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{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.Paragraph3______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. Whichofthefollowingisnotbeneficialtothelengtheningoflife?
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Usingspecificradio-labeledDNAprobesprovidesepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolvingpowerforidentifyingreservoirandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens.
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Thisenzymemanufacturesprostaglandinssubstancesthatcausepainandinflammation.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ???Withoutregularsuppliesofsome hormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswe wouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifyourmoodsandour actionourinclinationtoeatordrinkouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluence adultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodily formandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlife thechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schanging sensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging. ???Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequent integrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervous systemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.Theemergenceof endocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablebe?tracedtothe experimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceis secretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;it travelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberate pancreaticjuicewhichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecrete chemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttarget organsortissuesBaylissandStarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegration canoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.?? ?Thetermhormonewasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.Starling derivedthetermfromtheGreekhormonemeaningtoexcitedorsetinmotion. ThetermendocrinewasintroducedshortlythereafterEndocrineisusedto refertoglandsthatsecreteproductsintothebloodstream.Thetermendocrine contrastswithexocrinewhichisappliedtoglandsthatsecretetheirproducts throughductstothesiteofaction.Examplesofexocrineglandsarethetear glandsthesweatglandsandthepancreaswhichsecretespancreaticjuice throughaductintointestine.Exocrineglandsarealsocalledductglands whileendocrineglandsarecalledductless.ThewordaggressivenessinPara.1sentence2isclosestinmeaning______.
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.AccordingtoAlexanderTomaszthetraditionaltrackingtechniquesareturningouttobeefficient.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. Whatarethemainfactorsthatdeterminedifferentratesofaging?
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ???Weallageatdifferentrates. Heredityclearlyplaysanimportantpart.Butrecentresearchstudiesby gerontologistsindicatethatlife-stylemaybeequallysignificantin determiningwhowillremainyouthful.???Asarulesingle menandwomenhaveshorterlivesthanmarriedmenandwomen.Studiesshowthat thosewhohavebeenwidowedespeciallymenhavealongerlifeexpectancyif theyremarrysoon.Bothmenandwomenseemtohaveagreaterresistanceto diseaseanddeathwhentheirmarriageisundamaged.Accordingtoa1960study womenwhohavebornethreechildrenhavethelowestmortalityrates.Thosewho havebornefourormorehavethehighest.Childlesswomenandthosewithonly onechildgenerallydon’tliveaslongasmotheroftwoorthreeaccordingto UniversityofChicagosociologistsEvenlyM.KitagawaandPhilipM.Hauser. ???It’simpossibletosayhowmuchsleepisideal.Some peoplethriveonfivehoursanightothersseemtorequireeightornine. Scientistsagreethatconsistencyinsleepingpatternismoresignificant;it’s bettertogetsixhours’sleepeverynightthantenhoursonenightandthree thenext.???Whileit’struethatveryfewpeoplewhoenjoy alonglifearefatthisdoesnotmeanthateverypoundyougainisgoingto shortenyourlife.InfactanongoingstudyinFraminghamMass.hasshowed thatduringatleast30yearsofmiddlelifeleannesswasahigherfactorfor mortalitythanfatness!Whatisknownisthatweightextremesineither directionaredefinitelyunhealthy.Weighing20percentmoreorlessthanyou shouldweighcanincertaincasesbealifeshortener.?? ?Thebenefitsofregularexerciseareindisputable.Menengagedin energeticandpersistentphysicallaborhavefewerheartattacks.Butmany researchersbelievethatexerciseneednotbeverystrongtokeepyouinshape. Thefirstprincipleofanylife-extensionprogramthenistoenjoyevery momentofthelifeyouhave—whetheritlastsonemoreyearorahundred.Asthe philosopherJeanJacquesRousseauputit:Teachhimtoliveratherthanto avoiddeath.Lifeisnotbreathbutactiontheuseofoursensesmind facultieseverypartofourselveswhichmakesusconsciousofourbeing. TheauthorofthearticlequotesRousseau’swordsto______.
