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The Building of the Pyramids The oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. (46) There...
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_________atthefootofHelanMountaintheroyaltombsofXi
Standing ; building
Stand ; building
Standing ; built
Stand ; built
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TheBuildingofthePyramids??Theoldeststonebuildingsi
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TheBuildingofthePyramids??Theoldeststonebuildingsi
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TheBuildingofthePyramidsTheoldeststonebuildingsint
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Itwasclearthattheyregardedhimwithaffectionaswellaswithrespect.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}PreventingChildMaltreatment??Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Therearenoreliableglobalestimatesortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountriesespeciallylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarelacking.??Childmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficulttostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydependingonthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonethelessinternationalstudiesrevealthatapproximately20%ofwomenand5%-10%ofmenreportbeingSexuallyabusedaschildrenwhile25%-50%ofallchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionallymanychildrenaresubjecttoemotionalabusesometimesreferredtoaspsychologicalabuse.??Everyyearthereareanestimated31000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumberunderestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblemasasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochildmaltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedtofallsburnsanddrowning.??Childmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochildrenandfamiliesandcanhavelong-termconsequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybraindevelopment.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.Consequentlyasadultsmaltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehaviouralphysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequencesmaltreatmentcancontributetoheartdiseasecancersuicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.??Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentthereisaneconomicimpactincludingcostsofhospitalizationmentalhealthtreatmentchildwelfareandlonger-termhealthcosts.??Itisimportanttoemphasizethatchildrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblameformaltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeingmaltreatedsuchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescentbeingunwantedorfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneedscryingpersistentlyorhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?______
{{*HTML*}}HighStressMayDamageMemory??AccordingtoareportissuedinMay1998elderlypeoplewhohaveconsistentlyhighbloodlevelsofcortisoldon’tscoreaswellonmemorytestsastheirpeerswithlowerlevelsofthestresshormone.What’smorehighlevelsofcortisolarealsoassociatedwithshrinkingofthehippocampusaregionofthebrainthatplaysakeyroleinlearningandmemory.??ThefindingssuggestthatevencortisollevelsinthenormalhealthyrangecanactuallyacceIeratebrainaging.??Thestudyresultsnowprovidesubstantialevidencethatlong-termexposuretoadrenalstresshormonesmaypromotehippocampalaginginnormalelderlyhumanswriteNadaPorterandPhilipLandfieldoftheUniversityofKentuckyinLexingtonintheireditorial.Cortisolisahormonereleasedinresponsetostressbytheadrenalglandswhichsitontopofthekidneys.??Overa5to6-yearperiod.Dr.SoniaLupienandhiscolleaguesmeasured24-hourcortisollevelsin51healthyvolunteersmostofwhomwereintheir70s.??Despitewidevariationincortisollevelstheparticipantscouldbedividedintothreesubgroups:thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlyhighincreasing/high;thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlymoderateincreasing/moderate;andsubjectswhosecortisoldecreasedbutwascurrentlymoderatedecreasing/moderate.??Theresearcherstestedthevolunteers’memoryonsixpeopleintheincreasing/highcategoryandfivepeopleinthedecreasing/moderategroup.Thegroupsdidnotdifferontestsofimmediatememorybuttheincreasing/highcortisolgrouphadothermemoryproblemscomparedwiththoseinthedecreasing/moderategroup.??Theresearchersalsofoundthatthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusinthoseintheincreasing/highgroupwas14%lowerthanthoseinthedecreasing/moderategroupalthoughtherewerenodifferencesinotherbrainregions.??Theresultssuggestthat...brainagingcanbeacceleratedbylevelsofadrenalhormonesthatarenotgenerallyregardedaspathologicalandthatvariationwithinthisnormalrangeisrelatedtovariationintherateofbrainagingwritePorterandLandfield.Thisfurthersuggeststhatchronicstressmayacceleratetheworseningofhippocampus./Accordingtothearticlewhenpeoplefeeltooworriedornervousorwhentheyoverwork______.
