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UNIX系统结构可分为三层。即最内层的______，中间是______、实用程序、库函数等，最外层是______。
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中小学校长招聘考试《填空集》真题及答案
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A Iamawriter．Ispendagreatdealofmytimethinkingaboutthepoweroflanguage－thewayitcanevoke唤起anemotionavisualimageacomplexideaorasimpletruth．Languageisthetoolofmytrade．AndIUSethemall－alltheEnglishIgrewupwith. BomintoaChinesefamilythathadrecentlyarrivedinCaliforniaI’vebeengivingmorethoughttothekindofEnglishmymotherspeaks．LikeothersIhavedescribedittopeopleasbrokenEnglish．Butfeelembarrassedtosaythat．IthasalwaysbotheredmethatIcanthinkofnowaytodescribeitotherthanbrokenasifitweredamagedandneededtobefixedasifitlackedacer’tainwholeness．IveheardothertermsusedlimitedEnglishforexample．Butthey8eemjustasbad．asifeverythingislimitedincludingpeople’sperception认识ofthelimitedEnglishspeaker. Iknowthisforafact．becausewhenIwasgrowingupmymother’slimited’’Englishlimitedmyperceptionofher．1wasashamedofherEnglish．IbelievedthatherEnglishreflectedthequalityofwhatshehadtosay．Thatisbecausesheexpressedthemimperfectlyherthoughtswereimperfect．AndIhadplentyofevidencetosupportmethefactthatpeopleindepartmentstoresatbanks．andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriouslydidnotgivehergoodservicepretendednottounderstandherorevenactedasiftheydidnothearher． Istartedwritingfictioninl985．Andforreasonlwon’tgetintotodayIbegantowritestoriesusingaUtheEnglishIgrewupwiththeEnglishsheusedwithmewhichforlackofabettertermmightbedescribedasbrokenandwhatIimaginetobehertranslationofherChineseherinter-nal内在的languageandforthatIsoughttopreservetheessencebutneitheranEnglishnoraChinesestnlcture1wantedtocatchwhatlanguageabilitytestscannevershowherintentionherfeelingstherhythmsofherspeechandthenatureofherthoughts． WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3
一阅读下面的文言文完成25—27题10分醉书斋记于堂左洁一室为书斋明窗素壁泊如也设几二一陈笔墨一置香炉茗碗之属竹床一坐以之木榻一卧以之书架书筒各四古今籍在焉琴磬尘尾诸什物亦杂置左右甫晨起即科头①拂案上尘注水砚中研磨及丹铅饱饮墨以俟随意抽书一帙据坐批阅之顷至会心处则朱墨淋漓渍纸上字大半为之隐有时或歌或叹或哭或泣或怒骂或闷欲绝或大叫称快或咄咄诧异或卧而思起而狂走家人喇见者悉骇愕罔测所指乃窃相议俟稍定始散去婢子送酒茗来都不省取或误触之倾湿书册辄怒而责后乃不复持至逾时或犹未食无敢前请者惟内子时映帘窥余得间始进日“日午矣可以饭乎”余应诺内子出复忘之矣羹炙皆寒更温以俟者数四及就食仍夹一册与俱且啖且阅羹炙虽寒或且变味亦不觉也至或误以双箸乱点所阅书良久始悟非笔而内子及婢辈罔不窃笑者夜坐漏常午顾童侍无人在侧俄而鼾震左右起视之皆烂漫睡地上矣客或访余者刺已入值余方校书不遽见客伺久辄大怒诟或索取原刺余亦不知也盖余性既严急家中人启事不以时即叱出而事之急缓不更问一故仓卒不得白而家中盐米诸琐物皆内子主之颇有序余是以无所顾虑而嗜益僻他日忽自悔谋立誓戒之商于内子内子笑日“君无效刘伶断饮法②只赚余酒脯补五脏劳耶吾亦惟坐视君沉湎耳不能赞成君谋”余悄然久之因思余于书洵不异伶于酒正恐旋誓且旋畔且为文字饮不犹愈于红裙耶遂笑应之日“如卿言亦复佳但为李白妇太常妻不易耳!”乃不复立戒而采其语意以名吾斋日“醉书”【注】①科头不敝帽子②刘伶新饮刘伶戒酒管书·刘伶传载刘伶曾求其妻具酒肉立誓戒酒誓后依然嗜酒如故 对下列句子中加点词语的解释不正确的一项是3分