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ???Ihadbeenworkinginthetrauma unitatalocalhospitalforaboutayear.Yougetusedtofamiliesthinking thatacomapatientismovingtheirhandordoingsomethingthattheywere askedtodo.Followingcommandsiswhatwecallit.Oftenit’swishful thinkingonthefamilies’part.Nursescaneasilybecomecalloustoit. ???Onthisparticularnightduringvisitinghoursmy patient’swifecamein.Ihadtakencareofhimforseveramnights.Iwasvery familiarwithhiscareandwhathewasabletodo.Actuallyhedidn’tdo anything.Hebarelymovedatallevenwhensomethingwouldobviouslyhurthim suchassuctioning.???Hiswifewasveryshortabout5 feettall.Shehadtostandonastooltoleanoverhimsothatshecouldsee hisfaceandtalktohim.Sheclimbeduponthestool.Ispoketoherforafew minutesandthensteppedouttotendtomyotherpatient.Afewminuteslater shecamerunningoutoftheroom.InanexcitedvoiceshesaidDonnahe’s movinghishand!???Iimmediatelythoughtthatitwas probablyherimaginationandthathehadnotactuallydoneitonpurpose.He hadbeenthereaboutamonthatthetimeandhadnevermadeanymovementson purpose.IaskedherwhathadhappenedandshesaidIaskedhimtosqueezemy handandhedid!???Thisledmetoanothertrainof questioning.Butdidheletgowhenyouaskedhimto?Shesaidyesthathe haddoneexactlywhatsheasked.???Iwentintotheroom withhernotreallybelievingthatIwouldseeanythingdifferentthanIhad alwaysseen.ButIdecidedthatitwouldbebettertopacifyherthantomake herthinkIdidn’tbelieveherorthatshewassomehowmistaken.? ??Sheaskedhimtosqueezeherhandwhichhedid.IsaidWellask himtoletgo.Hecontinuedtosqueezeforamomentsothatwhenhefinally didletgoIreallystilldidn’tbelievethathehaddoneitonPurpose.SoI saidAskhimtoholduponefinger.Hedidasasked.?? ?Wellhmmthiswasstartingtogetmyattention.Ilookedathimhis facestillsomewhatswollenandhiseyesstillclosed.Stickoutyourtongue! Isaid.Hedidit.Ialmostfellonthefloor.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadever seenanyonewakeup.Whatdidthepatientdoonthatparticularnight?
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ???Withoutregularsuppliesofsome hormonesourcapacitytobehavewouldbeseriouslyimpaired;withoutotherswe wouldsoondie.Tinyamountsofsomehormonescanmodifyourmoodsandour actionourinclinationtoeatordrinkouraggressivenessorsubmissiveness andourreproductiveandparentalbehavior.Andhormonesdomorethaninfluence adultbehavior;earlyinlifetheyhelptodeterminethedevelopmentofbodily formandmayevendetermineanindividual’sbehavioralcapacities.Laterinlife thechangingoutputsofsomeendocrineglandsandthebody’schanging sensitivitytosomehormonesareessentialaspectsofthephenomenaofaging. ???Communicationwithinthebodyandtheconsequent integrationofbehaviorwereconsideredtheexclusiveprovinceofthenervous systemuptothebeginningofthepresentcentury.Theemergenceof endocrinologyasaseparatedisciplinecanprobablebe?tracedtothe experimentsofBaylissandStarlingonthehormonesecretion.Thissubstanceis secretedfromcellsintheintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthestomach;it travelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberate pancreaticjuicewhichaidsindigestion.Byshowingthatspecialcellssecrete chemicalagentsthatareconveyedbythebloodstreamandregulatedistanttarget organsortissuesBaylissandStarlingdemonstratedthatchemicalintegration canoccurwithoutparticipationofthenervoussystem.?? ?Thetermhormonewasfirstusedwithreferencetosecretion.Starling derivedthetermfromtheGreekhormonemeaningtoexcitedorsetinmotion. ThetermendocrinewasintroducedshortlythereafterEndocrineisusedto refertoglandsthatsecreteproductsintothebloodstream.Thetermendocrine contrastswithexocrinewhichisappliedtoglandsthatsecretetheirproducts throughductstothesiteofaction.Examplesofexocrineglandsarethetear glandsthesweatglandsandthepancreaswhichsecretespancreaticjuice throughaductintointestine.Exocrineglandsarealsocalledductglands whileendocrineglandsarecalledductless.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaneffectofhormones?
