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幼儿教师在语言课上只讲故事、音乐课上只能唱歌、体育课上只做游戏的做法，违背了（）教育原则。
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中小学校长招聘考试《单选题》真题及答案
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某高中二年级的小张同学是个典型的胖子体育技能也相对较差对体育的学习态度也一般对待体育课以及体育课上的
幼儿教师在语言课上只讲故事音乐课上只教唱歌体育课上只做游戏的做法违背了教育原则
启蒙性
发展适宜性
活动性
综合性
在学生伤害事故中体育课上发生的伤害事故占有相当大的比例在学校的体育课上一男生在自由活动时跃起抓住足球
幼儿教师在语言课上只讲故事音乐课上只唱歌体育课上只做游戏的做法违背了原则
活动性
综合性
发展适宜性
独立自主性
体育课上我们所做的每一个动作只靠运动系统就可以完成
幼儿教师在语言课上只讲故事音乐课上只能唱歌体育课上只做游戏的做法违背了教育原则
启蒙性
发展适宜性
活动性
综合性
幼儿教师在语言课上只能讲故事音乐课上只能唱歌体育课上只能做游戏 的做法违背了教育原则
启蒙性
发展适宜性
活动性
综合性
幼儿教师在语言课上只讲故事音乐课上只能唱歌体育课上只做游戏的做法违背了教育原则
启蒙性
发展适宜性
活动性
综合性
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Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
D AreyouoneofthosewhoalwaysfearwheneveradogisapproachingIfyouareyouhavegotphobiaaverystrongfeelingofbeingafraidofsomething.Ofallhumanfearsphobiasmaybethemostuncontrollable.Theyaremostoftencausedbyaparticularsituationorobject.Ingeneralphobiascanmainlybedividedintothreevarieties.Tobeginwithagoraphobiaisafearofstayinginstrangesurroundingsforexampleanunfamiliarplaceoranopenarea.Socialphobiareferstotheanxietypeopleshowwhentheyhavetostayorperformonsocialeventsforinstancespeakinginfrontoftheclass.Lastlythereareawiderangeofspecificphobias.Peoplesufferingfromthiskindofphobiaareterrifiedofspecificobjectsorcreaturessuchasspidersperhapstoyoursurpriseclowns.Besidesthereareaboutsixhundredandfiftyphobiaslistedbypsychologists心理学家asyet. Facedwiththeirphobiasmanypeoplechoosetodonothingbutjustescapethesituationsorobjectstheyfear.Psychologistshoweverwarnthatifnottreatedproperlythiskindofanxietywillgetworsesothatitmaydisturbthesleeppatterncausephysicalsymptomsandfinallyaffecttheirdailyactivities.Asfortreatmentclinicalresearchhasdiscoveredthatmedicineforanxietyisnotsuccessfulincuringphobias.Howevertheanxietydisorderscanbeefficientlytreatedthroughcognitivebehavioraltherapy认知行为疗法throughwhichpatientsareledtoinspecttheconnectionsbetweentheirownfearandthesituationorobjectandthenactivelychoosetheacceptabletreatments.Alsoothertreatmentsprovedeffectiveinreducingphobiasaremeditationlisteningtocalmingmusicandsoon. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutphobiasiscorrect
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
—Didyougototheshowlastnight —Yeah.Everyboyandgirlintheareainvited.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Theprisonerofwarwishedtobe.Tenyearslaterhefreeandregainedhis.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Don’tallspeakatonce!please.