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B Societiesallovertheworldnameplacesinsimilarways．Quiteoftenthereisnoofficialnamingceremonybutplacestendtobecallednamesaspointsofreferencebypeople．Thenanorganizedbodystepsinandgivestheplaceaname．FrequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonamesOneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment．Asinmanyareasoldhabitsdiedhardandtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost． ManyroadsandplacesinSingapore新加坡arenamedinorderthatthepioneerswillberememberedbyfuturegeneration．ThuswehavenamessuchasStamfordRoadandRafflesPlace．Thisisinkeepingwithtraditioninmanycountries——inboththeWestandtheEast． Anotherwayofnamingplacesisnamingthemafterotherplaces．Perhapstheywerenamedtopromotefriendshipsbetweenthetwoplacesoritcouldbethatthepeoplewhousedtolivetherewereoriginallyfromtheplacesthattheroadswerenamedafter．ThemysteryisclearerwhenweseesomeoftheroadsnamedinformerBritishbases．IfyoustepintoSelectorAirbaseyouwillseePiccadillyCircus——0bviouslynamedbysomehomesickRoyalAirForcepersonnel． Someplaceswerenamedaftertheactivitiesthatusedtogoonatthoseplaces． BrasBasahRoadisaninterestingexample．BaseBasahmeanswetriceinMalay马来语．NowwhywouldanyonewanttonamearoadWetRiceRoadThereasonissimple．Duringthepioneeringdayswetricewaslaidouttodryalongthisroad． AfewroadsinSingaporearenamedbytheirshapes．ThereisCircularRoadforone．OtherroadsmayhavepartoftheirnamestodescribetheirshapeslikePayaI．ebarCrescent．Thisroadiscalledacrescent月牙becauseitbeginsonthemainroadmakesacrescentandcomesbacktojointhemainroadagain． BrasBasahRoadisnamed．
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B Societiesallovertheworldnameplacesinsimilarways．Quiteoftenthereisnoofficialnamingceremonybutplacestendtobecallednamesaspointsofreferencebypeople．Thenanorganizedbodystepsinandgivestheplaceaname．FrequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonamesOneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment．Asinmanyareasoldhabitsdiedhardandtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost． ManyroadsandplacesinSingapore新加坡arenamedinorderthatthepioneerswillberememberedbyfuturegeneration．ThuswehavenamessuchasStamfordRoadandRafflesPlace．Thisisinkeepingwithtraditioninmanycountries——inboththeWestandtheEast． Anotherwayofnamingplacesisnamingthemafterotherplaces．Perhapstheywerenamedtopromotefriendshipsbetweenthetwoplacesoritcouldbethatthepeoplewhousedtolivetherewereoriginallyfromtheplacesthattheroadswerenamedafter．ThemysteryisclearerwhenweseesomeoftheroadsnamedinformerBritishbases．IfyoustepintoSelectorAirbaseyouwillseePiccadillyCircus——0bviouslynamedbysomehomesickRoyalAirForcepersonnel． Someplaceswerenamedaftertheactivitiesthatusedtogoonatthoseplaces． BrasBasahRoadisaninterestingexample．