouthernblackagricultureDuBois’scareerspannedbothsidesoftheMason-DixonLine.HewasanativeofMassachusettsreceivedhisundergraduateeducationfromFiskUniversityinNashvilledidhisgraduatestudyatHarvardUniversityanddirectedtheAtlantaUniversityStudiesofBlackAmericanLifeintheSouth.DuBoisapproachedtheproblemofracialrelationsintheUnitedStatesfromtwodimensions:asascholarlyresearcherandasanactivistforcivilrights.AmonghisworkswasthefamousempiricalsociologicalstudyThePhiladelphiaNegro:ASocialStudyinwhichheexaminedthatcity’sblackpopulationandmaderecommendationsfortheschoolsystem.DuBois’sPhiladelphiastudywasthepioneerworkonurbanblacksinAmerica. DuBoishadalongandactivecareerasaleaderinthecivilrightsmovement.HehelpedtoorganizetheNiagaraMovementin1905whichledtotheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleNAACPestablishedin1909.From1910until1934DuBoiseditedTheCrisisthemajorjournaloftheNAACP.IntermsofitseducationalpolicytheNAACPpositionwasthatallAmericanchildrenandyouthshouldhavegenuineequalityofeducationalopportunity.ThispolicywhichDuBoishelpedtoformulatestressedthefollowingthemes:1publicschoolingshouldbefreeandcompulsoryforallAmericanchildren;2secondaryschoolingshouldbeprovidedforallyouth;3highereducationshouldnotbemonopolizedbyanyspecialclassorrace. AsaleaderineducationDuBoischallengednotonlythetraditionofracialsegregationintheschoolsbutalsotheaccommodationistideologyofBookerT.Washington.ThemajordifferencebetweenthetwomenwasthatWashingtonsoughtchangethatwasevolutionaryinnatureanddidnotupsetthesocialorderwhereasDuBoisdemandedimmediatechange.DuBoisbelievedineducatedleadershipforblacksandhedevelopedaconceptreferredtoasthe“talentedtenth”accordingtowhich10percentoftheblackpopulationwouldreceiveatraditionalcollegeeducationinpreparationforleadership. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
AlthoughnolongerslaversaftertheCivilWarAmericanblackstooknosignificantpartinthelifeofwhiteAmericaexceptasservantsorlaborers.Manythousandsofthememigratedfromthewar-ravagedSouthtotheNorthfrom1865to1915inthehopeoffindingworkinthebigindustrialcities.WholecommunitiesofblackscrowdedtogetherintoghettosinNewYorkCityChicagoandDetroitwhereoncethepoorwhiteimmigrantshadlived.Theseghettosneglectedbythecityauthoritiesbecameslums.Theschoolstowhichblackchildrenwentwerehopelesslyinadequate.Unemploymentinblackghettosremainedconsistentlyhigherthaninwhitecommunities. 41.Seriousproblemswithblackghettos.__________ Stablefamilylifewasdifficulttomaintain. 42.Theextremepovertyoftheblacks.__________ Inthelate1970snearlyathirdofallblacksstillbelongedtotheso-called"underclass"theyareso"under-privileged"andpoorthattheycannotseizetheopportunityforadvancement. 43.Effortstoputanendtoracialdiscrimination.__________ RacerelationsintheUSAcontinuetobeathornyproblem. 44.Improvementsinlivesoftheblacks.__________ Despitesomesetbacksracerelationsareimproving. 45.Prevailingviolenceinsolvingracialproblems.__________ Itissaidthattelevisionhadanenormousinfluenceonfrustratedandbitterblacksforitshowedthembowmuchbetterwhitesonthewholelivedthanblacks.Attheendofthe1960stherewereseriousriotsinmanycities. Theviolencequicklydieddown.Blacksbegantousetheirvotestoexertpoliticalpressure.CitieslikeAtlantaGeorgiaGaryIndianaandLosAngelesCaliforniaelectedblackmayors.IntegrationofschoolsdespiteresistancefromwhitegroupsgoesonandtheproportionofblacksinAmericancollegeshasincreaseddramaticallyinthelast20years.Therearereasonstomaintainacautiousoptimismthatprogressinracerelationswillcontinue. [A]Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearemorethan20millionAmericansinthiscategory10%ofthepopulationincludingmanymillionsofwhites. [B]Blacksaregaininginself-confidence.Inmoreandmoreareastheyarewinningcontroloftheircommunitiesandtheirstandardoflivingisgoingupfasterthanthatofthepoorwhites.Itisstillahardstruggle.ThereisstillprejudiceandevensomehatredbutinmostwalksofAmericanlifetherearenowmoreblacksthaneverbefore. [C]Theeraofblatantdiscriminationendedinthe1960sthroughthecourageousactionsofthousandsofblacksparticipatinginpeacefulmarchesandsitinstoforceSouthernstatestoimplementtheFederaldesegregationlawsinschoolsandpublicaccommodations.Downcamethe"whitesonly"noticesinbusedhotelstrainsrestaurantssportingeventsrestroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