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Directions: Write an essay of about 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In this essay, yo...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Therehavenotbeenmanygenuinescientificrevolutionsinthepastfewdecadesbecause
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthischildhoodamnesia.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-upschemathebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex.NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark.WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanentautobiographicalmemorythespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe.Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic.
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 8
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. AccordingtothepassagethedoomedfateofLevi’siscausedbysuchfactorsexceptthat
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthischildhoodamnesia.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-upschemathebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex.NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark.WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanentautobiographicalmemorythespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe.Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic.
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kmandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace—Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000—halfofthemfirst-timers—totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland—aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. Triathlonaccordingtothetextoriginatedin
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
TheAlchemistisastoryofamanSantiagofollowinghisdream.Thisbeliefofdreamisamarvelousoneasupportforanyoneembarkingonamajorproject.NeverthelessisitahopebasedonnothingIfyouthinkabouttheenergyyouputintosomethingonceyouarecommittedtoitprobablynot.46Theuniversecontrivingtogiveyouwhatyouwantismorepreciselyareflectionofyourdeterminationtomakesomethinghappen.Dreamfollowershaveagreaterresponsibilitythatofhandlingtheirownfreedom.TheoldmanthatSantiagomeetsinthetownsquaretellshimnottobelievethebiggestliethatyoucan’tcontrolyourdestiny.Youcanhesaysbutyoumustreadtheomenswhichbecomespossiblewhenyoustarttoseetheworldasone.47Theworldcanbereadlikeabookbutwewillneverbeabletounderstanditifwehaveaclosedtypeofexistencecontentedwithourlotandunwillingtoriskanything.TheAlchemistisalsoremarkableforbeingalovestorythatrenouncestheideathatromanticlovemustbethecentralthinginyourlife.ThetreasurethatSantiagoseeksisofcoursethesymbolofthepersonaldreamordestinybutheishappytogiveuponitwhenhefindsthewomanofhisdreamsinadesertoasis.Yetthealchemisthemeetsinthedeserttellshimthattheloveofhisoasisgirlfriendwillonlybeprovedrealifsheiswillingtosupporthissearchfortreasure.Santiago’sdilemmaisabouttheconflictbetweenloveandpersonaldreams.48Toooftenweseealoverelationshipasthemeaningofourlifebuttheobsessionwithromanticcouplingcancutusofffromalifemoreconnectedwiththerestoftheworld.ButsurelythehearthasneedsRomanticloveisimportantbutitisnotyourduty—thatistopursueyourdream.49Onlythroughdevotiontothedreamisthesouloftheworldrevealedtoustheknowledgethatdestroyslonelinessandgivespower.50Somuchoftheself-helpliteratureisaboutpursuingourdestinybutdreamsdonotalwayspullusalongbytheirownforce;theyspeakpersistentlybutquietlyanditdoesnottaketoomuchefforttomasktheinnervoices.WhoiswillingtoriskcomfortroutinesecurityandexistingrelationshipstofollowsomethingthattootherslookslikeamirageIttakescourageanddog-earedstainedcopyofTheAlchemisthavebecometheconstantcompanionofpeoplewhoneedtomakefearlessdecisionsdailyinordertokeeptruetoalargervision.