B Inchoosingafriendoneshouldbeverycareful.Agoodfriendcanhelpyoustudy.Youcanhavefuntogetherandmakeeachotherhappy.Sometimesyouwillmeetfairweatherfriends.Theywillbewithyouaslongasyouhavemoneyorluckbutwhenyouaredowntheywillrunaway.HowdoIknowwhenIhavefoundagoodfriendIlookforcertainqualitiesofcharacterespeciallyunderstandinghonestyandreliability. AboveallelseIlookforunderstandinginafriend.Agoodfriendtriestounderstandhowanotherpersonisfeeling.Heisnotquicktojudge.Insteadhetriestolearnfromothers.Heputshimselfintheotherpersonsplaceandhetriestothinkofwaystobehelpful.Heisalsoagoodlistener. Atthesametimehoweveragoodfriendishonest.Hedoesnotlookforfaultsinothers.Henoticestheirgoodpoints.Inshortafriendwilltrytounderstandmeandacceptme. Anotherqualityofafriendisreliability.Icanalwaysdependonagoodfriend.IfhetellsmehewillmeetmesomewhereatacertaintimeIcanbesurethathewillbethere.IfIneedafavorhewilldohisbesttohelpme.IfIamintroublehewillnotrunawayfromme. Thereisafourthqualitythatmakesafriendspecial.Aspecialfriendissomeonewithwhomwecanhavefun.Weshouldenjoyourlivesandwewouldenjoyourfriendship.ThatiswhyIespeciallylikefriendswhoarefuntobewith.AgoodfriendlikesthesamethingsIlike.Weshareexperienceandlearnfromeachother.Agoodfriendhasagoodsenseofhumortoo.Helikestolaughwithme.Thatishowweshareinthejoyofbeingfriends.AndIknowthatheislookingforthesamequalityinme. WhenImeetsomeonewhoisreliablehonestandunderstandingIknowIvefoundafriend! Ifyouhavefairweatherfriends.
C I’verecentlyturnedfiftywhichisyoungforatreemidlifeforanelephantandancientforasportsman.FiftyisanicenumberforthestatesintheUSorforanationalspeedlimitbutitisnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohavehungonme.Fiftyissupposedtobemyfather’sagebutnowIamstuckwiththisnumberandeverythingitmeans. AfewdaysagoafriendtriedtocheermeupbysayingFiftyiswhatfortyusedtobe.Hehadmadeaninspirationalpoint:AmIoverthehillPeoplekeeptellingmethatthehillhasbeenmovedandIkeeptellingthemthatthehighjumpbarhasdroppedfromthesixfeetIonceeasilyclearedtothefourfeetthatisimpossibleformenow. YourarenotgettingolderyouaregettingbettersaysDr.JoyceBrothers.Thishoweveristhekindofdoctorwhoinspiresasecondopinion. AndsoasIapproachthedaywhenIcannotevenjumpoverthetennisnetIammovedtosharesomethoughtsonagingwithyou.Iammovedtoshowhowagingfeelstomephysicallyandmentally.Gettingolderofcourseisobviouslyabetterchangethantheonethatbringsyoueulogies颂词悼词.InfactapoetnamedRobertBrowningconsidereditthebestchangeofall: Growoldalongwithme! Thebestisyettome. WhetherornotBrowningwasrightmostofmyfirstfiftyyearshavebeengoldenonessoIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby.Ifindmyselfmovingtowardwhatisaheadwithacuriousblend混合ofbothfightingandacceptingmyaginghopingthatthephilosopher哲学家wasrightwhenhesaidOldisalwaysfifteenyearsfromnow. Whentheauthorturnedfiftypeoplearoundhim.