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}} ??Antibioticresistancedoesn’tjust makepathogens病原体difficulttotreatItalsomakesthemhardertotrack Traditionallyepidemiologists流行病专家followingthepathsofdisease-causing microbeshaveidentifiedtheirsuspectsbyfeaturesofbacterial polysaccharide多糖coatssusceptibilitytodifferentantibioticsorother schemesButthesetrackingtechniquesarelosingtheirrelevance相关性实用性 saysAlexanderTomaszamicrobiologistatRockefellerUniversityinNewYork City.Withtheincreaseindrugresistanceavarietyofresistantmicrobescan nowwearthesamecoatorberesistanttothesamedrugsmakingitharderand hardertokeeptabsonindividualstrains菌株.?? Epidemiologiststhereforeareincreasinglyturningtomoreprecisemolecular typingtechniquessuchasDNAfingerprintingtodistinguishresistantstrains. ??DNAtypingtoolsareofcoursenotnew.Indeedsome DNA-basedmethodssuchascomparingplasmids质体smallringsofDNAoutside thechromosomes〈染色体〉havebeenusedbyepidemiologiststotrackinfections sincethe1970s.butsinceplasmidDNAistransferredeasilyandoftenbetween differentstrainsthattechniquetoohasitslimitations.?? ?Morerecenttechniquesuserestrictionenzymestocutapartentire bacterialchromosomesintostrain-specificfragmentpatternsAnothermethod usesspecificradiolabeled放射标汇的DNAprobesinatechniqueknownasSouthern hybridization杂交totestforthepresenceofaparticulardrug-resistancegene inabacterialstrain.Suchtoolsgiveepidemiologistsunprecedentedresolving powerforidentifyingreservoirsandtransitionroutesofgenesandpathogens saysTomasz.Thathashelpedresearcherstrackanumberofdrug-resistant clonesastheytravelvastdistances.???Suchtracking methodsalsohelpuslearnaboutthemechanismofresistancesays CDC疾病控制和预防中心epidemiologistRobertBreiman.Resistancegrowsheexplains eitherasoneresistantorganismspreadsfromonelocationtothenext—asinthe BrazilianMRSA耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌—orasdifferentstrainsandevenspeciesof microbessharethegenesresponsiblefordrugresistanceasaseriesofstudies ofvancomycin万古霉素resistancerecentlydemonstrated.??That knowledgealsohelpspublichealthofficialscombatthespread.Ifresistance spreadshorizontally’asamicrobeincreasesitsrangeBreimansaysit’s importanttofocuspreventioneffortsonminimizingperson-to-personspreadin hospitalsandday-carecenters.Ifhoweverresistancegenesarejumping betweenorganismsthatsuggeststhatoverlyaggressiveantibiotictreatmentis encouragingnonresistantbugstoacquirenewgenes.Insuchcasesthefocus needstobeoncontrollinganti-microbialusesaysBreiman.Thehoped-for result:fewerinfectionstotrack.Aspirinisoneoftheworld’soldestpainremedies.
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.Paragraph5______.