{{*HTML*}}HighStressMayDamageMemory??AccordingtoareportissuedinMay1998elderlypeoplewhohaveconsistentlyhighbloodlevelsofcortisoldon’tscoreaswellonmemorytestsastheirpeerswithlowerlevelsofthestresshormone.What’smorehighlevelsofcortisolarealsoassociatedwithshrinkingofthehippocampusaregionofthebrainthatplaysakeyroleinlearningandmemory.??ThefindingssuggestthatevencortisollevelsinthenormalhealthyrangecanactuallyacceIeratebrainaging.??Thestudyresultsnowprovidesubstantialevidencethatlong-termexposuretoadrenalstresshormonesmaypromotehippocampalaginginnormalelderlyhumanswriteNadaPorterandPhilipLandfieldoftheUniversityofKentuckyinLexingtonintheireditorial.Cortisolisahormonereleasedinresponsetostressbytheadrenalglandswhichsitontopofthekidneys.??Overa5to6-yearperiod.Dr.SoniaLupienandhiscolleaguesmeasured24-hourcortisollevelsin51healthyvolunteersmostofwhomwereintheir70s.??Despitewidevariationincortisollevelstheparticipantscouldbedividedintothreesubgroups:thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlyhighincreasing/high;thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlymoderateincreasing/moderate;andsubjectswhosecortisoldecreasedbutwascurrentlymoderatedecreasing/moderate.??Theresearcherstestedthevolunteers’memoryonsixpeopleintheincreasing/highcategoryandfivepeopleinthedecreasing/moderategroup.Thegroupsdidnotdifferontestsofimmediatememorybuttheincreasing/highcortisolgrouphadothermemoryproblemscomparedwiththoseinthedecreasing/moderategroup.??Theresearchersalsofoundthatthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusinthoseintheincreasing/highgroupwas14%lowerthanthoseinthedecreasing/moderategroupalthoughtherewerenodifferencesinotherbrainregions.??Theresultssuggestthat...brainagingcanbeacceleratedbylevelsofadrenalhormonesthatarenotgenerallyregardedaspathologicalandthatvariationwithinthisnormalrangeisrelatedtovariationintherateofbrainagingwritePorterandLandfield.Thisfurthersuggeststhatchronicstressmayacceleratetheworseningofhippocampus./Thepartofthebrainimportantforaperson’slearningandmemoryis______
{{*HTML*}}WhatIsMarket???Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.Thereisastockmarketandanautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureandawholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket:anothermayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedasaplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale.andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemandmadebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstancethereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandareoftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarketdemand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobeusefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleororganizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingnesstospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicetherearethreefactorstoconsider-peopleororganizationswithwantsneedstheirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshallemploythedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatisrequireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiologicalrequirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inourdiscussionthewordsneedsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Inastrictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiologicalrequirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbenon-basicpreferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytryingtodifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthatarefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Needsandwantsmeanthesameinourdiscussion.
{{*HTML*}}PreventingChildMaltreatment??Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Therearenoreliableglobalestimatesortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountriesespeciallylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarelacking.??Childmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficulttostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydependingonthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonethelessinternationalstudiesrevealthatapproximately20%ofwomenand5%-10%ofmenreportbeingSexuallyabusedaschildrenwhile25%-50%ofallchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionallymanychildrenaresubjecttoemotionalabusesometimesreferredtoaspsychologicalabuse.??Everyyearthereareanestimated31000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumberunderestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblemasasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochildmaltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedtofallsburnsanddrowning.??Childmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochildrenandfamiliesandcanhavelong-termconsequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybraindevelopment.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.Consequentlyasadultsmaltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehaviouralphysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequencesmaltreatmentcancontributetoheartdiseasecancersuicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.??Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentthereisaneconomicimpactincludingcostsofhospitalizationmentalhealthtreatmentchildwelfareandlonger-termhealthcosts.??Itisimportanttoemphasizethatchildrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblameformaltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeingmaltreatedsuchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescentbeingunwantedorfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneedscryingpersistentlyorhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthebadimpactcausedbychildmaltreatment?______
{{*HTML*}}Paris??1?ParisthecapitalandthelargestcityofthecountryisinnorthcentralFrance.TheParismetropolitanareacontainsnearly20%ofthenation’spopulationandistheeconomicculturalandpoliticalcenterofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentshavehistoricallyfavoredthecityasthesiteforalldecisionmakingthuspowerfullyattractingnearlyallofthenation’sactivities.??2?Parishasgrownsteadilysinceitwaschosenasthenationalcapitalinthelate10thcentury.WiththeintroductionoftheIndustrialRevolutionagreatnumberofpeoplemovedtothecityfromthecountryduringthe19thcentury.Themigrationwasespeciallystimulatedbytheconstructionofrailroadswhichprovidedeasyaccesstothecapital.AfterWorldWar1][moreandmoreimmigrantsarrived.??3?Thecityisthecentralizedcontrolpointofmostnationalradioandtelevisionbroadcasting.Itisaplaceofpublicationofthemostprestigiousnewspapersandmagazinesandaninternationalbookpublishingcenter.Withmorethan100museumsParishastrulybeenoneofthegreatestconcentrationsofarttreasuresintheworld.TheLouvreopenedasamuseumin1793isoneofthelargestmuseumsintheworld.??4?Inthelate1980sabout4.1millionpupilsannuallyattendedabout47000elementaryschools.Inadditionabout5.4millionstudentsattendedsome11200secondaryschools.Approximately].2millionstudentswereenrolledannuallyatuniversitiesandcollegesinFranceinthelate1980s.Frenchcentersoflearninghaveservedasacademicmodelsthroughouttheworld.??5?ParisistheleadingindustrialcenterofFrancewithaboutonequarterofthenation’smanufacturingconcentratedinthemetropolitanarea.IndustriesofconsumergoodshavealwaysbeendrawntoParisbytheenormousmarketofthebigpopulationandmodernhigh-technologyindustriesalsohavebecomenumeroussinceWorldWarⅡ.Chiefmanufacturesaremachineryautomobileschemicalsandelectricalequipment.A.HistoryofthecityB.IndustriesofthecityC.PopulationgrowthD.EducationE.CulturalcenterF.ImmigrationParagraph3______
{{*HTML*}}Paris??1?ParisthecapitalandthelargestcityofthecountryisinnorthcentralFrance.TheParismetropolitanareacontainsnearly20%ofthenation’spopulationandistheeconomicculturalandpoliticalcenterofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentshavehistoricallyfavoredthecityasthesiteforalldecisionmakingthuspowerfullyattractingnearlyallofthenation’sactivities.??2?Parishasgrownsteadilysinceitwaschosenasthenationalcapitalinthelate10thcentury.WiththeintroductionoftheIndustrialRevolutionagreatnumberofpeoplemovedtothecityfromthecountryduringthe19thcentury.Themigrationwasespeciallystimulatedbytheconstructionofrailroadswhichprovidedeasyaccesstothecapital.AfterWorldWar1][moreandmoreimmigrantsarrived.??3?Thecityisthecentralizedcontrolpointofmostnationalradioandtelevisionbroadcasting.Itisaplaceofpublicationofthemostprestigiousnewspapersandmagazinesandaninternationalbookpublishingcenter.Withmorethan100museumsParishastrulybeenoneofthegreatestconcentrationsofarttreasuresintheworld.TheLouvreopenedasamuseumin1793isoneofthelargestmuseumsintheworld.??4?Inthelate1980sabout4.1millionpupilsannuallyattendedabout47000elementaryschools.Inadditionabout5.4millionstudentsattendedsome11200secondaryschools.Approximately].2millionstudentswereenrolledannuallyatuniversitiesandcollegesinFranceinthelate1980s.Frenchcentersoflearninghaveservedasacademicmodelsthroughouttheworld.??5?ParisistheleadingindustrialcenterofFrancewithaboutonequarterofthenation’smanufacturingconcentratedinthemetropolitanarea.IndustriesofconsumergoodshavealwaysbeendrawntoParisbytheenormousmarketofthebigpopulationandmodernhigh-technologyindustriesalsohavebecomenumeroussinceWorldWarⅡ.Chiefmanufacturesaremachineryautomobileschemicalsandelectricalequipment.A.HistoryofthecityB.IndustriesofthecityC.PopulationgrowthD.EducationE.CulturalcenterF.ImmigrationParagraph5______