Goneweretherestrictionsthatpreventedblacksvoting.Gonetoowerethehideouslynch-ingswhichsincetheCivilWarhadcausedthedeathofthousandsofinnocentblacks—hangedwithouttrialbywhitemobs.Howevereventodaypooruneducatedlacksdonotalwaysreceivethesamedegreeofjusticethatthemoreaffluentandbettereducatedcanexpect. [D]Manyblackschosetokeepsilentabouttheirunfairnessinsteadofresortingtoviolence.Buttheirsilencewasalsoproblemprovoking:ontheonehandsilencewouldbuildupalotofcomplaintsandhatredintheirmindsthusresultinginanegativeapproachtolifeandeverything;ontheotherhandsilencewouldgivethewhitesanimpressionthattheblackstaketherealityforgrantedandputmoreracialdiscriminationonthem. [E]Unemployedfatherswouldonoccasionwalkoutoftheirhomesandneverreturn.Childrenneglectedbytheirparentsturnedinsomeinstancestodrugsandcrimes.Therearemorethan700murdersayearincitieslikeNewYorkDetroitLosAngelesandHoustonandmostofthesedeathsareofblackskilledbyblacks.Theblackghettosaredangerousbothforblacksandnon-blacks. [F]RadicalblacksliketheBlackPanthersdemandedafreeblackstatewithintheUnionandadvocatedviolencetoachievethatendandtoprotectthemselvesagainstwhattheyfeltwaspolicebrutalitytowardblacks.ForawhileviolenceovershadowedtheinfluenceofthegreatlyrespectedpacifistblackMartinLutherKingJr.whohadprovidedtheinspirationandleadershipforthosedevotedtoapeacefulchangeandwhosemurderin1968stunnedAmerica. 42
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 6
HaveyoueverwonderedwhetherwritingandmaintainingyourbusinessblogisawasteoftimeIfyouhaveitprobablyis.Businessblogsarevaluableforsomecompaniesbutformanybloggingtakesuptimeandresourcesbetterspentelsewhere.Ifanyofthefollowingstatementsapplytoyoustoppostingtoyourblogorre-purposewhatyouwouldhavepostedandstartdoingsomethingmoreproductive: 41Youdreadwritinganotherpost. EitherwaywhateveryoupublishwillnotrepresentyourbusinesswellsowhydoitAnytimeyoufeelyoucan’tputyourbestfootforwarddon’ttakethestep. 42Yourpageviewsarestagnant. Unlessofcourseyoucanaccuratelyidentifytangiblebenefitsfromthatreadership. 43Youcan’tquantifyyourreturn. Bloggingislikeanyotherinvestmentintimeandresources:Ifyoudon’tseeareturndon’tdoit. 44Yourgoalistoprovidevaluableresourcestocustomers. Potentialcustomerswhogladlyreadresourcepagesoftenrunscreamingfromthesameinformationwhenitappearsonablog. 45Yourreadersarenotyourcustomers. Buildinganaudienceisusefulonlyiftheaudiencecontainscurrentandpotentialcustomers.Knowwhoisreadingyourbiog.Ifyoucan’tbebotheredtofindoutthat’syetanotherindicationit’stimetostop. [A]Manybusinessownerssay"Idon’thaveanynumberstobackitupbutIknowmyblogispayingoff."ReallyHowIfyourblogisn’tsendingsignificanttraffictoyourwebsiteviasearchenginesisn’tdirectlygeneratingsalesdoesn’tcreateacommunityorcreatesacommunitythatdoesn’tactually benefityourbusinessyourblogisn’tpayingoff. [B]Ifyouaren’texcitedbythethoughtofsittingdowntowriteyournextpostyouhavenothingtosayandwillonceagainborrowideasfromanotherblogoralreadyrealizebloggingisawasteoftimebutwon’tadmitit. [C]Greatgoal.Byallmeansdoit.Butdon’tputhow-toinformationorusefultipsornon-newsinformationonyourblog.Manypeopleareblog-aversebecausemostblogsareterriblesoyourblogmayautomaticallygetpaintedwiththesamebrush.Ifyourmaterialisrelativelyevergreencreateresourcepagesonyourwebsiteinstead. [D]Whennewpostsaveragethesamenumberofpageviewsandonamonthlybasissodoesyourentireblogyou’vestalled.Maybeloyalreaderskeepreturningormaybeyougainsomeandlosesomebuteitherwaynotmuchishappening.Ablogwithasmallstagnantreadershipisablogthatisawasteoftimeatleastforbusinesspurposes. [E]Neverblogbecauseyouthinkithelps;youhavetoknow.Knowingtakeseffort.Ifyou’renotwillingtoputthetimeyouneedintotrackingandanalyzingdatayou’reeitherlazyorafraidtofindoutyou’rewastingyourtimeonyourblog.Sometimesquittingismoreadmirablethanstayingthecourse. [F]Thishappensmoreoftenthanyouthink.Forexampleafriendisanincrediblysuccessfulfinancialplanner.Hewritesablogthatgetsthousandsofuniquevisitorsamonth.Buthewritesabouttopicsofinterestonlytootherfinancialplanners.Thatwouldbefineifhisbloggeneratedmediaopportunitiesorsupportedabookheplanstowriteorhelpshimnetworkandbringinmorebusiness—butitdoesn’t. 42
Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindoutthat70percentoftheearthremainsunexplored--theoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry. Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissoughtfromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.Themalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragic.Butthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea. Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothe"continentalshelf"waters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland. Fromthelastparagraphwelearnthat
DuBoiswasasociologicalandeducationalpioneerwhochallengedtheestablishedsystemofeducationthattendedtorestrictratherthantoadvancetheprogressofblackAmericans.Hechallengedwhatiscalledthe“Tuskegeemachine”ofBookerT.WashingtontheleadingeducationalspokespersonoftheblacksintheU.S..AsasociologistandhistorianDuBoiscalledforamoredeterminedandactivistleadershipthanWashingtonprovided. UnlikeWashingtonwhoserootswereinsouthernblackagricultureDuBois’scareerspannedbothsidesoftheMason-DixonLine.HewasanativeofMassachusettsreceivedhisundergraduateeducationfromFiskUniversityinNashvilledidhisgraduatestudyatHarvardUniversityanddirectedtheAtlantaUniversityStudiesofBlackAmericanLifeintheSouth.DuBoisapproachedtheproblemofracialrelationsintheUnitedStatesfromtwodimensions:asascholarlyresearcherandasanactivistforcivilrights.AmonghisworkswasthefamousempiricalsociologicalstudyThePhiladelphiaNegro:ASocialStudyinwhichheexaminedthatcity’sblackpopulationandmaderecommendationsfortheschoolsystem.DuBois’sPhiladelphiastudywasthepioneerworkonurbanblacksinAmerica. DuBoishadalongandactivecareerasaleaderinthecivilrightsmovement.HehelpedtoorganizetheNiagaraMovementin1905whichledtotheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleNAACPestablishedin1909.From1910until1934DuBoiseditedTheCrisisthemajorjournaloftheNAACP.IntermsofitseducationalpolicytheNAACPpositionwasthatallAmericanchildrenandyouthshouldhavegenuineequalityofeducationalopportunity.ThispolicywhichDuBoishelpedtoformulatestressedthefollowingthemes:1publicschoolingshouldbefreeandcompulsoryforallAmericanchildren;2secondaryschoolingshouldbeprovidedforallyouth;3highereducationshouldnotbemonopolizedbyanyspecialclassorrace. AsaleaderineducationDuBoischallengednotonlythetraditionofracialsegregationintheschoolsbutalsotheaccommodationistideologyofBookerT.Washington.ThemajordifferencebetweenthetwomenwasthatWashingtonsoughtchangethatwasevolutionaryinnatureanddidnotupsetthesocialorderwhereasDuBoisdemandedimmediatechange.DuBoisbelievedineducatedleadershipforblacksandhedevelopedaconceptreferredtoasthe“talentedtenth”accordingtowhich10percentoftheblackpopulationwouldreceiveatraditionalcollegeeducationinpreparationforleadership. ThephraseTuskegeemachineLine3Para.1mostprobablyrefersto
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 18
HaveyoueverwonderedwhetherwritingandmaintainingyourbusinessblogisawasteoftimeIfyouhaveitprobablyis.Businessblogsarevaluableforsomecompaniesbutformanybloggingtakesuptimeandresourcesbetterspentelsewhere.Ifanyofthefollowingstatementsapplytoyoustoppostingtoyourblogorre-purposewhatyouwouldhavepostedandstartdoingsomethingmoreproductive: 41Youdreadwritinganotherpost. EitherwaywhateveryoupublishwillnotrepresentyourbusinesswellsowhydoitAnytimeyoufeelyoucan’tputyourbestfootforwarddon’ttakethestep. 42Yourpageviewsarestagnant. Unlessofcourseyoucanaccuratelyidentifytangiblebenefitsfromthatreadership. 43Youcan’tquantifyyourreturn. Bloggingislikeanyotherinvestmentintimeandresources:Ifyoudon’tseeareturndon’tdoit. 44Yourgoalistoprovidevaluableresourcestocustomers. Potentialcustomerswhogladlyreadresourcepagesoftenrunscreamingfromthesameinformationwhenitappearsonablog. 