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The United States In 1782 【51】 the United States won its independ...
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Paragraph4_________.
第二篇 AmericansGetTouchy TheNewYorkTimesrecentlyreportedthatAmericanteensarehuggingpracticallyeveryonetheysee.Saygoodbyetothegreetingsofthepastfromthehands-offWhatsup!tothehandshakeorhigh-five2.ForyoungpeopleacrossthecountryhuggingisthenewHello. Girlsarehugginggirls.Boysarehuggingboys.Girlsandboysarehuggingeachother.Andlikeeverymajortrendtherearelotsofvariationsontheform.Therestheclassicfull-bodyarms-around-the-personbearhugthecasualone-armedsidehugthegrouphugandthehugfrombehind.Theresthehandshakethatturnsintoahugandthehugthatturnsintoapatontheback. Astrendsgothisoneseemsprettyinnocent.Butsomeparentsteachersandschooladministratorsareworriednonetheless.Willyoungpeoplewhoarentascomfortablewithphysicalcontactfeelpeerpressuredintohugging?WillkidswhodontreceivehugsfeelleftOut3?Couldanextra-longhugslideintothemoreominousterritoryofsexualharassment? Inresponsetosomeoftheseconcernssomeschoolshavesetupnewrulestolimitoreliminatehugging.Oneschoolheadhascreatedathree-secondlimitation4forhugsatherschool.Afewschoolshavetakenevenmoredrasticmeasuresplacingabanonallformsoftouchingbetweenstudents. Afewimportantpointsarebeingleftoutofthediscussion.WhiletheUShastraditionallybeenreservedabouttouching-savinghugsandkissesforrelativesromanticpartnersandveryclosefriends-peopleinmanyotherpartsoftheworldhavebeengreetingeachotherthiswayforages. InLatinAmericaorWesternEuropeincountrieslikeSpainFranceandItalyakissonthecheekiscommonamongwomenaswellasamongwomenandmenwhoarenotromanticallyinvolved.Thecheek-kissvariesbyregion.Sometimesitisjustanairkissblownpasttheface.Inotherplacestheproperwayofgreetingistodeliverakissuponbothcheeksorsometimesevenatripletofkissesperformedbykissingonecheekthentheotherthenbacktothefirst. LatinAmericanmenaremorelikelytoshakehandswhengreetingothermenbutinsomecountrieslikeTurkeyitsnotunusualformenwhoknoweachotherwelltoexchangekissesonthecheek.MeanwhilefortheMaoripeopleofNewZealandatraditionalgreetingcalledthehongiinvolvespressingnosestogether. SofromaglobalperspectivethenewtrendofteenhugginginAmericaisnotsonewafterall.PeopleallaroundtheworldmoveinclosetosayhelloandAmericansarejustnowjoiningin.
Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheprospectofprotectingendangeredspeciesfrombeingextinct?
Wecaninferthattheauthorholdsaattitudetowardthenewtrendofhugging.
Thenewtypeofcarisfairlyeconomicaloffuel.
ChoosingaTopicforResearch Becauseyouaregoingtoputalotofyourtimeandenergyintoyourresearchprojectthetopicisespeciallyimportant.Inmanyinstancesyourinstructormaygiveaspecifictopic.Ifthisisdoneyouhavelittlechoicebutmostinstructorswillpermitorevenwelcomeaslightlychangedfocusinatopicifitissupportedbygoodthinking. Insomeofyourclassestheinstructormaypresentasuggestedlistofseveraltopicsfromwhichyouaretomakeachoice.Ifthisisdonedonotsimplyselectthefirstideathatattractsyourattention.Itmaybeonewithwhichyouwillsoonbecomeboredoritmaybeoneonwhichyouwouldhavedifficultyfindingallthenecessaryinformation.Lookingatthetopicstrytoconsiderhowyoumightgoaboutdevelopingeachofthem.Whenyoufindoutwhatseemsespeciallyinterestingandworthwhiledoabitcheckinginthelibrarytoseeifyoucangetthebasicresourcesyouwillneed. Choosingagoodresearchtopicdoesnotnecessarilymeanfindingsomethingthathasalotwrittenaboutit.Manytimesyouwillhavetoresearcharoundatopicinordertofindoutthemostusefulinformation.Excitingandoriginaltopicsoftencometomindbycombiningtwocompletelydifferentinterests.Letussaythatyouareinterestedinchildpsychologyandinsports.Perhapsyoucancombinetheseintoastudyoftheeffectthatiswatchingonthesubjectyoucanresearchthetopicindividuallyandbyputtingyourinformationtogetherthendrawaconclusion.
