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A cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution. But Colla...
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下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn3public
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest{2intmn;3publicTe
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是【】 1publicclassTest{ 2intmn 3p
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是 1publicclassTest{ 2intmn 3publi
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn3publicTest
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下列程序的输出结果为publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainStri
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainS
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下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn3public
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是 1publicclassTest{2intmn3publicT
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainS
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下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest{2intmn3publi
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTestpublicstaticvoidmainSt
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTestpublicstaticvoidmainSt
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn;3pub
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下面程序执行的结果应是【】 classTest2{ publicstaticvoidmainSt
下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn;3publicTes
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下列语句序列执行后K的值是______publicclassTest11{publicstaticv
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn;3publicTes
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下列语句序列执行后K的值是______publicclassTest11publicstaticvo
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TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.Theassertionoftheexpertswhothinkschoolsaxedoingbetterisbasedonthe______.
LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatevertheanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethofasecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisionsInternetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpactontheiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbutthisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastastheeyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossibletoreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardofCarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadeinthefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteampresentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedasbeingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtoratethewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashedupforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandardtelevisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralongerperiodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldofthewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice.UnlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursitebeforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitorsLindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%oftrafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirstimpressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknowntopsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithanattractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththesiteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisisbecauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtouseawebsitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthattheymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendencytojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize.Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’saboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.Forthisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules.Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstsothat’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseeasearchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergoldenruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomersmightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.Thatcanbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandnobusiness.Whatisextremelyimportantforacompanywhichwantstobecompetitiveinthemarketofelectroniccommerce
Directions:Title:IdolofThisAge:BillGatesorLeiFangOutline:thepresentstateyouropinionandyourreasons.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofahumanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonlywithinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewbornbabylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightorbornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensivecareandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysicalproblemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhasdevelopedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwiththefirstthreemonthsoflife.DozensofmajorhospitalsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirectedbyneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfortinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—anelectronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterileaccesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehimlookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateandrecordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswellassignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitalswithnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsastheneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications.Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisundertheageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetesheartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoftenattendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthenewborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebabyistestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryifneeded.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity.Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiesprematureinfantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditiontothetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanagelessingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobistorocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyagedoctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects.onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsandspecialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesintheUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressivelyhigh90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescouldbebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insomehospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportableisoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopterorambulance.AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingaretrueaboutisoletteEXCEPT______.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Thepassageismainlyabout______.
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Themostcriticaltimeinthelifeofahumanistheverybeginning—thefirsthoursafterbirth.Yetithasbeenonlywithinthepastfewyearsthatdoctorshaverecognizedthattreatinganewbornbabylikeasmallchildisnotthebestprocedure.Thisisespeciallytrueofhighriskbabiesatermappliedtobabiesthatareprematureunderweightorbornwithmajororganicdefects.Theyneedimmediateimaginativeintensivecareandobservationnotonlyforsurvivalbutalsotohelpcircumventphysicalproblemswhichmayaffecttheinfantforlife.Outofthisrequirementhasdevelopedanewbranchofmedicinecalledneonatologywhichisconcernedwiththefirstthreemonthsoflife.DozensofmajorhospitalsthroughouttheUnitedStateshaveopenednewbornintensivecareunitsdirectedbyneonatologistsandemployingequipmentandtechniquesdevisedspeciallyfortinypatients.Oneofthegreatestaidsintheseunitsisanisolette—anelectronicallyequippedglass-enclosedincubatorwithportholesforsterileaccesstothebaby.Insidetheisolettesensorsplacedontheinfantmakehimlookmuchlikeaminiatureastronaut.Thesensorsautomaticallyregulateandrecordthetemperaturehumidityandoxygeninthisartificialwombaswellassignalchangeortroubleaffectingitsoccupant.Inhospitalswithnewbornintensivecareunitspecialistsarereadytousetheirskillsastheneedarises.Theyarealertedtopregnanciesthatmaydevelopcomplications.Forexampleifawomanwhoispregnantentersthehospitalandisundertheageof18orovertheageof40isundernourishedorobesehasdiabetesheartorkidneytroubletheneonatologistsareadvised.Theneonatologistoftenattendsthedeliveryofababywiththeobstetricianandthenrushesthenewborninfantintohisspecialcareunit.Therewithinafewminutesthebabyistestedexaminedthorougblyandmadereadyfortreatmentorsurgeryifneeded.Themostcommoncauseofinfantdeathsispre-maturity.Insomehospitalsitisnotunusualtofind8or9preemiesprematureinfantsinthespecialcareunitsatonetime.Inadditiontothetechnicaladvancesthehealthoftheinfantdependsonanagelessingredient-love.Nursesareessentialmembersofbaby-cavingteams.Theirjobistorocktofeedandtofondletheverysmallpatients.Evenatthisearlyagedoctorsfindthatlackoflovehasadversephysicalandpsychologicaleffects.onthenewbornbabies.Asthenumberofneonatologistsandspecialcarecentershasincreasedthesurvivalrateforhigh-riskbabiesintheUnitedStateshasrisenfromabout75%afewyearsagotoanimpressivelyhigh90%today.Doctorsthinkthatthe90%couldbeincreasedifthebabiescouldbebroughtmorequicklyunderthecareofaneonatologist.Insomehospitalsteamsofdoctorsandnursescanrespondtoemergencieswithportableisoletteswhicharecarriedbyairplanehelicopterorambulance.Besidestechnicaladvanceswhatelseisneededforthehealthofaninfant
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.ThewordyardstickSentence2Paragraph4probablymeans______.
Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnotimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentinpronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatronagreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfiredseveraltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithitafauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththetermanexceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.SotoothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople.Bysayingtheletter’b’issilentinpronunciationtheauthorwantstoindicatethat______
Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablishamoodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsandgesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceorbehavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iamlikeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestformofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateifbanaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhottheselastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune.Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopinganunconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthehypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseemeforhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou.Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheirmemorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions.Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommongroundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacingstatementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsandthesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthecustomer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficultsubject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat.Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.Theagenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoapositionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwhoagreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhiscustomerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsoflifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-onwithargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponseoftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.Themostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthanwithwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageandthoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetonerhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’sposturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguageofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthatfeelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Illessencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanismsharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathinginandoutwiththecustomer.Weareinsyncisanotherwayofsaying______.
Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophreniafromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesatofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.Otherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficit.Onegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscoresandtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscoresminimumcompetencytestresultstheScholasticAptitudeTestscores—areupsomebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandsciencealongwithgreaterstressonbasicskillsincludingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportantchangingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetestmostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalsebywhichchildren’sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledgeunderstandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadditionthesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.Thistheysaymayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation’spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelikeinthegoodolddayswithlotsofdrillanduniformrequirementsandtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs--bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodemworldtoday’sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto______.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Thebestsalespeoplefirstestablishamoodoftrustandrapportbymeansofhypnoticpacingstatementsandgesturesthatplaybackacustomer’sobservationsexperienceorbehavior.Pacingisakindofmirror-likematchingawayofsuggesting:Iamlikeyou.Weareinsync.Youcantrustme.Thesimplestformofpacingisdescriptivepacinginwhichthesellerformulatesaccurateifbanaldescriptionsofthecustomer’sexperience.It’sbeenawfullyhottheselastfewdayshasn’tit...YousaidyouweregoingtograduateinJune.Thesestatementsservethepurposeofestablishingagreementanddevelopinganunconsciousaffinitybetweensellerandcustomer.Inclinicalhypnosisthehypnotistmightmakecomparablepacingstatements.Youarehamtodaytoseemeforhypnosis.Youtoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyou.Salesagentswithonlyaveragesuccesstendtojumpimmediatelyintotheirmemorizedsalespitchesortohitthecustomerwithabarrageofquestions.Neglectingtopacethecustomerthemediocresalesagentcreatesnocommongroundonwhichtobuildtrust.Asecondtypeofhypnoticpacingstatementistheobjectionpacingcomment.Acustomerobjectsorresistsandthesalesagentagreesmatchinghisorherremarkstotheremarksofthecustomer.Asuperiorinsuranceagentmightagreethatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherejustasaclinicalhypnotistmighttelladifficultsubject.Youareresistinggoingintotrance.That’sgood.Iencouragethat.Thecustomerpushingagainstawallfindsthatthewallhasdisappeared.Theagenthavingconfirmedthecustomer’sobjectionthenleadsthecustomertoapositionthatnegatesorunderminestheobjection.Theinsurancesalespersonwhoagreedthatinsuranceisnotthebestinvestmentouttherewentontotellhiscustomerbutitdoeshaveafewuses.Hethendescribedallthebenefitsoflifeinsurance.Mediocresalespeoplegenerallyrespondtoresistancehead-onwithargumentsthatpresumablyanswerthecustomer’s0biection.Thisresponseoftenleadsthecustomertodiginhisheelsalltheharder.Themostpowerfulformsofpacinghavemoretodowithhowsomethingissaidthanwithwhatissaid.Thegoodsalespersonhasanabilitytopacethelanguageandthoughtofanycustomer.Withhypnoticeffecttheagentmatchesthevoicetonerhythmvolumeandspeechrateofthecustomer.Hematchesthecustomer’sposturebodylanguageandmood.Headoptsthecharacteristicverballanguageofthecustomer.Ifthecustomerisslightlydepressedtheagentcharesthatfeelingandacknowledgesthathehasbeenfeelingalittledownlately.Illessencethetopsalesproducerbecomesasophisticatedbiofeedbackmechanismsharingandreflectingthecustomer’sreality—eventothepointofbreathinginandoutwiththecustomer.InParagraph2thetwosentencesYouareheretodaytoseemeforhypnosisandYoutoldmeoverthephoneaboutaproblemthatconcernsyouareexamplesof______.