TheUnitedStatesisusuallygivencreditforcreatinganddevelopingthemusicalcomedyasitisknowntoday.Thefirstmusicalshowswerebased1everydayAmericanlifeandthe2developmentoftheformtookplaceintheUnitedStatesformorethanhalfacentury.3theearly1970s4theLondontheaterhas5theBroadwaystage. TheBlackCrookwhichopenedatNiblo’sGardeninNewYorkCityonSept.121866isusually6astheinspirationformusicalcomedy.AtroupeofFrenchballetdancers7tobestrandedinNewYorkwithoutwork8afiredamagedthetheater9theyhadbeenbooked.Inordertokeepa10tothemthetheaterproducerputthedancersintoamelodramawrittenbyCharlesM.Barres. Thefirststageproductionthatwas11amusicalcomedywasashowthatwas12fromthePrinceofWalesTheatertotheGaietyTheaterinLondonin1892.StagedbyGeorgeEdwardstheshowcalledInTownfeaturedachoruslineofGaietyGirls.The13yearAGaietyGirlwasequallysuccessfulanda14oftheshowplayedinNewYorkinthesameyear.Whenitwas15innewspapersitwasdesignatedamusicalcomedyandregardedasanew16ofentertainment. Itdidnottaketheformlongto17intheUnitedStates.Almost18oneofthemostrenownedtalentsoftheAmericanstagewenttoworkonhisownmusicals.Thesinger-dancerGeorgeM.CohanstagedLittleJohnnyJonesin1904.Cohan19ownlifestorywasmadeintothemusicalGeorgeM1968alsowrotethebookswordsand20forForty-fiveMinutesfromBroadway1906TheLittleMillionaire1911TheSongandDanceMan1923andAmericanBorn1925. 2
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethecartoonbriefly 2interpretitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourviewontheissue. YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 2
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage. Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies. WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothePublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism"Newmanwrote"thatIamtemptedtodefine’journalism’as’atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’." Unfortunatelythesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsandastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists. IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevivalTheprospectseemsremote.JournalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeathandpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreovertheamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat. WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory—there’snowayupandnowayout.AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia.41.AvoidtakingcoverDon’thideoutbehindyourcomputer.YoushouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhavesaysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet.BuildacircleofalliesFortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice.Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesupsaysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes.42.LoaduponnewtoolsThisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown.43.LookbeyondyourjobdescriptionPeopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCO0.44.ManageyourownPRDoingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicitysaysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies.BecreativeRemembersaysDolivapeoplehireustothinknotjusttodo.Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou.TakeresponsibilityforyoursuccessBeproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive.Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills—leadershipmanagementcommunication—coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain.Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout.45.AdjustyourattitudeDon’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead.OnecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforitsaysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind.[A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage.[B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright.HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpectedsaysDoliva.TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter.Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference.[C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfield—andwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready.[D]Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressedaddsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching.Bewhatyouwanttoattract.Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces.NowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeisoutsideofworksaysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwith—andthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice.[E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjob—butthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork.[F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforces;andvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatco-workersaren’twillingtotackle.
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 12
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 18
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 14
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 20
TheAlchemistisastoryofamanSantiagofollowinghisdream.Thisbeliefofdreamisamarvelousoneasupportforanyoneembarkingonamajorproject.NeverthelessisitahopebasedonnothingIfyouthinkabouttheenergyyouputintosomethingonceyouarecommittedtoitprobablynot.46Theuniversecontrivingtogiveyouwhatyouwantismorepreciselyareflectionofyourdeterminationtomakesomethinghappen.Dreamfollowershaveagreaterresponsibilitythatofhandlingtheirownfreedom.TheoldmanthatSantiagomeetsinthetownsquaretellshimnottobelievethebiggestliethatyoucan’tcontrolyourdestiny.Youcanhesaysbutyoumustreadtheomenswhichbecomespossiblewhenyoustarttoseetheworldasone.47Theworldcanbereadlikeabookbutwewillneverbeabletounderstanditifwehaveaclosedtypeofexistencecontentedwithourlotandunwillingtoriskanything.TheAlchemistisalsoremarkableforbeingalovestorythatrenouncestheideathatromanticlovemustbethecentralthinginyourlife.ThetreasurethatSantiagoseeksisofcoursethesymbolofthepersonaldreamordestinybutheishappytogiveuponitwhenhefindsthewomanofhisdreamsinadesertoasis.Yetthealchemisthemeetsinthedeserttellshimthattheloveofhisoasisgirlfriendwillonlybeprovedrealifsheiswillingtosupporthissearchfortreasure.Santiago’sdilemmaisabouttheconflictbetweenloveandpersonaldreams.48Toooftenweseealoverelationshipasthemeaningofourlifebuttheobsessionwithromanticcouplingcancutusofffromalifemoreconnectedwiththerestoftheworld.ButsurelythehearthasneedsRomanticloveisimportantbutitisnotyourduty—thatistopursueyourdream.49Onlythroughdevotiontothedreamisthesouloftheworldrevealedtoustheknowledgethatdestroyslonelinessandgivespower.50Somuchoftheself-helpliteratureisaboutpursuingourdestinybutdreamsdonotalwayspullusalongbytheirownforce;theyspeakpersistentlybutquietlyanditdoesnottaketoomuchefforttomasktheinnervoices.WhoiswillingtoriskcomfortroutinesecurityandexistingrelationshipstofollowsomethingthattootherslookslikeamirageIttakescourageanddog-earedstainedcopyofTheAlchemisthavebecometheconstantcompanionofpeoplewhoneedtomakefearlessdecisionsdailyinordertokeeptruetoalargervision.
