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Attire, body language and manners count during interviews. After all, interviewers are regular pe...
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Theprinciplesaboutapplyingforjobshavealteredgreatl
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Theprinciplesaboutapplyingforjobshavealteredgreatl
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Eco-tourism—travelthatpreservestheenvironmentandpromotesthewelfareoflocalpeople—continuestogainforce.ImpressedbythesuccessofcountrieslikeCostaRicaandEcuadorwhichhaveluredflocksoftravelersformountaintreksandjunglesafarisagrowingnumberofregionsacrosstileglobeareturningtoeco-tourismasastrategy’foreconomicgrowth. OmarBongothepresidentofGabonadevelopingcountryinwestcentralAfricabassetasideabout10percentofthecountry’slandmassfor13nationalparks.GreenVisionsatourismandenvironmentprotectioncompanybasedinSarajevo.Bosnia-Herzegovinaispioneeringaneco-tourismdevelopmentplaninCentralEuropewith"greenadventures"thatpromoteenvironmentalprinciplesandsupportlocalbusinesses.EvenGreecebetterknownforitspumpingnightlifeandarchaeologicalmonumentsdevotesasectionofitsnationaltourism’Websiteto"Greeknature"andeco-tourism. Overthelastfouryearsatleast48countriesfromPuertoRicotoPortugalhavecreatedorstartedtodefineanationalstrategyforeco-tourismdevelopmentaccordingtoa2004eco-tourismreportbyMintelInternationalGroupamarket-researchcompanybasedinBritain. Thougheco-tourismhaslongconjuredimagesofbiodiversityhotspotsincountrieslikeBelizepartsoftheUnitedStatesarestartingtoembracethetrendtoo.ForexampletheWisconsinDepartmentofTourismwillbegintestinganewcertificationprograminMarchcalledTravelGreenWisconsin.Designedtoencouragehotelsandtouroperatorstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpacttheprogramisaimedatprotectingthenaturalareasthatplayasignificantroleindefiningthestateasatouristdestination.If.successfultheprogramwillberolledoutstatewidenextyear. Forbusinesseseco-friendlyinitiativesnotonlyoffermarketingadvantagesbutcanhelpwiththebottomline.Hotelscancutcostsbydoingeverythingfrominstallingenergy-savinglightbulbstoaskingtravelerstoreusetheirtowels.Andsome58.5millionU.S.travelersor38percentwouldpaymoretousetravelcompaniesthatstrivetoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentaccordingtoastudybytheTravelIndustryAssociationofAmericasponsoredbyNationalGeographicTraveler.Ofthosetravelers.61percentsaidtheywouldpay5to10percentmoretousesuchcompanies. However.selectingamongthegrowingnumberofeco-friendlychoicescanbefrighteningespeciallygiventheever-broadeningcategorywhichnowencompasseseverythingfrombasiccampsitestohigh-endmountainlodgeslamatrekkingtomotorcycletoursthroughthejungle.EntertheSustainableTourismCertificationNetworkoftheAmericas—apartnershipofcertificationprogramsenvironmentalgroupsgovernmentorganizationsandothersledbytheRainforest.AllianceandtheInternationalEcotourismSociety—whichaimstopromotesustainabilityandhigherenvironmentalandsocialstandardsfortourism.InSeptemberthenetworkdesignedaseriesofbaselinecriteriaforcertificationtohelpgeneratecredibilityamongmembersandpromotelocalconservation.Thisyearthedocumentwillbeputupforpublicconsultationbeforebeingfullyratified. "Certificationisawayforustoavoidgreenwashing"thepracticeofpromotingsomethingasecotourismwhilebehavinginanenvironmentallyirresponsiblewaysaidRonaldSanabria.directorofsustainabletourismattheRainforestAlliance."Certificationforusisatooltoavoidthatandtoensurethird-partyassessmentsofrequirementsandreallyprovethecompany./ ThewordconjuredLine1ParA．4mostprobablymeans
Text4 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScoff-andandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproduced.Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopneeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationonthefarm.IntheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtrees;grainandblendfeedanddrygrainandhay.Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayandexactrowwidthandtocountoutspaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfrica.Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlanduslaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspullingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.Butthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere.Introducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Thefirstparagraphusesseveralexamplestoconveytheideasthat
Directions:StudythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitledOnCulturalExchanges.Intheessayyoushould1describethepictures;2interprettheirmeaning;3giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon.