BaseBasahmeanswetriceinMalay马来语．NowwhywouldanyonewanttonamearoadWetRiceRoadThereasonissimple．Duringthepioneeringdayswetricewaslaidouttodryalongthisroad． AfewroadsinSingaporearenamedbytheirshapes．ThereisCircularRoadforone．OtherroadsmayhavepartoftheirnamestodescribetheirshapeslikePayaI．ebarCrescent．Thisroadiscalledacrescent月牙becauseitbeginsonthemainroadmakesacrescentandcomesbacktojointhemainroadagain． WhatdoestheunderlinedphrasediehardinParagraphIprobablymean
二阅读下面文章完成28—32题14分 爱的移位 孙道荣 ①每晚儿子都要回家看望独居的老父亲 ②回到家儿子摸摸藤椅轻轻摇了摇藤椅吱呀吱呀地响儿子弯腰检查发现藤椅一条腿上的藤条松了这把藤椅是老父亲最喜欢坐的椅子也是他最珍爱的椅子他坐上面读读报纸坐上面看看电视坐上面打个盹儿坐上面发下呆坐上面思念母亲在儿子的印象中老父亲大把大把的时间都是在藤椅上度过的藤椅陪伴了他二三十年也许更久现在它有点松了儿子赶紧找来工具先用铁丝将藤椅的腿绑牢然后用旧衣裳撕成的布条一层一层细心地缠起来这样藤椅就既结实又不会伤着老父亲了 ③若干年前年轻而勤劳的父亲总是自己动手用木头做了几把轻便的桌椅专门给儿子用年幼的儿子很调皮任何东西都会成为他的玩具小椅子也不例外害怕椅子太重砸伤了孩子的脚所以年轻的父亲特地找来质地最轻的梧桐木做成了几把椅子和一张小桌子并且耐心地将每一个角都磨圆这样即使孩子碰着了也不至于弄伤他 ④儿子走进书房老父亲一辈子爱书一堵墙都是书架摆满了各种各样的书籍老父亲现在还经常找几本出来读读儿子和往常一样再次帮老父亲整理清理了书架将老父亲常翻的一些书移到书架的下层这样父亲拿起来方便就不用自己登高去翻找了可是倔强的老父亲有时还是会偷偷地站在凳子上去找一些上层的书这让儿子非常担心他几次严厉地警告老父亲若是再站凳子的话他就将书架上面几层给封死以杜绝危险的发生 ⑤若干年前儿子从蹒跚学步到自如地奔跑跳跃正一天天长大但是这个调皮的男孩也因此造成了一次次险情好奇心使他什么东西都要看一看什么东西都要摸一摸什么东西都想玩一玩为了不伤到他年轻的父亲只能将家里一些易碎和危险的东西往高处藏放在茶几上的玻璃杯都移到了柜子上摆在桌上的花瓶挪到了橱顶上放在地上的开水瓶都藏在了厨房平台的最里层可是这一切反而更激起了孩子的好奇心他趴在桌子或柜子沿上踮起脚尖再踮起脚尖然后伸手去探去摸去捞去勾啪!一个玻璃杯碎了年轻的父亲看到孩子的模样真是又好气又好笑佯装严厉地警告他再这样小心揍屁股而他从没有因此打过孩子他怎么能够阻止一颗向往好奇长大的心呢 ⑥将家里认真检查了一遍之后儿子来到客厅在沙发上坐了下来老父亲正在看一部重播的古装历史剧他对这种古装戏其实没什么兴趣但他还是和平日一样陪老父亲看上一集⑦若干年前儿子上中学了学业越来越紧张应试升学将儿子和全家人的弦都绷得紧紧的特别是高考之前那段时间家里的空气沉闷的就像炸药随时都会被点爆人到中年的父亲和母亲在家里走路都是踮着脚尖的生怕轻微的响动影响了紧张复习的孩子他们用这种无声陪伴着儿子一次儿子惊讶地发现家里的电视机很久都没有打开过了他问父亲你们怎么不看电视了啊父亲不屑一顾地说电视节目越来越粗糙越来越难看看会就生气不如不看儿子信以为真直到他高考结束那天家里的电视机和着父母的笑声一起重新响了起来 ⑧夜慢慢深了儿子将老父亲搀扶上床然后告别老父亲轻轻带上门回自己的家去了 ⑨若干年前每个寒冷的冬夜父亲儿子翻了个身又沉入甜甜的暖暖的梦乡他不知道这一切 选自2011年1月30日南方日报有删改品味文中两处画线句按要求答题3分 1句子的加点词好在哪里 儿子摸摸藤椅轻轻摇了摇藤椅吱呀吱呀地响 2结合语境赏析句子 家里的空气沉闷的就像炸药随时都会被点爆
A Iamawriter．Ispendagreatdealofmytimethinkingaboutthepoweroflanguage－thewayitcanevoke唤起anemotionavisualimageacomplexideaorasimpletruth．Languageisthetoolofmytrade．AndIUSethemall－alltheEnglishIgrewupwith. BomintoaChinesefamilythathadrecentlyarrivedinCaliforniaI’vebeengivingmorethoughttothekindofEnglishmymotherspeaks．LikeothersIhavedescribedittopeopleasbrokenEnglish．Butfeelembarrassedtosaythat．IthasalwaysbotheredmethatIcanthinkofnowaytodescribeitotherthanbrokenasifitweredamagedandneededtobefixedasifitlackedacer’tainwholeness．IveheardothertermsusedlimitedEnglishforexample．Butthey8eemjustasbad．asifeverythingislimitedincludingpeople’sperception认识ofthelimitedEnglishspeaker. Iknowthisforafact．becausewhenIwasgrowingupmymother’slimited’’Englishlimitedmyperceptionofher．1wasashamedofherEnglish．IbelievedthatherEnglishreflectedthequalityofwhatshehadtosay．Thatisbecausesheexpressedthemimperfectlyherthoughtswereimperfect．