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheatingupandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.AccordingtonewsreportstheSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpandachosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundinSichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresenttotheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeaceandharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportraysWhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsandeatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapandadoes.42__________.FortunatelythereareothercandidatesforthehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Nowthere’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.Whenthetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;Whenatigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwildswine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase.Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuchas80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftandusescleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.IsitnottheidealanimaltorepresenttheathleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfortheOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemostpredatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Undernormalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritspreywithfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathletetowinamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedoutaverysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergettingintothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyourtank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeedofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.InthelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththenumberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.IwouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008OlympicmascotshouldbeananimalthatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesandtheirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthegiantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindotherfoodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infactthegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatriskofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympicmascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeantextrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebroughttogetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C.Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatigermascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008BeijingOlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatnoonerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.InfacttheydidnotrememberthemascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics.D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbytheBeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice.E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbethoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.DoesthatnotmakethetigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stopathletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthebestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChinaforthousandsofyears.WithitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowertheChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008Olympics!
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheracetoselecttheBeijing2008Olympicmascotisheatingupandfromallaccountsthepandaisoutinfront.AccordingtonewsreportstheSichuanpandateamispullingoutallthestopstogetthegiantpandachosen—notsurprisinglyasmostofthepandasinChinacanbefoundinSichuan.41__________.SowhatdoesanOlympicmascotrepresenttotheworldTheSichuanteamsaysthatthegiantpandarepresentsthepeaceandharmonyoftheOlympicspiritbutisthatwhatapandareallyportraysWhatafteralldoesagiantpandadoalldayItpullsdownbambooshootsandeatsandwhenit’snoteatingitsleepsThat’sit!Thatisallapandadoes.42__________.FortunatelythereareothercandidatesforthehonorofrepresentingtheBeijingOlympicsincludingtheChinesetiger.Nowthere’sacontrastwiththepanda!Thetigerissleek;thetigerisswift.Whenthetigerspringsintoactiononecanseeitsmusclesripplewithenergy;Whenatigerishuntingforfoodfirstitstalksitspreyperhapsaherdofwildswine.Thenitchoosesavictimandcleverlyplansitsstrategyforthechase.Carefullychoosingitsmomentthetigertakesoffwithpowerandspeedasmuchas80kmperhour.43__________.Thetigerissleekstrongswiftandusescleverstrategytoachieveitsgoal.IsitnottheidealanimaltorepresenttheathleteswhohaveplannedandcarriedoutIcing-termstrategiestoqualifyfortheOlympics44__________.Howeverthetigerlikemostpredatoryanimalsisnottrulyvicious—thisisacommonmisperception.Undernormalcircumstancesitkillsonlyforfood.Whenhungryitgoesafteritspreywithfiercedetermination.itnottakefiercedeterminationforanathletetowinamedalintheOlympicsSomeyearsagoShellcarriedoutaverysuccessfuladcampaigninCanadaandtheUS.Theadsshowedatigergettingintothegastankofanauto;theaccompanyingsloganwasPutatigerinyourtank!45__________.NowadaysChinaisamazingeveryonewiththepowerandspeedofitseconomicdevelopmentfaroutstrippingtheothernationsoftheworld.InthelatestOlympicstheChineseathletessurprisedtheworldnotonlywiththenumberofmedalstheywonbutalsowiththecategoriesinwhichtheywonthem.IwouldthereforearguethatBeijing’s2008OlympicmascotshouldbeananimalthatembodiesthegreatqualitiespowerandspeedoftheChineseathletesandtheirhomeland--theChinesetiger.A.Onemightsaythatthegiantpandaisfatandlazy!WhatifthereisnobambooDoesitfindotherfoodNo.Whenthepanda’sfooddisappearsthepandadisappears.Infactthegiantpandaisaveryvulnerableanimalandthatiswhytodayitisatriskofextinction.DoChinesereallywantafatlazyanimalfortheirOlympicmascotB.Everyoneunderstoodthemessage:thetigermeantextrapowerandspeedforyourcar.TheoriginalOlympicsinGreecebroughttogetherathletesinafiercetrialofpowerandspeed.C.Recentlyitwasbroughttomyattentionthatthe1988SeoulOlympicshadatigermascot.Doesthismakethetigerineligibleforuseinthe2008BeijingOlympicsInaninformalpollofmyfriendsandcolleaguesIdiscoveredthatnoonerememberedthemascotofthe1988games.InfacttheydidnotrememberthemascotoftheSydneyOlympicsorevenofthisyear’sAthensOlympics.D.Theyhavecreated29possiblepandadesignsforconsiderationbytheBeijingOlympicorganizingcommitteewhichwillbemakingthechoice.E.Tobesurethegiantpandaseemsloveablewhereasthetigermightbethoughtbysometoberatherfierce.F.DoesthatnotmakethetigerabetterchoicetorepresentanOlympiccompetitionwheretheworld’stopathletescometogethertoseewhoisthestrongestthefastestandthebestG.YesthetigerhasbeenreveredandadmiredinChinaforthousandsofyears.WithitsnaturalcharacteristicsofspeedandpowertheChinesetigerwouldIamconvincedbeasuperbmascotforthe2008Olympics!