45Yourreadersarenotyourcustomers. Buildinganaudienceisusefulonlyiftheaudiencecontainscurrentandpotentialcustomers.Knowwhoisreadingyourbiog.Ifyoucan’tbebotheredtofindoutthat’syetanotherindicationit’stimetostop. [A]Manybusinessownerssay"Idon’thaveanynumberstobackitupbutIknowmyblogispayingoff."ReallyHowIfyourblogisn’tsendingsignificanttraffictoyourwebsiteviasearchenginesisn’tdirectlygeneratingsalesdoesn’tcreateacommunityorcreatesacommunitythatdoesn’tactually benefityourbusinessyourblogisn’tpayingoff. [B]Ifyouaren’texcitedbythethoughtofsittingdowntowriteyournextpostyouhavenothingtosayandwillonceagainborrowideasfromanotherblogoralreadyrealizebloggingisawasteoftimebutwon’tadmitit. [C]Greatgoal.Byallmeansdoit.Butdon’tputhow-toinformationorusefultipsornon-newsinformationonyourblog.Manypeopleareblog-aversebecausemostblogsareterriblesoyourblogmayautomaticallygetpaintedwiththesamebrush.Ifyourmaterialisrelativelyevergreencreateresourcepagesonyourwebsiteinstead. [D]Whennewpostsaveragethesamenumberofpageviewsandonamonthlybasissodoesyourentireblogyou’vestalled.Maybeloyalreaderskeepreturningormaybeyougainsomeandlosesomebuteitherwaynotmuchishappening.Ablogwithasmallstagnantreadershipisablogthatisawasteoftimeatleastforbusinesspurposes. [E]Neverblogbecauseyouthinkithelps;youhavetoknow.Knowingtakeseffort.Ifyou’renotwillingtoputthetimeyouneedintotrackingandanalyzingdatayou’reeitherlazyorafraidtofindoutyou’rewastingyourtimeonyourblog.Sometimesquittingismoreadmirablethanstayingthecourse. [F]Thishappensmoreoftenthanyouthink.Forexampleafriendisanincrediblysuccessfulfinancialplanner.Hewritesablogthatgetsthousandsofuniquevisitorsamonth.Buthewritesabouttopicsofinterestonlytootherfinancialplanners.Thatwouldbefineifhisbloggeneratedmediaopportunitiesorsupportedabookheplanstowriteorhelpshimnetworkandbringinmorebusiness—butitdoesn’t. 44
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 14
Euthanasiaisclearlyadeliberateandintentionalaspectofakilling.Takingahumanlifeevenwithsubtleritesandconsentofthepartyinvolvedisbarbaric.Noonecanjustlykillanotherhumanbeing.Justasitiswrongforaserialkillertomurderitiswrongforaphysiciantodosoaswellnomatterwhatthemotivefordoingsomaybe. ManythinkersincludingalmostallorthodoxCatholicsbelievethateuthanasiaisimmoral.Theyopposekillingpatientsinanycircumstanceswhatever.Howevertheythinkitisallrightinsomespecialcircumstancestoallowpatientstodiebywithholdingtreatment.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’spolicystatementonmercykillingsupportsthistraditionalview.Inmypaper"ActiveandPassiveEuthanasia"Iargueagainstthetraditionalviewthatthereisinfactnonormaldifferencebetweenkillingandlettingdie--ifoneispermissiblethensoistheother. ProfessorSullivandoesnotdisputemyargument;insteadhedismissesitasirrelevant.Thetraditionaldoctrinehesaysdoesnotappealtoordependonthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdie.Thereforeargumentsagainstthatdistinction"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." IsmyargumentreallyirrelevantIdon’tseehowitcanbe.AsSullivanhimselfpointsoutnearlyeveryoneholdsthatitissometimesmeaninglesstoprolongtheprocessofdyingandthatinthosecasesitismorallypermissibletoletapatientdieeventhoughafewmorehoursordayscouldbesavedbyproceduresthatwouldalsoincreasetheagoniesofthedying.Butifitisimpossibletodefendageneraldistinctionbetweenlettingpeopledieandactingtoterminatetheirlivesdirectlythenitwouldseemthatactiveeuthanasiaalsomaybemorallypermissible. ButtraditionalistslikeprofessorSullivanholdthatactiveeuthanasia--thedirectkillingofpatients--isnotmorallypermissible;soifmyargumentissoundtheirviewmustbemistaken.Icannotagreethenthatmyargument"leavethetraditionalpositionuntouched." HoweverIshallnotpressthispoint.InsteadIshallpresentsomefurtherargumentsagainstthetraditionalpositionconcentratingonthoseelementsofthepositionwhichprofessorSullivanhimselfthinksmostimportant.Accordingtohimwhatisimportantisfirstthatweshouldneverintentionallyterminatethelifeofapatienteitherbyactionoromissionandsecondthatwemayceaseoromittreatmentofapatientknowingthatthiswillresultindeathonlyifthemeansoftreatmentinvolvedareextraordinary. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordomissionParagraph6
Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment. Itistheinnerworkingofownbrainsthatwefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisotherwayaround.46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffist-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithprimitiveandunchangedeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.47Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasagainstanywayinwhichwecanaffecttraditionalCustomisastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacular本国的ofhisfamily.48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation. 49Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalkheislittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitiesitshabitsarehishabitsitsbeliefshisbeliefsitsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemwhichismoreresponsibleforustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarietiesthemaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible. 50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses. Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid. ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.Theyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedand"thebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadiesel"saysBoon."Itwasprettyloudandsmoky." WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus."Thedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareover"saysBoon."AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless." Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen."Busesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycity"saysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency."Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions." Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006."There’sroomforcompetition"saysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 16
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Accordingtothetextnowitisbeyondtheabilityofcommercialinsurancemarket
JusthowdoesapersonarriveatanideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2whichcontinuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatoneestablishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementaryknowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannotmake5wehavetheopportunityto6ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmanyotherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeoplewithwhomwe9Thisprocessof10thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe"Looking-glassSelf"byCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological11ofself-discovery. Justasthepictureinthemirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12theperceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.Weknow13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotatothers.This14cametousfromthereactionsofotherpersonsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15inlife.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassselfwithwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromtheimageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18Clearlyitisourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19responsesthat20ourself-imageandtheseperceptionsareoftennotaccurate. 4
Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment. Itistheinnerworkingofownbrainsthatwefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayofthinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisotherwayaround.46Traditionalcustomtakentheworldoverisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactionsnomatterhowunusualandabnormal.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffist-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithprimitiveandunchangedeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.47Eveninhisphilosophicalprobing探测术hecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasagainstanywayinwhichwecanaffecttraditionalCustomisastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacular本国的ofhisfamily.48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation. 49Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalkheislittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivitiesitshabitsarehishabitsitsbeliefshisbeliefsitsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.50Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhimandnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemwhichismoreresponsibleforustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarietiesthemaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible. 48Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavetheopportunitytodevelopautonomouslythefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Thewriterarguesthatintheforeseeablefuturetheinsureroflastresortforairline’sterroristriskwillbe
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