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kmandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace—Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000—halfofthemfirst-timers—totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland—aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. Themeaningofthewordgruellinginthefirstparagraphismostcloseto
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory—there’snowayupandnowayout.AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia.41.AvoidtakingcoverDon’thideoutbehindyourcomputer.YoushouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhavesaysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet.BuildacircleofalliesFortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice.Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesupsaysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes.42.LoaduponnewtoolsThisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown.43.LookbeyondyourjobdescriptionPeopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCO0.44.ManageyourownPRDoingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicitysaysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies.BecreativeRemembersaysDolivapeoplehireustothinknotjusttodo.Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou.TakeresponsibilityforyoursuccessBeproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive.Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills—leadershipmanagementcommunication—coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain.Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout.45.AdjustyourattitudeDon’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead.OnecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforitsaysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind.[A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage.[B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright.HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpectedsaysDoliva.TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter.Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference.[C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfield—andwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready.[D]Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressedaddsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching.Bewhatyouwanttoattract.Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces.NowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeisoutsideofworksaysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwith—andthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice.[E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjob—butthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork.[F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforces;andvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatco-workersaren’twillingtotackle.
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage. Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies. WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothePublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism"Newmanwrote"thatIamtemptedtodefine’journalism’as’atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’." Unfortunatelythesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsandastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists. IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevivalTheprospectseemsremote.JournalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeathandpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreovertheamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat. NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedby