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardner"thehighestspecimenofthehumanspecies"hesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion. "Shewasasexygal"saidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941."Man.shewasahotnumber"MilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:"Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime."Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsher"acarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir." 42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaas"noir’sVersionofthecommoncold." "AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’"isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43 Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory. "Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcowering"Mr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra."Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar."45.Shecalledlove"nothingbutapain"andspecifiedwherethepainwas. HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardner"asexualsymphony"wasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo."Weneverfoughtinbed."shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra."Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet" [A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslike"Lateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed." [B]Othersthoughtofheras"agoddess""anenigma""averyverywildspirit"and"oneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime." [C]Amongthem:"Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel";"NothingBetweenUsSaysAva":"SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter." [D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitle"LoveIsNothing"isonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner. [E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown. [F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit. [G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitle"RobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’"canalsokeephiscool. 42
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 42
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 20
Text1 Myobjectiveistoanalysecertainformsofknowledgenotintermsofrepressionorlawbutintermsofpower.Butthewordpowerisapttoleadtomisunderstandingsaboutthenatureformandunityofpower.Bypoweridonotmeanagroupofinstitutionsandmechanismsthatensurethesubservienceofthecitizenry.Idonotmeaneitheramodeofsubjugationthatincontrasttoviolencehastheformoftherule.FinallyIdonothaveinmindageneralsystemofdominationexertedbyonegroupoveranotherasystemwhoseeffectsthroughsuccessivederivationspervadetheentiresocialbody.Thesovereigntyofthestatetheformoflawortheoverallunityofadominationareonlytheterminalformspowertakes. Itseemstomethatpowermustbeunderstoodasthemultiplicityofforcerelationsthatareimmanentinthesocialsphere;astheprocessthatthroughceaselessstruggleandconfrontationtransformsstrenghtensorreversesthem;asthesupportthattheseforcerelationsfindinoneanotheroronthecontrarythedisjunctionandcontradictionsthatisolatethemfromoneanother;andlastlyasthestrategiesinwhichtheytakeeffectwhosegeneraldesignorinstitutionalcrystallizationisembodiedinthestateapparatusintheformulationofthelawinthevarioussocialhegemonies. Thustheviewpointthatpermitsonetounderstandtheexerciseofpowereveninitsmore"peripheral"effectsandthatalsomakesitpossibletouseitsmechanismsasastructuralframeworkforanalysingthesocialordermustnotb4soughtinauniquesourceofsovereigntyfromwhichsecondaryanddescendentfor/nsofpoweremanatebutinthemovingsubstrateofforcerelationsthatbyvirtueoftheirinequalityconstantlyengenderlocalandunstablestatesofpower.Ifpowerseemsomnipresentitisnotbecauseithastheprivilegeofconsolidatingeverythingunderitsinvincibleunitybutbecauseitisproducedfromonemomenttothenext.ateverypointorratherineveryrelationfromonepointtoanother.Poweriseverywherenotbecauseitembraceseverythingbutbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.Andifpowerattimesseemstobepermanentrepetitiousinvertandself-reproducingitissimplybecausetheoveralleffectthatemergesfromallthesemobilitiesisaconcatenationthatrestsoneachofthemandseeksintorntoarresttheirmovement.Oneneedstobenominalisticnodoubt:powerisnotaninstitutionandnotastructure;neitherisitacertainstrengthweareendowedwith;itisthenamethatoneattributestoacomplexstrategicsituationinaparticularsociety. Thewordomnipresentinline4Para．3probablymeans
