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汉口“一·三”惨案
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城市的发展促进了社会文明的进步阅读材料回答问题材料一清明上河图近年来成为社会关注的热点动画片麦兜响当
汉口一·三惨案汉口四·三惨案
中国第一次工人运动暂时转入低潮的惨案是
沙基惨案
二七惨案
沙面惨案
沙田惨案
在1946年发生的六•二三反内战运动中国民党制造的惨案是
下关惨案
五卅惨案
一二•一渗案
较场口惨案
北伐战争期间帝国主义公开干涉中国革命先后制造屠杀中国军民的惨案有
济南惨案
五卅惨案
沙基惨案
南京惨案
万县惨案
沙田惨案二七惨案三·一八惨案
三·一八惨案
鲁迅收入野草一集中为纪念三一八惨案而作的文章是
北伐战争期间制造汉口一三惨案的国家是
德国
法国
美国
英国
在北伐战争进行期间帝国主义为破坏和干涉中国革命而制造的惨案有
五卅惨案
万县惨案
南京惨案
济南惨案
1937年有学者在上海刊物呐喊发文指出我相信中国文化的优秀分子以前没有一个不是憎恶战争的但是现在却没
五卅惨案
四一二事变
二七惨案
八一三事变
1946年2月10日和6月一23日国民党当局先后在重庆和南京制造了
沧白堂事件
较场口惨案
下关惨案
于子三惨案
1926年下半年至1927年上半年美英帝国主义在中国制造的惨案有
济南惨案
四川万县惨案
南京惨案
确山惨案
1937年有学者在上海刊物呐喊上发文指出我相信中国文化界的优秀分子以前没有一个不是憎恶但是现在却没有
五卅惨案
四一二事变
二七惨案
八一三事变
1928年5月日本为阻止以美元为背景的南军北上而制造的事件是
汉口暴动
济南惨案
南京惨案
皇姑屯事件
1927年中国__在汉口秘密召开党的临时会议史称
三湾改编
汉口会议
八七会议
二七惨案
1946年1--2月间蒋介石在撕毁重庆政治协商会议后制造的事件有
一二•一惨案
较场口惨案
沧白堂事件
李闻惨案
中国近代史上中外的反动势力为阻止和破坏革命在四川造成的暴行有①万县惨案②一二·一血案③较场口血案④一
①②③
③④
①④
①③
抗日战争胜利后国民党反动政府为了__爱国人士的民主运动制造了多次惨案下列哪项不属于国民党反动政府制造
五卅惨案
一二·一惨案
较场口惨案
下关惨案
1941年6月5日哪个城市的防空洞发生了6•5惨案这场惨案又称较场口隧道惨案它与1938年6月9日的
上海
南京
重庆
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Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.TheauthorassertsthatGeraldLevin’sdefensesofCopKillerare
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.GeraldLevinmentionsthecaseofFrankieandJohnnytojustify
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Howdidmobileradiosystemsfinditsbusinesscompetitiveness
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Welearnfromthetextthatusersofwirelessproductsaremoreoftenthannotconfrontedwith
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
Directions: A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinno lessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytold. 2Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife....
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