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmaIlerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50?A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
WhatdoyouthinkwouldbethevalueofthisringifIweretosellit
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
Theoldmangotintothehabitofstoringmoneyunderthebed.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}HighStressMayDamageMemory??AccordingtoareportissuedinMay1998elderlypeoplewhohaveconsistentlyhighbloodlevelsofcortisoldon’tscoreaswellonmemorytestsastheirpeerswithlowerlevelsofthestresshormone.What’smorehighlevelsofcortisolarealsoassociatedwithshrinkingofthehippocampusaregionofthebrainthatplaysakeyroleinlearningandmemory.??ThefindingssuggestthatevencortisollevelsinthenormalhealthyrangecanactuallyacceIeratebrainaging.??Thestudyresultsnowprovidesubstantialevidencethatlong-termexposuretoadrenalstresshormonesmaypromotehippocampalaginginnormalelderlyhumanswriteNadaPorterandPhilipLandfieldoftheUniversityofKentuckyinLexingtonintheireditorial.Cortisolisahormonereleasedinresponsetostressbytheadrenalglandswhichsitontopofthekidneys.??Overa5to6-yearperiod.Dr.SoniaLupienandhiscolleaguesmeasured24-hourcortisollevelsin51healthyvolunteersmostofwhomwereintheir70s.??Despitewidevariationincortisollevelstheparticipantscouldbedividedintothreesubgroups:thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlyhighincreasing/high;thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlymoderateincreasing/moderate;andsubjectswhosecortisoldecreasedbutwascurrentlymoderatedecreasing/moderate.??Theresearcherstestedthevolunteers’memoryonsixpeopleintheincreasing/highcategoryandfivepeopleinthedecreasing/moderategroup.Thegroupsdidnotdifferontestsofimmediatememorybuttheincreasing/highcortisolgrouphadothermemoryproblemscomparedwiththoseinthedecreasing/moderategroup.??Theresearchersalsofoundthatthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusinthoseintheincreasing/highgroupwas14%lowerthanthoseinthedecreasing/moderategroupalthoughtherewerenodifferencesinotherbrainregions.??Theresultssuggestthat...brainagingcanbeacceleratedbylevelsofadrenalhormonesthatarenotgenerallyregardedaspathologicalandthatvariationwithinthisnormalrangeisrelatedtovariationintherateofbrainagingwritePorterandLandfield.Thisfurthersuggeststhatchronicstressmayacceleratetheworseningofhippocampus./PorterandLandfield’sresearchshowsthat______.
{{*HTML*}}WhatIsMarket???Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.Thereisastockmarketandanautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureandawholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket:anothermayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedasaplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale.andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemandmadebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstancethereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandareoftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarketdemand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobeusefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleororganizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingnesstospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicetherearethreefactorstoconsider-peopleororganizationswithwantsneedstheirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshallemploythedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatisrequireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiologicalrequirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inourdiscussionthewordsneedsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Inastrictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiologicalrequirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbenon-basicpreferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytryingtodifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthatarefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Inourrichsocietyitispointlesstoseparatepeople’sneedsfromtheirwants.
{{*HTML*}}A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatresE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlySincethe10thcenturythepopulationofParis______.