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 16
Thesteadilygrowingnumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinBritainhasraisedplentyoftroublingissues—howtobuildenoughdwellingstoaccommodatethemwhattodoaboutthedeclineintraditionalfamilycohesion—tokeepplannersandsociologistsbusy.Butoneasyetunstudiedside-effectofthissocialtrendappearstobeanexplosioninthecatpopulation. ThePetFoodManufacturers’Associationreckonsthatthenumberofdogshasdeclinedfromapeakof7.4millionin1990to6.5millionnow.47Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.Changinglife-stylesmorethananythingelseareresponsibleforthis.48Moresingle-personhouseholdsandmoremarriedwomenatworkmeansthatfewerhouseholdsareabletogiveadogthewalksandotherattentionitneeds.Catsontheotherhandapartfromdailyfeedingcanbeleftprettymuchtotheirowndevices. Whichalsomeansthattheysometimeswanderoffinsearchofabetterplacetostayifthemoodtakesthem.Thiscausesanotherproblem:feraleats.49Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.WhiletheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofAnimalsandtheCatProtectionLeaguere-houseabout125000lostorunwantedcatsayeartheLeagueguessesthattheremaybeabout1.2mwildcatsinBritain. 50Iftheyarenotanuisancetheanimalcharitiesneutertheonestheycancatchandthenleavethemalone.Animal-loversarepleased.Bird-loversarenot.TheyblamecatsforthesharpdeclineinthenumberofsmallbirdsinBritain.TheLeaguehoweverhasan.ideaformakingwildcatssociallyuseful.Ittriestopersuadefarmersandgardencentrestotakethemonasenvironmentally-friendlyrat-catchers.Abunchofneuteredwildcatscouldwellbeanefficientwayofcontrollingapotentiallyplagueofratsandmice. 48
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 2
Text3 Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligiousbeliefsemotionsandpsychology.Inadditioninformationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatisfactsaboutpoliticsaregivenbutopinionsarenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandissubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political"artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.OverahundredyearslatersymbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.MeanwhileonanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveraJoseClementeOrozcoandDavidAlfaroSiqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez-depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Churches.andotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.BycontrastoneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesareunholy. Itmaybeconcludedfromthispassagethat
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 4
Text2 BobbyandhismasterfarmerJohnGraywerefamiliarsightsinEdinburgh.EveryWednesdayafteravisittomarketandexactlyasthetime-gunboomedoneo’clockthetwowouldenterTraill’sDiningRoomfortheirmiddaymealafrugallunchforGrayandabunforBobby. Thenin1858theschedulewasinterrupted.FarmerGraydied.Threedaysafterthefuneralexactlyatoneo’clockTraillfoundhimselflookingintoapairofbeseechingcanineeyes.Bobbygothisbunanddisappeared.ThiswasrepeatedforseveraldaysuntilTraill’scuriositygotthebetterofhim.Hefollowedthesmallterrierasheleftandracedtohismaster’sgrave.Thereheremainedeachdayfairorfouldespitetheeffortsofdog-lovingtownspeopletogivehimanewhome.Thegraveyardcaretakerwhilesympatheticwasatfirstnotsowillingtolethimin.ButBobby’sdevotionandfidelityweresogreatthatthecaretakerprovidedBobbywithashelterclosetothegravetoprotecthimfrombadweather. ThenafternineyearsBobbywasarrestedasavagrantbecausehehadnolicense.TherestaurantkeeperappearedincourtwithBobbymilewasreleasedbymercifuljustice.Butjusttomakesurethelawcouldnottouchhim.LordProvostWilliamChamberspaidBobby’sfeeeachyearandpresentedhimwithabrass-platedcollarinscribed"Greyfriars’BobbyfromTheLordProvost1876License." AfterthatGreyfriars’Bobbywasallowedtokeephislonelyvigilundisturbed.Henevervariedhismealtime.Eachdayheleftthegraveyardasthegunroaredoneo’clocktopickuphisbunandtakeitbacktoeatathismaster’sside.Hemusthavebeenreallyhardyforheliveduntil1872havingkepttohissolitary.postforfourteenlongyears.HewasburiedinGreyfriars’ofcourseinaflowerbednearJohnGray’stombstone. Thephrasefairorfoulinthesecondparagraphisusedtodescribe