Itwasarulingthathadconsumersseethingwithangerandmanyafreetradercryingfoul.OnNovember20ththeEuropeanCourtofJusticedecidedthatTescoaBritishsupermarketchainshouldnotbeallowedtoimportjeansmadebyAmerica’sLeviStraussfromoutsidetheEuropeanUnionandsellthematcut-ratepriceswithoutgettingpermissionfirstfromthejeansmaker.IronicallytherulingisbasedonanEUtrademarkdirectivethatwasdesignedtoprotectlocalnotAmericanmanufacturersfrompricedumping.Theideaisthatanybrand-owningfirmshouldbeallowedtopositionitsgoodsandsegmentitsmarketsasitseesfit:Levi’sjeansjustlikeGuccihandbagsmustbeallowedtobeexpensive. LeviStrausspersuadedthecourtthatbysellingitsjeanscheaplyalongsidesoappowderandbananasTescowasdestroyingtheimageandsothevalueofitsbrands—whichcouldonlyleadtolessinnovationandinthelongrunwouldreduceconsumerchoice.ConsumergroupsandTescosaythatLevi’scaseisspecious.ThesupermarketarguesthatitwasjustarbitragingthepricedifferentialbetweenLevi’sjeanssoldinAmericaandEurope—aserviceperformedamilliontimesadayinfinancialmarketsandonethathasledtorealbenefitsforconsumers.Tescohasbeensellingsome15000pairsofLevi’sjeansaweekforabouthalfthepricetheycommandinspecialiststoresapprovedbyLeviStrauss.ChristineCrossTesco’sheadofglobalnon-foodsourcingsaystherulingrisks"creatingaFortressEuropewithavengeance". ThedebatewillrageonandhasimplicationswellbeyondcasualclothesLeviStrausswasjoinedinitslawsuitbyZinoDavidoffaperfumemaker.Thequestionatitsheartisnotwhetherbrandsneedtocontrolhowtheyaresoldtoprotecttheirimagebutwhetheritisthejobofthecourtstohelpthemdothis.GuccianItalianclotheslabelwhoseimagewasbeingdestroyedbylooselicensingandover-exposureindiscountstoressaveditselfnotbyresortingtothecourtsbutbyendingcontractswiththird-partysupplierscontrollingitsdistributionbetterandopeningitsownstores.Itisnowhardtofindcut-priceGuccianywhere. BrandexpertsarguethatLeviStrausswhichhasbeenlosingmarketsharetohipperrivalssuchasDieselisnolongerstrongenoughtocommandpremiumprices.Lefttomarketforcesso-sobrandssuchasLevi’smightwellfadeawayandbereplacedbyfresherlabels.WiththecourtsprotectingitspricesLeviStraussmayhangonforlonger.Butnocourtcanhelptomakeitagreatbrandagain. Gucci’ssuccessshowsthat
TheAlchemistisastoryofamanSantiagofollowinghisdream.Thisbeliefofdreamisamarvelousoneasupportforanyoneembarkingonamajorproject.NeverthelessisitahopebasedonnothingIfyouthinkabouttheenergyyouputintosomethingonceyouarecommittedtoitprobablynot.46Theuniversecontrivingtogiveyouwhatyouwantismorepreciselyareflectionofyourdeterminationtomakesomethinghappen.Dreamfollowershaveagreaterresponsibilitythatofhandlingtheirownfreedom.TheoldmanthatSantiagomeetsinthetownsquaretellshimnottobelievethebiggestliethatyoucan’tcontrolyourdestiny.Youcanhesaysbutyoumustreadtheomenswhichbecomespossiblewhenyoustarttoseetheworldasone.47Theworldcanbereadlikeabookbutwewillneverbeabletounderstanditifwehaveaclosedtypeofexistencecontentedwithourlotandunwillingtoriskanything.TheAlchemistisalsoremarkableforbeingalovestorythatrenouncestheideathatromanticlovemustbethecentralthinginyourlife.ThetreasurethatSantiagoseeksisofcoursethesymbolofthepersonaldreamordestinybutheishappytogiveuponitwhenhefindsthewomanofhisdreamsinadesertoasis.Yetthealchemisthemeetsinthedeserttellshimthattheloveofhisoasisgirlfriendwillonlybeprovedrealifsheiswillingtosupporthissearchfortreasure.Santiago’sdilemmaisabouttheconflictbetweenloveandpersonaldreams.48Toooftenweseealoverelationshipasthemeaningofourlifebuttheobsessionwithromanticcouplingcancutusofffromalifemoreconnectedwiththerestoftheworld.ButsurelythehearthasneedsRomanticloveisimportantbutitisnotyourduty—thatistopursueyourdream.49Onlythroughdevotiontothedreamisthesouloftheworldrevealedtoustheknowledgethatdestroyslonelinessandgivespower.50Somuchoftheself-helpliteratureisaboutpursuingourdestinybutdreamsdonotalwayspullusalongbytheirownforce;theyspeakpersistentlybutquietlyanditdoesnottaketoomuchefforttomasktheinnervoices.WhoiswillingtoriskcomfortroutinesecurityandexistingrelationshipstofollowsomethingthattootherslookslikeamirageIttakescourageanddog-earedstainedcopyofTheAlchemisthavebecometheconstantcompanionofpeoplewhoneedtomakefearlessdecisionsdailyinordertokeeptruetoalargervision.
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 10
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 6
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 4
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ Thesentencemostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocatedcouldmean
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 16
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kmandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace—Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000—halfofthemfirst-timers—totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland—aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. Theelaborationinthelastbutoneparagraphconcerns
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