AndIhadplentyofevidencetosupportmethefactthatpeopleindepartmentstoresatbanks．andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriouslydidnotgivehergoodservicepretendednottounderstandherorevenactedasiftheydidnothearher． Istartedwritingfictioninl985．Andforreasonlwon’tgetintotodayIbegantowritestoriesusingaUtheEnglishIgrewupwiththeEnglishsheusedwithmewhichforlackofabettertermmightbedescribedasbrokenandwhatIimaginetobehertranslationofherChineseherinter-nal内在的languageandforthatIsoughttopreservetheessencebutneitheranEnglishnoraChinesestnlcture1wantedtocatchwhatlanguageabilitytestscannevershowherintentionherfeelingstherhythmsofherspeechandthenatureofherthoughts． BysayingLanguageisthetoolofmytradetheauthormeansthat
下列汉字中三个字都不读的一组是
下列词语结构完全一样的一组是
A Iamawriter．Ispendagreatdealofmytimethinkingaboutthepoweroflanguage－thewayitcanevoke唤起anemotionavisualimageacomplexideaorasimpletruth．Languageisthetoolofmytrade．AndIUSethemall－alltheEnglishIgrewupwith. BomintoaChinesefamilythathadrecentlyarrivedinCaliforniaI’vebeengivingmorethoughttothekindofEnglishmymotherspeaks．LikeothersIhavedescribedittopeopleasbrokenEnglish．Butfeelembarrassedtosaythat．IthasalwaysbotheredmethatIcanthinkofnowaytodescribeitotherthanbrokenasifitweredamagedandneededtobefixedasifitlackedacer’tainwholeness．IveheardothertermsusedlimitedEnglishforexample．Butthey8eemjustasbad．asifeverythingislimitedincludingpeople’sperception认识ofthelimitedEnglishspeaker. Iknowthisforafact．becausewhenIwasgrowingupmymother’slimited’’Englishlimitedmyperceptionofher．1wasashamedofherEnglish．IbelievedthatherEnglishreflectedthequalityofwhatshehadtosay．Thatisbecausesheexpressedthemimperfectlyherthoughtswereimperfect．AndIhadplentyofevidencetosupportmethefactthatpeopleindepartmentstoresatbanks．andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriouslydidnotgivehergoodservicepretendednottounderstandherorevenactedasiftheydidnothearher． Istartedwritingfictioninl985．Andforreasonlwon’tgetintotodayIbegantowritestoriesusingaUtheEnglishIgrewupwiththeEnglishsheusedwithmewhichforlackofabettertermmightbedescribedasbrokenandwhatIimaginetobehertranslationofherChineseherinter-nal内在的languageandforthatIsoughttopreservetheessencebutneitheranEnglishnoraChinesestnlcture1wantedtocatchwhatlanguageabilitytestscannevershowherintentionherfeelingstherhythmsofherspeechandthenatureofherthoughts． Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
试分析蜗牛和黄鹂鸟的童趣特征8分 蜗牛和黄鹂鸟作词陈弘文 啊门啊前一棵葡萄树 啊嫩啊嫩绿地刚发芽 蜗牛背着那重重的壳呀 一步一步地往上爬 啊树啊上两只黄鹂鸟 啊嘻啊嘻哈哈在笑它 葡萄成熟还早地很哪 现在上来要于什么 啊黄啊黄鹂鸟不要笑 等我爬上它就成熟了