{{*HTML*}}UseofTrademarks??AcompanymustdeterminewhetherornottoapplyfortrademarkprotectionunderthefederalLanhamActof1946orstatelaw.Atrademarkgivesafirmexclusiveuseofawordsymbolcombinationoflettersornumbersorotherdevicessuchasdistinctivepackagingusedtoidentifythegoodsofonecompanyandtodistinguishthemfromothercompaniesforaslongastheyaremarketed.??Trademarksarevoluntaryandrequirearegistrationprocedurethatcanbetimeconsumingcomplexandexpensive.Amultinationalfirmmustregistertrademarksineverycountryinwhichitoperates.Inorderforatrademarktobelegallyprotecteditmusthaveadistinctivemeaningthatdoesnotdescribeanentireproductcategorynotbeconfusinglysimilartoothertrademarksbeusedininterstatecommerceandnotimplycharacteristicsthattheproductdoesnotpossess.Asurnamebyitselfcannotberegisteredbecauseanyonecandobusinessunderhisorhername.Howeveransurnamecanberegisteredifusedtodescribeaspecificbusinesse.g.RoyRoger’sRestaurants.??Whenbrandsbecometoopopularordescriptiveofaproductcategorytheyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Thenafirmlosesitstrademarkposition.BrandsthatarefightingtoremainexclusivetrademarksincludeXeroxLevi’sFrigidaireFormicaKleenexandTeflon.Brandsofformertrademarksthatarenowconsideredgenericandthereforepublicpropertyarecellophane赛璐玢aspirinkerosene煤油colalinoleum漆布andmonopoly.??DuPontusedcarefulresearchtoretainatrademarkforTeflon.Ascompanysurveyshowedthat68percentoftheconsumersquestionedidentifiedTeflonasabrandname.ThisenabledDuPonttowinacourtcaseagainstaJapanesefirmusingthenameTeflon.OntheotherhandtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatMonopoly’wasagenerictermthatcouldbeusedbyanygamemaker.LikewiseafederalcourtruledthatMillercouldnottrademarkthesinglewordLiteforitslower-calorie低热量beer.??Trademarkprotectionisessentialtomanyfirmsbecauseexclusiveuseofbrandsandsymbolsenablesthemtomaintainlong-establishedimagesandmarketshares.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph______
Itwasobviousthatshewasnotgoinghome.
CouldyoupleasearrangeanappointmentformetoseeMr.Smith
{{*HTML*}}A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatresE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlyParisisnotonlythecenterofeducationofFrancebutalsothecenter______.
WillyoulookthroughmyessaypleasetofindoutwhetherImadeanymistakes
Themansetuponbyawolfintheforest.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmaIlerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50?A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}UseofTrademarks??AcompanymustdeterminewhetherornottoapplyfortrademarkprotectionunderthefederalLanhamActof1946orstatelaw.Atrademarkgivesafirmexclusiveuseofawordsymbolcombinationoflettersornumbersorotherdevicessuchasdistinctivepackagingusedtoidentifythegoodsofonecompanyandtodistinguishthemfromothercompaniesforaslongastheyaremarketed.??Trademarksarevoluntaryandrequirearegistrationprocedurethatcanbetimeconsumingcomplexandexpensive.Amultinationalfirmmustregistertrademarksineverycountryinwhichitoperates.Inorderforatrademarktobelegallyprotecteditmusthaveadistinctivemeaningthatdoesnotdescribeanentireproductcategorynotbeconfusinglysimilartoothertrademarksbeusedininterstatecommerceandnotimplycharacteristicsthattheproductdoesnotpossess.Asurnamebyitselfcannotberegisteredbecauseanyonecandobusinessunderhisorhername.Howeveransurnamecanberegisteredifusedtodescribeaspecificbusinesse.g.RoyRoger’sRestaurants.??Whenbrandsbecometoopopularordescriptiveofaproductcategorytheyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Thenafirmlosesitstrademarkposition.BrandsthatarefightingtoremainexclusivetrademarksincludeXeroxLevi’sFrigidaireFormicaKleenexandTeflon.Brandsofformertrademarksthatarenowconsideredgenericandthereforepublicpropertyarecellophane赛璐玢aspirinkerosene煤油colalinoleum漆布andmonopoly.??DuPontusedcarefulresearchtoretainatrademarkforTeflon.Ascompanysurveyshowedthat68percentoftheconsumersquestionedidentifiedTeflonasabrandname.ThisenabledDuPonttowinacourtcaseagainstaJapanesefirmusingthenameTeflon.OntheotherhandtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatMonopoly’wasagenerictermthatcouldbeusedbyanygamemaker.LikewiseafederalcourtruledthatMillercouldnottrademarkthesinglewordLiteforitslower-calorie低热量beer.??Trademarkprotectionisessentialtomanyfirmsbecauseexclusiveuseofbrandsandsymbolsenablesthemtomaintainlong-establishedimagesandmarketshares.Cellophaneaspirinkerosenecolaetc______.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmaIlerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50?A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
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