Myfriendshowedmeroundthetownwasverykindofhim.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
E ThemostfrighteningwordsintheEnglishlanguageareOurcomputerisdown.Youhearitmoreandmorewhenyouareonbusiness.TheotherdayIwasattheairportwaitingforatickettoWashingtonandthegirlintheticketofficesaidI’msorryIcan’tsellyouaticket.Ourcomputerisdown. Ifyourcomputerisdownjustwritemeoutaticket. Ican’twriteyououtaticket.Thecomputeristheonlyoneallowedtodoso. Ilookeddownonthecomputerandeverypassengerwasjuststandingtheredrinkingcoffeeandstaringattheblackscreen.ThenIaskedherWhatdoallyoupeopledo Wegivethecomputertheinformationaboutyourtripandthenittellsuswhetheryoucanflywithusornot. Sowhenitgoesdownyougodownwithit. That’sgoodsir. HowlongwillthecomputerbedownIwantedtoknow. Ihavenoidea.Sometimesit’sdownfor10minutessometimesfortwohours.There’snowaywecanfindoutwithoutaskingthecomputerandsinceit’sdownitwon’tanswerus. AfterthegirltoldmetheyhadnobackupcomputerIsaid.Let’sforgetthecomputer.WhataboutyourplanesThey’restillflyingaren’tthey Icouldn’ttellwithoutaskingthecomputer. MaybeIcouldjustgotothegateandaskthepilotifhe’sflyingtoWashingtonIsuggested. Iwouldn’tknowwhatgatetosendyouto.EvenifthepilotwasgoingtoWashingtonhecouldn’ttakeyouifyoudidn’thaveaticket. IsthereanyotherairlineflyingtoWashingtonwithinthenextfewhours Iwouldn’tknowshesaidpointingatthedarkscreen.Only‘IT’knows.‘IT’can’ttellme. Bythistimetherewerequiteafewpeoplestandinginlines.Thewordssoonspreadtoothertravelersthatthecomputerwasdown.Somepeoplewentwhitesomepeoplestartedtocryandstillotherskickedtheirluggage. Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat.
简述学习和研究教育原理时必须坚持的方法论
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
TheyontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthemandnowweonitasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.
A AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEurope.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOceanleavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports. GrimsvotnisoneofthelargestactivevolcanoesinEurope.WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentisthatitliesunderahugeglacier冰川oficeupto12metersthick.Thehotvolcanoheatsuptheiceaboveitwhichthenformsalayer层ofwaterbetweentheglacierandthevolcano.Thislayerofwaterputspressureonthevolcanokeepingitstable.Asthewaterflowsoutfromundertheglacierthepressurelifts.Thelava岩浆fromthevolcanothencomesuptothesurface.Thisisexactlywhathashappenedtoday. Nowairlineshavetomakechangestotheirflightssoasnottoflythroughthecloudsofvolcanicash.AccordingtoKLMoneofEuropesbiggestairlinesairplanescannotgounderthecloudoroverit.Goingthroughthecloudcanresultinashgettingstuckintheairplanesenginescausingdamagetotheplane. TheeruptionhasalsocausedproblemsforanimalsinIceland.Thevolcanoleftashandsharpglasslikerocksalloverthecountryside.Farmersarekeepingtheiranimalsinsidetostopthemfromeatingashcoveredgrassorthesharpobjects. WhatkeepsGrimsvotnstill
MyparentsinHongKong.Theywerebornthereandhaveneverlivedanywhereelse.
中学生的情绪和情感与小学时期已经有了很大的不同影响和制约青少年情绪和情感发展的最重要的身心发展因素主要包括
Don’tforgetthedayyouwerereceivedintotheYouthLeague.
A AvolcaniceruptioninIcelandhassentashacrossnorthernEurope.AirlineshavestoppedorchangedtheflightsacrosstheAtlanticOceanleavinghundredsofpassengersstuckinairports. GrimsvotnisoneofthelargestactivevolcanoesinEurope.WhatmakesGrimsvotndifferentisthatitliesunderahugeglacier冰川oficeupto12metersthick.Thehotvolcanoheatsuptheiceaboveitwhichthenformsalayer层ofwaterbetweentheglacierandthevolcano.Thislayerofwaterputspressureonthevolcanokeepingitstable.Asthewaterflowsoutfromundertheglacierthepressurelifts.Thelava岩浆fromthevolcanothencomesuptothesurface.Thisisexactlywhathashappenedtoday. Nowairlineshavetomakechangestotheirflightssoasnottoflythroughthecloudsofvolcanicash.AccordingtoKLMoneofEuropesbiggestairlinesairplanescannotgounderthecloudoroverit.Goingthroughthecloudcanresultinashgettingstuckintheairplanesenginescausingdamagetotheplane. TheeruptionhasalsocausedproblemsforanimalsinIceland.Thevolcanoleftashandsharpglasslikerocksalloverthecountryside.Farmersarekeepingtheiranimalsinsidetostopthemfromeatingashcoveredgrassorthesharpobjects. Thistextismostprobablytakenfrom.