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ???Ihadbeenworkinginthetrauma unitatalocalhospitalforaboutayear.Yougetusedtofamiliesthinking thatacomapatientismovingtheirhandordoingsomethingthattheywere askedtodo.Followingcommandsiswhatwecallit.Oftenit’swishful thinkingonthefamilies’part.Nursescaneasilybecomecalloustoit. ???Onthisparticularnightduringvisitinghoursmy patient’swifecamein.Ihadtakencareofhimforseveramnights.Iwasvery familiarwithhiscareandwhathewasabletodo.Actuallyhedidn’tdo anything.Hebarelymovedatallevenwhensomethingwouldobviouslyhurthim suchassuctioning.???Hiswifewasveryshortabout5 feettall.Shehadtostandonastooltoleanoverhimsothatshecouldsee hisfaceandtalktohim.Sheclimbeduponthestool.Ispoketoherforafew minutesandthensteppedouttotendtomyotherpatient.Afewminuteslater shecamerunningoutoftheroom.InanexcitedvoiceshesaidDonnahe’s movinghishand!???Iimmediatelythoughtthatitwas probablyherimaginationandthathehadnotactuallydoneitonpurpose.He hadbeenthereaboutamonthatthetimeandhadnevermadeanymovementson purpose.IaskedherwhathadhappenedandshesaidIaskedhimtosqueezemy handandhedid!???Thisledmetoanothertrainof questioning.Butdidheletgowhenyouaskedhimto?Shesaidyesthathe haddoneexactlywhatsheasked.???Iwentintotheroom withhernotreallybelievingthatIwouldseeanythingdifferentthanIhad alwaysseen.ButIdecidedthatitwouldbebettertopacifyherthantomake herthinkIdidn’tbelieveherorthatshewassomehowmistaken.? ??Sheaskedhimtosqueezeherhandwhichhedid.IsaidWellask himtoletgo.Hecontinuedtosqueezeforamomentsothatwhenhefinally didletgoIreallystilldidn’tbelievethathehaddoneitonPurpose.SoI saidAskhimtoholduponefinger.Hedidasasked.?? ?Wellhmmthiswasstartingtogetmyattention.Ilookedathimhis facestillsomewhatswollenandhiseyesstillclosed.Stickoutyourtongue! Isaid.Hedidit.Ialmostfellonthefloor.ItwasthefirsttimeIhadever seenanyonewakeup.Whatwastheconditionofthepatientbeforethatparticularnight?
{{*HTML*}} ??Hypertensionisthemedicaltermfor persistentandsustainedhighbloodpressure.Itisoneofthemost {{U}}?51?{{/U}}formsofheartdisease.Anunderstandingofblood pressurein{{U}}?52?{{/U}}healthyindividualsisnecessaryinorder tounderstandhypertension.???Bloodpressureissimplythe force{{U}}?53?{{/U}}againstthewallsofthebody’sarteries血管as bloodflowsthrough.Theforceproducedprimarilybythepumping{{U}}?54 ?{{/U}}oftheheartisessentialforthe{{U}}?55?{{/U}}ofthe bloodanditslife-supportingnutrients营养toallpartsofthebody.Everytime theheart{{U}}?56?{{/U}}calledasystolebloodpressureincreases. Whentheheartrelaxes{{U}}?57?{{/U}}beatsdiastolethepressure decreases.Thenormalsystolicpressureofapersonatvestisbetween100to 140andthenormaldiastoleis60to90.Blood-pressurereadingsareexpressed byboth{{U}}?58?{{/U}}withthesystolicoverthediastolic:for example140/90.??Astheserangessuggestthereisawide {{U}}?59?{{/U}}ofbloodpressureforhealthypeople.Alsoblood pressure{{U}}?60?{{/U}}forhealthypeopleduringdifferenttimesof thedayandunderdifferent.{{U}}?61?{{/U}}.Itislowerwhenan individualisasleepthanwhenheisexcitedorexertinghimselfphysically. Thereforeasingleblood-pressurereadingabove140/90doesnot{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}abnormality.Whenthepressureiscontinuously{{U}}?63 ?{{/U}}apersonisconsideredtobesufferingfromhypertension.? ?Hypertensionisastealthy隐秘的problem:aphysiciancandiscoverit easilyenough?butnotapatient.{{U}}?64?{{/U}}elevationsfor examplemayproduceheadachesdizzinessfatigueandweakness.Butthe patientisnotlikelyto{{U}}?65?{{/U}}thesesymptomsashavingany othersourcethantheincreasedelevation.