Text4 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScoff-andandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproduced.Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopneeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationonthefarm.IntheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtrees;grainandblendfeedanddrygrainandhay.Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayandexactrowwidthandtocountoutspaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfrica.Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlanduslaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspullingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.Butthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere.Introducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Fromthesecondparagraphweknowthat
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 6
Text1 Myobjectiveistoanalysecertainformsofknowledgenotintermsofrepressionorlawbutintermsofpower.Butthewordpowerisapttoleadtomisunderstandingsaboutthenatureformandunityofpower.Bypoweridonotmeanagroupofinstitutionsandmechanismsthatensurethesubservienceofthecitizenry.Idonotmeaneitheramodeofsubjugationthatincontrasttoviolencehastheformoftherule.FinallyIdonothaveinmindageneralsystemofdominationexertedbyonegroupoveranotherasystemwhoseeffectsthroughsuccessivederivationspervadetheentiresocialbody.Thesovereigntyofthestatetheformoflawortheoverallunityofadominationareonlytheterminalformspowertakes. Itseemstomethatpowermustbeunderstoodasthemultiplicityofforcerelationsthatareimmanentinthesocialsphere;astheprocessthatthroughceaselessstruggleandconfrontationtransformsstrenghtensorreversesthem;asthesupportthattheseforcerelationsfindinoneanotheroronthecontrarythedisjunctionandcontradictionsthatisolatethemfromoneanother;andlastlyasthestrategiesinwhichtheytakeeffectwhosegeneraldesignorinstitutionalcrystallizationisembodiedinthestateapparatusintheformulationofthelawinthevarioussocialhegemonies. Thustheviewpointthatpermitsonetounderstandtheexerciseofpowereveninitsmore"peripheral"effectsandthatalsomakesitpossibletouseitsmechanismsasastructuralframeworkforanalysingthesocialordermustnotb4soughtinauniquesourceofsovereigntyfromwhichsecondaryanddescendentfor/nsofpoweremanatebutinthemovingsubstrateofforcerelationsthatbyvirtueoftheirinequalityconstantlyengenderlocalandunstablestatesofpower.Ifpowerseemsomnipresentitisnotbecauseithastheprivilegeofconsolidatingeverythingunderitsinvincibleunitybutbecauseitisproducedfromonemomenttothenext.ateverypointorratherineveryrelationfromonepointtoanother.Poweriseverywherenotbecauseitembraceseverythingbutbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.Andifpowerattimesseemstobepermanentrepetitiousinvertandself-reproducingitissimplybecausetheoveralleffectthatemergesfromallthesemobilitiesisaconcatenationthatrestsoneachofthemandseeksintorntoarresttheirmovement.Oneneedstobenominalisticnodoubt:powerisnotaninstitutionandnotastructure;neitherisitacertainstrengthweareendowedwith;itisthenamethatoneattributestoacomplexstrategicsituationinaparticularsociety. Theauthor'sprimarypurposeindefiningpoweristo
Text2 BobbyandhismasterfarmerJohnGraywerefamiliarsightsinEdinburgh.EveryWednesdayafteravisittomarketandexactlyasthetime-gunboomedoneo’clockthetwowouldenterTraill’sDiningRoomfortheirmiddaymealafrugallunchforGrayandabunforBobby. Thenin1858theschedulewasinterrupted.FarmerGraydied.Threedaysafterthefuneralexactlyatoneo’clockTraillfoundhimselflookingintoapairofbeseechingcanineeyes.Bobbygothisbunanddisappeared.ThiswasrepeatedforseveraldaysuntilTraill’scuriositygotthebetterofhim.Hefollowedthesmallterrierasheleftandracedtohismaster’sgrave.Thereheremainedeachdayfairorfouldespitetheeffortsofdog-lovingtownspeopletogivehimanewhome.Thegraveyardcaretakerwhilesympatheticwasatfirstnotsowillingtolethimin.ButBobby’sdevotionandfidelityweresogreatthatthecaretakerprovidedBobbywithashelterclosetothegravetoprotecthimfrombadweather. ThenafternineyearsBobbywasarrestedasavagrantbecausehehadnolicense.TherestaurantkeeperappearedincourtwithBobbymilewasreleasedbymercifuljustice.Butjusttomakesurethelawcouldnottouchhim.LordProvostWilliamChamberspaidBobby’sfeeeachyearandpresentedhimwithabrass-platedcollarinscribed"Greyfriars’BobbyfromTheLordProvost1876License." AfterthatGreyfriars’Bobbywasallowedtokeephislonelyvigilundisturbed.Henevervariedhismealtime.Eachdayheleftthegraveyardasthegunroaredoneo’clocktopickuphisbunandtakeitbacktoeatathismaster’sside.Hemusthavebeenreallyhardyforheliveduntil1872havingkepttohissolitary.postforfourteenlongyears.HewasburiedinGreyfriars’ofcourseinaflowerbednearJohnGray’stombstone. FromthepassageweknowthatBobbywas