YouandIcouldhardlyworktogether
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
B Inchoosingafriendoneshouldbeverycareful.Agoodfriendcanhelpyoustudy.Youcanhavefuntogetherandmakeeachotherhappy.Sometimesyouwillmeetfairweatherfriends.Theywillbewithyouaslongasyouhavemoneyorluckbutwhenyouaredowntheywillrunaway.HowdoIknowwhenIhavefoundagoodfriendIlookforcertainqualitiesofcharacterespeciallyunderstandinghonestyandreliability. AboveallelseIlookforunderstandinginafriend.Agoodfriendtriestounderstandhowanotherpersonisfeeling.Heisnotquicktojudge.Insteadhetriestolearnfromothers.Heputshimselfintheotherpersonsplaceandhetriestothinkofwaystobehelpful.Heisalsoagoodlistener. Atthesametimehoweveragoodfriendishonest.Hedoesnotlookforfaultsinothers.Henoticestheirgoodpoints.Inshortafriendwilltrytounderstandmeandacceptme. Anotherqualityofafriendisreliability.Icanalwaysdependonagoodfriend.IfhetellsmehewillmeetmesomewhereatacertaintimeIcanbesurethathewillbethere.IfIneedafavorhewilldohisbesttohelpme.IfIamintroublehewillnotrunawayfromme. Thereisafourthqualitythatmakesafriendspecial.Aspecialfriendissomeonewithwhomwecanhavefun.Weshouldenjoyourlivesandwewouldenjoyourfriendship.ThatiswhyIespeciallylikefriendswhoarefuntobewith.AgoodfriendlikesthesamethingsIlike.Weshareexperienceandlearnfromeachother.Agoodfriendhasagoodsenseofhumortoo.Helikestolaughwithme.Thatishowweshareinthejoyofbeingfriends.AndIknowthatheislookingforthesamequalityinme. WhenImeetsomeonewhoisreliablehonestandunderstandingIknowIvefoundafriend! Thispassagemainlydiscuss.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
E ThemostfrighteningwordsintheEnglishlanguageareOurcomputerisdown.Youhearitmoreandmorewhenyouareonbusiness.TheotherdayIwasattheairportwaitingforatickettoWashingtonandthegirlintheticketofficesaidI’msorryIcan’tsellyouaticket.Ourcomputerisdown. Ifyourcomputerisdownjustwritemeoutaticket. Ican’twriteyououtaticket.Thecomputeristheonlyoneallowedtodoso. Ilookeddownonthecomputerandeverypassengerwasjuststandingtheredrinkingcoffeeandstaringattheblackscreen.ThenIaskedherWhatdoallyoupeopledo Wegivethecomputertheinformationaboutyourtripandthenittellsuswhetheryoucanflywithusornot. Sowhenitgoesdownyougodownwithit. That’sgoodsir. HowlongwillthecomputerbedownIwantedtoknow. Ihavenoidea.Sometimesit’sdownfor10minutessometimesfortwohours.There’snowaywecanfindoutwithoutaskingthecomputerandsinceit’sdownitwon’tanswerus. AfterthegirltoldmetheyhadnobackupcomputerIsaid.Let’sforgetthecomputer.WhataboutyourplanesThey’restillflyingaren’tthey Icouldn’ttellwithoutaskingthecomputer. MaybeIcouldjustgotothegateandaskthepilotifhe’sflyingtoWashingtonIsuggested. Iwouldn’tknowwhatgatetosendyouto.EvenifthepilotwasgoingtoWashingtonhecouldn’ttakeyouifyoudidn’thaveaticket. IsthereanyotherairlineflyingtoWashingtonwithinthenextfewhours Iwouldn’tknowshesaidpointingatthedarkscreen.Only‘IT’knows.‘IT’can’ttellme. Bythistimetherewerequiteafewpeoplestandinginlines.Thewordssoonspreadtoothertravelersthatthecomputerwasdown.Somepeoplewentwhitesomepeoplestartedtocryandstillotherskickedtheirluggage. Whatcouldthegirlintheticketofficedoforthepassengerswithoutaskingthecomputer