{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.PeoplewithHIVinfectionusuallydevelopAIDS______.
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{{*HTML*}} ??1.??AIDSisthefinal life-threateningstageofinfectionwithhumanimmuno-deficiencyvirusHIV. AIDSstandsforacquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome.Thenamereferstothefact thatHIVseverelydamagesthepatient’sdisease-fightingimmunesystem.Casesof AIDSwerefirstidentifiedin1981intheUnitedStatesbutresearchershave tracedcasestoasearlyas1969.MillionsofAIDScaseshavebeendiagnosed worldwide.??2.??AIDSiscausedbytwovirusesthat belongtoagroupcalledretroviruses.ThefirstAIDSviruswasisolatedby researchersinFrancein1983andresearchersintheUnitedStatesin1984.This virusbecameknownasHIV-1.in1985scientistsinFranceidentifiedanother closelyrelatedvirusthatalsoproducesAIDS.ThisvirusnamedHIV-2occurs mainlyinAfrica.HIV-1occursthroughouttheworld.??3.? ?PeopleinfectedwithHIVeventuallydevelopsymptomsthatalsomaybe causedbyotherlessseriousconditions.WithHIVinfectionhoweverthese symptomsareprolongedandoftenmoresevere.Theyincludeenlargedlymph glandstirednessfeverlossofappetiteandweightdiarrheayeast infectionsofthemouthandvaginaandnightsweats.??4.? ?AnHIV-infectedpersonmaydevelopAIDSfrom2to15ormoreyearsafter becominginfected.InchildrenbornwithHIVinfectionthisintervalisusually shorter.AfewpeoplewhohavebeeninfectedwithHIVformorethan15years havenotdevelopedanysymptomsorsufferonlyminorsymptoms.Aninfected personcantransmitthevirustoanotherpersonwhetherornotsymptomsare present.InfectionwithHIVappearstobelifelonginallwhobecomeinfected. ??5.??Researchershaveidentifiedthreewaysin whichHIVistransmitted:sexualintercoursedirectcontactwithinfected bloodandtransmissionfromaninfectedwomantoherfetusorbaby.Themost commonwayofbecominginfectedisthroughintimatesexualcontactwithan HIV-infectedperson.IntheUnitedStatessexualtransmissionofHIVhas occurredmainlyamonghomosexualmenbutitisbecomingmorefrequentamong heterosexualmenandwomen.??6.??Peoplewhoinject drugsintotheirbodiescanbeexposedtoinfectedbloodbysharinghypodermic needlessyringesorequipmentusedtopreparedrugsforinjection.Health-care workerscanbecomeinfectedwithHIVbycomingintodirectcontactwith ?infectedblood.Thismayoccurthroughinjurywithaneedleorothersharp instrumentusedintreatinganHIV-infectedpatient.Afewpatientshavebecome infectedwhilereceivingtreatmentfromanHIV-infecteddentist.? ?7.??AninfectedpregnantwomancantransmittheAIDSvirusto herfetusevenifshehasnosymptoms.Transmissionmayalsooccurfroman HIV-infectedmothertoherbabythroughbreast-feeding.??8. ??StudiesindicatethatHIVisnottransmittedthroughairfoodor waterorbyinsects.NoknowncasesofAIDShaveresultedfromsharingeating utensilsbathroomslockerroomslivingspaceor classrooms.AnHIV-infectedmothermaytransmittheAIDSvirustoherfetusthrough______.
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