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 8
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 12
Text2 BobbyandhismasterfarmerJohnGraywerefamiliarsightsinEdinburgh.EveryWednesdayafteravisittomarketandexactlyasthetime-gunboomedoneo’clockthetwowouldenterTraill’sDiningRoomfortheirmiddaymealafrugallunchforGrayandabunforBobby. Thenin1858theschedulewasinterrupted.FarmerGraydied.Threedaysafterthefuneralexactlyatoneo’clockTraillfoundhimselflookingintoapairofbeseechingcanineeyes.Bobbygothisbunanddisappeared.ThiswasrepeatedforseveraldaysuntilTraill’scuriositygotthebetterofhim.Hefollowedthesmallterrierasheleftandracedtohismaster’sgrave.Thereheremainedeachdayfairorfouldespitetheeffortsofdog-lovingtownspeopletogivehimanewhome.Thegraveyardcaretakerwhilesympatheticwasatfirstnotsowillingtolethimin.ButBobby’sdevotionandfidelityweresogreatthatthecaretakerprovidedBobbywithashelterclosetothegravetoprotecthimfrombadweather. ThenafternineyearsBobbywasarrestedasavagrantbecausehehadnolicense.TherestaurantkeeperappearedincourtwithBobbymilewasreleasedbymercifuljustice.Butjusttomakesurethelawcouldnottouchhim.LordProvostWilliamChamberspaidBobby’sfeeeachyearandpresentedhimwithabrass-platedcollarinscribed"Greyfriars’BobbyfromTheLordProvost1876License." AfterthatGreyfriars’Bobbywasallowedtokeephislonelyvigilundisturbed.Henevervariedhismealtime.Eachdayheleftthegraveyardasthegunroaredoneo’clocktopickuphisbunandtakeitbacktoeatathismaster’sside.Hemusthavebeenreallyhardyforheliveduntil1872havingkepttohissolitary.postforfourteenlongyears.HewasburiedinGreyfriars’ofcourseinaflowerbednearJohnGray’stombstone. Anappropriatetitleforthepassagecouldbe
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 44
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 18
Text3 Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligiousbeliefsemotionsandpsychology.Inadditioninformationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatisfactsaboutpoliticsaregivenbutopinionsarenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandissubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political"artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.OverahundredyearslatersymbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.MeanwhileonanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveraJoseClementeOrozcoandDavidAlfaroSiqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez-depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Churches.andotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.BycontrastoneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesareunholy. Morecanbelearnedaboutaculturefromastudyofarthistorythangeneralhistorybecausearthistory
Text4 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScoff-andandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproduced.Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopneeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationonthefarm.IntheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtrees;grainandblendfeedanddrygrainandhay.Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayandexactrowwidthandtocountoutspaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfrica.Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlanduslaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspullingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.Butthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere.Introducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Inthetropicalareas