D AreyouoneofthosewhoalwaysfearwheneveradogisapproachingIfyouareyouhavegotphobiaaverystrongfeelingofbeingafraidofsomething.Ofallhumanfearsphobiasmaybethemostuncontrollable.Theyaremostoftencausedbyaparticularsituationorobject.Ingeneralphobiascanmainlybedividedintothreevarieties.Tobeginwithagoraphobiaisafearofstayinginstrangesurroundingsforexampleanunfamiliarplaceoranopenarea.Socialphobiareferstotheanxietypeopleshowwhentheyhavetostayorperformonsocialeventsforinstancespeakinginfrontoftheclass.Lastlythereareawiderangeofspecificphobias.Peoplesufferingfromthiskindofphobiaareterrifiedofspecificobjectsorcreaturessuchasspidersperhapstoyoursurpriseclowns.Besidesthereareaboutsixhundredandfiftyphobiaslistedbypsychologists心理学家asyet. Facedwiththeirphobiasmanypeoplechoosetodonothingbutjustescapethesituationsorobjectstheyfear.Psychologistshoweverwarnthatifnottreatedproperlythiskindofanxietywillgetworsesothatitmaydisturbthesleeppatterncausephysicalsymptomsandfinallyaffecttheirdailyactivities.Asfortreatmentclinicalresearchhasdiscoveredthatmedicineforanxietyisnotsuccessfulincuringphobias.Howevertheanxietydisorderscanbeefficientlytreatedthroughcognitivebehavioraltherapy认知行为疗法throughwhichpatientsareledtoinspecttheconnectionsbetweentheirownfearandthesituationorobjectandthenactivelychoosetheacceptabletreatments.Alsoothertreatmentsprovedeffectiveinreducingphobiasaremeditationlisteningtocalmingmusicandsoon. Whatdothosewithagoraphobiafeelterrifiedofandanxiousabout
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories16ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior17theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough18withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin19totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus20asarejectionofmiddleclassvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies21thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes22lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare23tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly24juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat25tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment26makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin27leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso28changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;29childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome30wascommoninthetraditionalfamily31.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other32causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased33ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing34ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact35adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
C I’verecentlyturnedfiftywhichisyoungforatreemidlifeforanelephantandancientforasportsman.FiftyisanicenumberforthestatesintheUSorforanationalspeedlimitbutitisnotanumberthatIwaspreparedtohavehungonme.Fiftyissupposedtobemyfather’sagebutnowIamstuckwiththisnumberandeverythingitmeans. AfewdaysagoafriendtriedtocheermeupbysayingFiftyiswhatfortyusedtobe.Hehadmadeaninspirationalpoint:AmIoverthehillPeoplekeeptellingmethatthehillhasbeenmovedandIkeeptellingthemthatthehighjumpbarhasdroppedfromthesixfeetIonceeasilyclearedtothefourfeetthatisimpossibleformenow. YourarenotgettingolderyouaregettingbettersaysDr.JoyceBrothers.Thishoweveristhekindofdoctorwhoinspiresasecondopinion. AndsoasIapproachthedaywhenIcannotevenjumpoverthetennisnetIammovedtosharesomethoughtsonagingwithyou.Iammovedtoshowhowagingfeelstomephysicallyandmentally.Gettingolderofcourseisobviouslyabetterchangethantheonethatbringsyoueulogies颂词悼词.InfactapoetnamedRobertBrowningconsidereditthebestchangeofall: Growoldalongwithme! Thebestisyettome. WhetherornotBrowningwasrightmostofmyfirstfiftyyearshavebeengoldenonessoIwillsettleforwhatisaheadbeingasgoodaswhathasgoneby.Ifindmyselfmovingtowardwhatisaheadwithacuriousblend混合ofbothfightingandacceptingmyaginghopingthatthephilosopher哲学家wasrightwhenhesaidOldisalwaysfifteenyearsfromnow. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.
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