一阅读下面的文言文完成25—27题10分 醉书斋记 于堂左洁一室为书斋明窗素壁泊如也设几二一陈笔墨一置香炉茗碗之属竹床一坐以之木榻一卧以之书架书筒各四古今籍在焉琴磬尘尾诸什物亦杂置左右甫晨起即科头①拂案上尘注水砚中研磨及丹铅饱饮墨以俟随意抽书一帙据坐批阅之顷至会心处则朱墨淋漓渍纸上字大半为之隐有时或歌或叹或哭或泣或怒骂或闷欲绝或大叫称快或咄咄诧异或卧而思起而狂走家人喇见者悉骇愕罔测所指乃窃相议俟稍定始散去 婢子送酒茗来都不省取或误触之倾湿书册辄怒而责后乃不复持至逾时或犹未食无敢前请者惟内子时映帘窥余得间始进日日午矣可以饭乎余应诺内子出复忘之矣羹炙皆寒更温以俟者数四及就食仍夹一册与俱且啖且阅羹炙虽寒或且变味亦不觉也至或误以双箸乱点所阅书良久始悟非笔而内子及婢辈罔不窃笑者 夜坐漏常午顾童侍无人在侧俄而鼾震左右起视之皆烂漫睡地上矣客或访余者刺已入值余方校书不遽见客伺久辄大怒诟或索取原刺余亦不知也盖余性既严急家中人启事不以时即叱出而事之急缓不更问一故仓卒不得白而家中盐米诸琐物皆内子主之颇有序余是以无所顾虑而嗜益僻 他日忽自悔谋立誓戒之商于内子内子笑日君无效刘伶断饮法②只赚余酒脯补五脏劳耶吾亦惟坐视君沉湎耳不能赞成君谋余悄然久之因思余于书洵不异伶于酒正恐旋誓且旋畔且为文字饮不犹愈于红裙耶遂笑应之日如卿言亦复佳但为李白妇太常妻不易耳!乃不复立戒而采其语意以名吾斋日醉书 【注】①科头不敝帽子②刘伶新饮刘伶戒酒管书·刘伶传载刘伶曾求其妻具酒肉立誓戒酒誓后依然嗜酒如故 下列对原文内容的分析和概括不正确的一项是4分
Itjustisn’tfair________Iwasworkingasawaiterlastmonth myfriendswerelyingonthebeach．
C Nexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffee． Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedtea．Thephysicalsensa’tion感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecision--thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohna．Bargh． Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’swarmthisapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships．JudgingsomeonetobeeitherWflfflTlorcoldisaprimaryconsiderationeventrumpingevidencethatacoldpersonmaybemorecapable．MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBarghargueswhenbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationparticularlywarmthandcoldness．Classicstud—iesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoaclothmoth—erratherthanonemadeofwire．evenwhenthewire‘‘mothercarriedafoodbottle．Harlow’Sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills． Feelingsofwarmthandcoldnessinsocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal． AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneSarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleaswarmorcoldiscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptioninfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries． TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperi-mentwhichinvolved41collegestudents．Aresearchassistantwhowasunawareofthestudy’Shypotheses假设handedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletllereseareherfilledoutashortinformationformThedrinkwasthenhandedback．AfterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityofPersonAbasedonaparticulardescription．ThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonAaswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink． WealegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractlysaysBargh． Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
对下列病句的修改有误的一项是
无丝竹之乱耳陋室铭
ExcusemeMarciaareporterfromVanityFair_________allday. Couldyouspeaktohernow
善本指古代书籍中比较完整的刻本或写本
Whenwevisitedmyoldfamilyhomememorycame________back.