TheRoleofGovernments 1Governmentsdeterminethelegalframeworkthatsetsthebasicmeetsfortheownershipofpropertyandtheoperationofmarkets.Inadditiongovernmentsatalllevelsregulateeconomicbehaviorsettingdetailedrulesfortheoperationofbusinesses.Suchregulationsapplytoallbusinesses;examplesincludelawsagainstfraudandracialdiscrimination. 2Governmentsbuyandproducemanygoodsandservicessuchasdefenseeducationparksandroadswhichtheyprovideforfirmsandhouseholds.Theytypicallybuycomputersbutwriteprogramstheyneedtooperatethem.Governmentsalsoproduceandsellgoods.Inmanycountriesthephonecompanyisgovernment-ownedliketheelectricsystem. 3GovernmentsalsomaketransferpaymentssuchasSocialSecurityandunemploymentbenefitstoindividuals.Transferpaymentsarepaymentsforwhichnocurrenteconomicgoodsorserviceisprovidedinreturnandthereforedonotrepresentexpenditureforthepurchaseoffinalproducts.Afirefighter’ssalaryisnotatransferpaymentbutwelfarebenefitsare. 4Governmentspayforthegoodstheybuyandforthetransferpaymentstheymakemostlybycollectingtaxesincludingpersonalincometaxespropertytaxessocialinsurancetaxesandsalestaxes.Over60%ofthegovernmentrevenueintheU.S.iscollectedbythefederalgovernment.Thisdoesnotincludetaxescollectedbystateandcitygovernment. 5Everymarketeconomysuffersfrombusinesscycles.Governmentsthroughtheircontroloftaxesandgovernmentspendingandthroughtheirabilitytocontrolthequantityofmoneyoftenattempttomodifyfluctuationsinthebusinesscycle.ForinstancethegovernmentmayreducetaxesinarecessioninthehopethatpeoplewillincreasespendingandthusraisetheGNP.
ThispassagementionsallofthefollowingcausesfortheextinctionofmanyspeciesEXCEPT
Wecanutilizewaterforproducingelectricpower.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ???????{{B}}DarkForcesDominate Universe{{/B}}??TheEarthmoonsunandallvisiblestarsinthe skymakeuplessthanonepercentoftheuniverse.Almostalltherestisdark matteranddarkenergyunknown{{U}}?1?{{/U}}thatpuzzle astronomers.??Observationsinrecentyearshavechangedthebasic understandingofhowtheuniverseevolvedandhaveemphasizedforastronomers howlittleisknown{{U}}?2?{{/U}}themajorforcesandsubstancesthat shapedourworld:??Astronomersnowknowthatluminous matter-starsplanetsandhotgas—{{U}}?3?{{/U}}onlyabout0.4per centoftheuniverse.Non.luminouscomponentssuchasblackholesand intergalacticgasmakeup3.6percent.Therestiseitherdarkmatterabout 23percentordarkenergyabout73percent.??Darkmatter sometimescalledcolddarkmatterhasbeenknownforsome{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}.Onlyrecentlyhaveresearcherscometounderstandthepivotalrole it{{U}}?5?{{/U}}intheformationofstarsplanetsandeven people.??Weoweourveryexistencetodarkmattersaid physicistPaulSteinhardtandaco-authorofareviewondarkmatterwhich appearednotlong{{U}}?6?{{/U}}inthejournalScience.? ?SteinhardtsaiditisbelievedthatfollowingtheBigBangthe theoretical{{U}}?7?{{/U}}oftheuniversedarkmattercausedparticles toclumptogether.Thatsetupthegravitationprocessesthatledtothe formationofstarsandgalaxies.Thosestarsinturncreatedthebasic chemicalssuchascarbonandironthatwere{{U}}?8?{{/U}}tothe evolutionoflife.??Darkmatterdominatedtheformationof structureintheearlyuniverse.Steinhardtsaid.Forthefirstfewbillion yearsdarkmattercontained{{U}}?9?{{/U}}ofthemassoftheuniverse. YoucanthinkofordinarymatterasafrothofanOceanofdarkmatter.Thedark matterclumpsandtheordinarymatterfallsintoit.Thatledtothe{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}ofthestarsandgalaxies.??Withoutdark matterthere{{U}}?11?{{/U}}bevirtuallynostructuresinthe universe.??Thenatureofdarkmatteris{{U}}?12 ?{{/U}}.Itcannotbeseenordetected{{U}}?13?{{/U}}Astronomers knowitistherebecauseofitseffectoncelestialobjectsthancanbeseenand measured.??Butthemostdominatingforceof{{U}}?14 ?{{/U}}intheuniverseiscalleddarkenergy.Arecentlyprovenpowerthat astronomerssayiscausingthegalaxiesintheuniversetoseparateatafaster andfasterspeed.??Onescientistsaiditisclearnow{{U}} ?15?{{/U}}darkmatteranddarkenergyengagedinagravitationaltug ofwarthateventuallydarkenergywon.??intergalacticadj. 银河间的??????gravitationn. 地心吸力万有引力??pivotaladj.关键的举足轻重的???? frothn.泡沫??celestialadj.天体的??clumpv. 凝聚成块
Youcanresearchthetopicbycooperatingwithothers.