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatevertheanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethofasecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisionsInternetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpactontheiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbutthisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastastheeyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossibletoreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardofCarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadeinthefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteampresentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedasbeingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtoratethewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashedupforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandardtelevisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralongerperiodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldofthewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice.UnlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursitebeforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitorsLindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%oftrafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirstimpressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknowntopsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithanattractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththesiteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisisbecauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtouseawebsitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthattheymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendencytojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize.Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’saboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.Forthisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules.Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstsothat’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseeasearchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergoldenruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomersmightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.Thatcanbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandnobusiness.TheunderlinedphrasehaloeffectLine3Paragraph5probablymeans______
SpaceenthusiastslooktothedaywhenordinarypeopleaswellasprofessionalastronautsandmembersofCongresscanleaveEarthbehindandheadforaspacestationresortormaybeabaseonthemoonorMars.TheSpaceTransportationAssociationanindustrylobbyinggrouprecentlycreatedadivisiondevotedtopromotingspacetourismwhichitseesasaviablewaytospureconomicdevelopmentbeyondEarth.Thegreatstumblingblockinthisroadtostarshoweveristhesheerdifficultyofgettinganywhereinspace.Merelyachievingorbitisanexpensiveandriskyproposition.Currentspacepropulsiontechnologiesmakeitastretchtosendprobestodistantdestinationswithinthesolarsystem.Spacecrafthavetofollowmulti-laverindirecttrajectoriesthatlooparoundseveralplanesinordertogainvelocityfromgravityassists.Thenthecraftlacktheenergytocomeback.Sendingspacecrafttoothersolarsystemswouldtakemanycenturies.Fortunatelyengineershavenoshortageofinventiveplansfornewpropulsionsystemsthatmightsomedayexpandhumanpresenceliterallyorfigurativelybeyondthisplanet.Someareradicalrefinementsofcurrentrocketsorjettechnologies.Othersharnessnuclearenergiesorwouldrideonpowerfullaserbeams.Eventheequivalentsofspaceelevatorsforhoistingcargoesintoorbitareonthedrawingboard.ReachloworbitandyouarehalfwaytoanywhereintheSolarSystemscience-fictionauthorRobertA.HeinleinmemorablywroteandvirtuallyallanalystsagreethatinexpensiveaccesstolowEarthorbitisavitalfirststepbecausemostscenariosforexpandinghumankind’sreachdependontheorbitalassemblyofmassivespacecraftorotherequipmentinvolvingmultiplehunches.Theneedforbetterlaunchsystemsisalreadyimmediatedrivenbyprivateandpublicsectordemand.Mostcommercialpayloadsaredestinedeitherforthenowcrowedgeo-stationaryorbitwheresatellitesjostleforelbowroom36000kilometersabovetheequatororforlow-Earthorbitjustafewhundredkilometersup.Low-Earthorbitisrapidlybecomingaspaceenterprisezonebecausesatellitesthatclosecantransmitsignalstodesktoporevenhandheldreceivers.Scientificpayloadsarealsotakingoffinabigway.Morethan50majorobservatoriesandexplorationstoothersolarsystems’bodieswillliftoffwithinthenextdecade.ThepressingdemandforlauncheshasevenpromptedBoeing’scommercialspacedivisiontoteamupwithRSC—EnergiainMoscowandKvaernerMaritimeinOslotorefurbishanoilrigandcreatea34000—tondisplacementsemi-submersiblelaunchplatformthatwillbetowedtoorbitallyfavorablelaunchsites.Accordingtothepassagethelow-Earthorbitis______.
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