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardner"thehighestspecimenofthehumanspecies"hesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion. "Shewasasexygal"saidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941."Man.shewasahotnumber"MilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:"Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime."Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsher"acarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir." 42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaas"noir’sVersionofthecommoncold." "AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’"isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43 Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory. "Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcowering"Mr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra."Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar."45.Shecalledlove"nothingbutapain"andspecifiedwherethepainwas. HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardner"asexualsymphony"wasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo."Weneverfoughtinbed."shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra."Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet" [A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslike"Lateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed." [B]Othersthoughtofheras"agoddess""anenigma""averyverywildspirit"and"oneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime." [C]Amongthem:"Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel";"NothingBetweenUsSaysAva":"SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter." [D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitle"LoveIsNothing"isonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner. [E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown. [F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit. [G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitle"RobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’"canalsokeephiscool. 44
Thesteadilygrowingnumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinBritainhasraisedplentyoftroublingissues—howtobuildenoughdwellingstoaccommodatethemwhattodoaboutthedeclineintraditionalfamilycohesion—tokeepplannersandsociologistsbusy.Butoneasyetunstudiedside-effectofthissocialtrendappearstobeanexplosioninthecatpopulation. ThePetFoodManufacturers’Associationreckonsthatthenumberofdogshasdeclinedfromapeakof7.4millionin1990to6.5millionnow.47Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.Changinglife-stylesmorethananythingelseareresponsibleforthis.48Moresingle-personhouseholdsandmoremarriedwomenatworkmeansthatfewerhouseholdsareabletogiveadogthewalksandotherattentionitneeds.Catsontheotherhandapartfromdailyfeedingcanbeleftprettymuchtotheirowndevices. Whichalsomeansthattheysometimeswanderoffinsearchofabetterplacetostayifthemoodtakesthem.Thiscausesanotherproblem:feraleats.49Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.WhiletheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofAnimalsandtheCatProtectionLeaguere-houseabout125000lostorunwantedcatsayeartheLeagueguessesthattheremaybeabout1.2mwildcatsinBritain. 50Iftheyarenotanuisancetheanimalcharitiesneutertheonestheycancatchandthenleavethemalone.Animal-loversarepleased.Bird-loversarenot.TheyblamecatsforthesharpdeclineinthenumberofsmallbirdsinBritain.TheLeaguehoweverhasan.ideaformakingwildcatssociallyuseful.Ittriestopersuadefarmersandgardencentrestotakethemonasenvironmentally-friendlyrat-catchers.Abunchofneuteredwildcatscouldwellbeanefficientwayofcontrollingapotentiallyplagueofratsandmice. 46
Eco-tourism—travelthatpreservestheenvironmentandpromotesthewelfareoflocalpeople—continuestogainforce.ImpressedbythesuccessofcountrieslikeCostaRicaandEcuadorwhichhaveluredflocksoftravelersformountaintreksandjunglesafarisagrowingnumberofregionsacrosstileglobeareturningtoeco-tourismasastrategy’foreconomicgrowth.OmarBongothepresidentofGabonadevelopingcountryinwestcentralAfricabassetasideabout10percentofthecountry’slandmassfor13nationalparks.GreenVisionsatourismandenvironmentprotectioncompanybasedinSarajevo.Bosnia-Herzegovinaispioneeringaneco-tourismdevelopmentplaninCentralEuropewithgreenadventuresthatpromoteenvironmentalprinciplesandsupportlocalbusinesses.EvenGreecebetterknownforitspumpingnightlifeandarchaeologicalmonumentsdevotesasectionofitsnationaltourism’WebsitetoGreeknatureandeco-tourism.Overthelastfouryearsatleast48countriesfromPuertoRicotoPortugalhavecreatedorstartedtodefineanationalstrategyforeco-tourismdevelopmentaccordingtoa2004eco-tourismreportbyMintelInternationalGroupamarket-researchcompanybasedinBritain.Thougheco-tourismhaslongconjuredimagesofbiodiversityhotspotsincountrieslikeBelizepartsoftheUnitedStatesarestartingtoembracethetrendtoo.ForexampletheWisconsinDepartmentofTourismwillbegintestinganewcertificationprograminMarchcalledTravelGreenWisconsin.Designedtoencouragehotelsandtouroperatorstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpacttheprogramisaimedatprotectingthenaturalareasthatplayasignificantroleindefiningthestateasatouristdestination.If.successfultheprogramwillberolledoutstatewidenextyear.Forbusinesseseco-friendlyinitiativesnotonlyoffermarketingadvantagesbutcanhelpwiththebottomline.Hotelscancutcostsbydoingeverythingfrominstallingenergy-savinglightbulbstoaskingtravelerstoreusetheirtowels.Andsome58.5millionU.S.travelersor38percentwouldpaymoretousetravelcompaniesthatstrivetoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentaccordingtoastudybytheTravelIndustryAssociationofAmericasponsoredbyNationalGeographicTraveler.Ofthosetravelers.61percentsaidtheywouldpay5to10percentmoretousesuchcompanies.However.selectingamongthegrowingnumberofeco-friendlychoicescanbefrighteningespeciallygiventheever-broadeningcategorywhichnowencompasseseverythingfrombasiccampsitestohigh-endmountainlodgeslamatrekkingtomotorcycletoursthroughthejungle.EntertheSustainableTourismCertificationNetworkoftheAmericas—apartnershipofcertificationprogramsenvironmentalgroupsgovernmentorganizationsandothersledbytheRainforest.AllianceandtheInternationalEcotourismSociety—whichaimstopromotesustainabilityandhigherenvironmentalandsocialstandardsfortourism.InSeptemberthenetworkdesignedaseriesofbaselinecriteriaforcertificationtohelpgeneratecredibilityamongmembersandpromotelocalconservation.Thisyearthedocumentwillbeputupforpublicconsultationbeforebeingfullyratified.CertificationisawayforustoavoidgreenwashingthepracticeofpromotingsomethingasecotourismwhilebehavinginanenvironmentallyirresponsiblewaysaidRonaldSanabria.directorofsustainabletourismattheRainforestAlliance.Certificationforusisatooltoavoidthatandtoensurethird-partyassessmentsofrequirementsandreallyprovethecompany./RonaldSanabriaheldtheviewthatcertificationis______.
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 10
Thesteadilygrowingnumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinBritainhasraisedplentyoftroublingissues—howtobuildenoughdwellingstoaccommodatethemwhattodoaboutthedeclineintraditionalfamilycohesion—tokeepplannersandsociologistsbusy.Butoneasyetunstudiedside-effectofthissocialtrendappearstobeanexplosioninthecatpopulation. ThePetFoodManufacturers’Associationreckonsthatthenumberofdogshasdeclinedfromapeakof7.4millionin1990to6.5millionnow.47Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.Changinglife-stylesmorethananythingelseareresponsibleforthis.48Moresingle-personhouseholdsandmoremarriedwomenatworkmeansthatfewerhouseholdsareabletogiveadogthewalksandotherattentionitneeds.Catsontheotherhandapartfromdailyfeedingcanbeleftprettymuchtotheirowndevices. Whichalsomeansthattheysometimeswanderoffinsearchofabetterplacetostayifthemoodtakesthem.Thiscausesanotherproblem:feraleats.49Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.WhiletheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofAnimalsandtheCatProtectionLeaguere-houseabout125000lostorunwantedcatsayeartheLeagueguessesthattheremaybeabout1.2mwildcatsinBritain. 50Iftheyarenotanuisancetheanimalcharitiesneutertheonestheycancatchandthenleavethemalone.Animal-loversarepleased.Bird-loversarenot.TheyblamecatsforthesharpdeclineinthenumberofsmallbirdsinBritain.TheLeaguehoweverhasan.ideaformakingwildcatssociallyuseful.Ittriestopersuadefarmersandgardencentrestotakethemonasenvironmentally-friendlyrat-catchers.Abunchofneuteredwildcatscouldwellbeanefficientwayofcontrollingapotentiallyplagueofratsandmice. 50
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 14
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