依次填入下列句中横线处的词恰当的一组是一切学问家不但对于流俗传说就是对于过去学者的学说也常常抱怀疑态度常常和书中的学说常常书中的学说常常书中的学说
子日见贤思齐焉论语
C Nexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffee． Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedtea．Thephysicalsensa’tion感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecision--thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohna．Bargh． Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’swarmthisapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships．JudgingsomeonetobeeitherWflfflTlorcoldisaprimaryconsiderationeventrumpingevidencethatacoldpersonmaybemorecapable．MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBarghargueswhenbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationparticularlywarmthandcoldness．Classicstud—iesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoaclothmoth—erratherthanonemadeofwire．evenwhenthewire‘‘mothercarriedafoodbottle．Harlow’Sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills． Feelingsofwarmthandcoldnessinsocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal． AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneSarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleaswarmorcoldiscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptioninfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries． TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperi-mentwhichinvolved41collegestudents．Aresearchassistantwhowasunawareofthestudy’Shypotheses假设handedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletllereseareherfilledoutashortinformationformThedrinkwasthenhandedback．AfterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityofPersonAbasedonaparticulardescription．ThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonAaswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink． WealegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractlysaysBargh． AccordingtoParagraph1aperson’semotionmaybeaffectedby．
不畏浮云遮望眼登飞来峰
Thisareaexperienced____heaviestrainfallin_________monthofMay.
_______isthepowerofTVthatitcanmakeapersonsuddenlyfamous.
C Nexttimeacustomercomestoyourofficeofferhimacupofcoffee． Andwhenyou’redoingyourholidayshoppingonlinemakesureyou’reholdingalargeglassoficedtea．Thephysicalsensa’tion感觉ofwarmthencouragesemotionalwarmthwhileacolddrinkinhandpreventsyoufrommakingunwisedecision--thosearethepracticallessonbeingdrawnfromrecentresearchbypsychologistJohna．Bargh． Psychologistshaveknownthatoneperson’sperception感知ofanother’swarmthisapowerfuldeterminerinsocialrelationships．JudgingsomeonetobeeitherWflfflTlorcoldisaprimaryconsiderationeventrumpingevidencethatacoldpersonmaybemorecapable．MuchofthisisrootedinveryearlychildhoodexperiencesBarghargueswhenbabies’conceptualsenseoftheworldaroundthemisshapedbyphysicalsensationparticularlywarmthandcoldness．Classicstud—iesbyHarryHarlowpublishedin1958showedmonkeyspreferredtostayclosetoaclothmoth—erratherthanonemadeofwire．evenwhenthewire‘‘mothercarriedafoodbottle．Harlow’Sworkandlaterstudieshaveledpsychologiststostresstheneedforwarmphysicalcontactfromcaregiverstohelpyoungchildrengrowintohealthyadultswithnormalsocialskills． Feelingsofwarmthandcoldnessinsocialjudgmentsappeartobeuniversal． AlthoughnoworldwidestudyhasbeendoneSarghsaysthatdescribingpeopleaswarmorcoldiscommontomanyculturesandstudieshavefoundthoseperceptioninfluencejudgmentindozensofcountries． TotesttherelationshipbetweenphysicalandpsychologicalwarmthBarghconductedanexperi-mentwhichinvolved41collegestudents．Aresearchassistantwhowasunawareofthestudy’Shypotheses假设handedthestudentseitherahotcupofcoffeeoracolddrinktoholdwhiletllereseareherfilledoutashortinformationformThedrinkwasthenhandedback．AfterthatthestudentswereaskedtoratethepersonalityofPersonAbasedonaparticulardescription．ThosewhohadbrieflyheldthewarmdrinkregardedPersonAaswarmerthanthosewhohadheldtheiceddrink． WealegroundedinourphysicalexperiencesevenwhenwethinkabstractlysaysBargh． InBargh’sexperimentthestudentswereaskedto．
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