Sexchangesurgeryguidelinesdrafted Chinaissetto51itsfirstclinicalguidelineonsex-changesurgeryaccordingtoanoticeputonthewebsiteoftheMinistryofHealthyesterday. Theministryisnowsolicitingpublicandprofessionalopinionsonthedraftguideline.Thecomingguidelineaimstoregulateandstandardizesexreassignmentsurgerypartofatreatmentforgenderidentitydisorderintranssexuals. Experts52nearly2000Chinesehaveundergonesex-changesurgerywhile100000to400000arestillconsideringit.Howevernoofficialnumberisavailable.InthedrafttheMOHsets53criteriaforbothsurgicalcandidatesandmedicalinstitutions. Candidatesforthesurgerymustbeolderthan20andsinglethedraftguidelinesaid.Theyarealsorequiredtoproveapersistentdesireforasexchangetoliveforatleastfiveconsecutiveyearsfull-timeinthenewgenderroleandtoengage54mentaltherapyforatleastoneyear. Beforesurgerycantakeplaceacandidatemustreceivearecommendationfortheoperationfroma55afteranappropriateseriesoftherapysessions. Alsoseverallegalrequirements56bemetbeforetheprocedure. Thecandidatemustprovideprooffrompolicethatheorshehasdoesnothaveanycriminaloffensesinthepast. Policemustalsoagreetochangethesexstatusontheidentitycardofthe57receiverbeforetheoperationcantake58. Theadventofsuchaguideline59toshowthatthegovernmentisconcerned60theneedsofarelativelysmall61ofpeoplewhowanttochangesex. Butdoctorsalsowarnthatallstakeholdersincludingthehospitalandprospectivereceiversshouldbehighlycautiousaboutthissurgery. Theoperationismorethanamedicalproceduredue62itshugesocialandlegalconsequences.Doctorsshouldmakeitcleartothose63sex-changesurgeriesthattheoptionalwaysremainstocontinuetoliveintheoriginalrole.Theguidelinerequiressurgeonstotellpatientsaboutotheroptions64hormonetherapy.Theyarealsorequiredtoexplaintherisksinvolvedandunderlyingsocialbarriersincludingdiscriminationandadministrativerecognitionandapproval. Forthecandidatesthesurgeryitselfisnotthebigissue65thelongrun.Therealissueisthekindoflifeheorshewillhavetoleadafterward.
Choosingagoodresearchtopiccertainlyreferstofindingsomethingthathasalotwrittenaboutit.
Accordingtotheconstitutionanyoneovertheageof18iseligibletovote.
Governmentsregulateeconomicbehaviorandtheregulations_________.
Allinstructorswillallowsomewhatchangedfocusintheoriginaltopic.
Thehillwasoncerichwithiron.
Accordingtothepassagetheauthorwouldjudgewhatiswrong
ThegovernmentrevenueintheU.S.iscollectedbythefederalgovernmentand_________.
TheFrenchRevolutionwasaperiodofdisorderbutproducedsomegreatliterature.
Theclassofmammalsembracesnearlyallwarm-bloodedanimalsexceptthebirds.
Whydoestheauthorgivesomeexamplesofbadrules?
SomeparentsteachersandschooladministratorsconcernthenewtrendofhuggingforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT:
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