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War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human...
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PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyan
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyan
PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyan
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
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46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
situation
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46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyan
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbitt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
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ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain’spublicservicesmaybe
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.WhatdoesthewriterwantstoillustratewithaMuslimattackonHindusonatraininGujarat
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.AccordingtotextwhatisbeyondtheabilityofEurope’sfailingfirmsnowis
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.InBritainTonyBlair’schieftaskisto
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 9
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.TheviewsofGordonBrownandJohnHuttononpublicservicesreformsare
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 3
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof
Directions:Yesterdayyouweretoldthattherewasgoingtobeaseminarsponsoredbyanewspaper.Thediscussioniscentereduponjuvenilepsychology.Youwanttomakeyourpresentationduringtheseminarandnowwritealettertotheeditor-in-chiefofthepaper.Yourwritingshouldbebaseduponthefollowingoutline:1inquiryaboutrelevantinformation2abriefaccountofyourexpertise3andexpressionofyourinterest.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 11
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 13
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 7
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 15
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 3
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 17
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence. [A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint. [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 45
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 19
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence. [A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint. [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 41
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.AccordingtothetextnowtheworldwouldpraiseHindusandMuslimsmainlyfortheir
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 1
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.WecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatdoctorsinPhiladelphia
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 5
Directions:RecentlyyouwereavisitorwantingtoexitagalleryandyouwereconfrontedwithmisleadingsignsthatreadratherawkwardlyWayOutorExport.Writealettertothedepartmentconcernedpolitelysuggestingtheyrectifythemistranslations.Youshouldelaborateaneffectivewaytodealwiththisproblem.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Thelevelofeconomicandindustrialdevelopmentenjoyedbyastateaffectstheforeignpolicygoalsitcanpursue.46Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.Richnationshaveintereststhatextendfarbeyondtheirbordersandtypicallycommandthemeansnecessarytopursueandprotectthem.47Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.FortwodecadesafterworldwartwotheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionstoodoutassuperpowerspreciselybecausetheybenefitedfromthatcombinationofeconomicandmilitarycapabilityincludingextensivearsenalsofnuclearweaponsandthemeanstodeliverthemanywherethatenabledbothtopracticeunrestrainedglobalism.Theirimperialreachandinterventionistbehaviorswereseeminglyunrestrainedbylimitedwealthorresources.Infactmajorpowershavebeeninvolvedinforeignconflictmorefrequentlythanminorpowers. Althougheconomicallyadvancednationsaremoreactivegloballythisdoesnotmeanthattheirprivilegedcircumstancesdictateadventuresomepolicies.Richnationsareusually"satisfied"onesthathavemuchtolosefromtheonsetofrevolutionarychangeorglobalinstability.48Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy. Levelsofproductivityandprosperityalsoaffecttheforeignpoliciesofthepoorstatesatthebottomofthehierarchy.49Somerespondtotheireconomicweaknessbycomplyingsubservientlywiththewishesoftherichonwhichtheydepend.Othersrebeldefiantlyandtheysometimessucceedinresistingmajorpowereffortstocontroltheirinternationalbehavior. Henceeffortstogeneralizeabouttheeconomicfoundationsofstates’internationalpoliticalbehavioroftenproveunrewarding.Levelsofeconomicdevelopmentvarywidelyamongstatesintheinternationalsystembuttheydonotbythemselvesdetermineforeignpolicies.50Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct. 49
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplehuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence. [A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheyskatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead.’ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’s’hadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiod--whichisexactlythepoint. [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 43
Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitSetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynewageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform.InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy.IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol.ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations.Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield.AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthattheabsenceofrelevantlawsconcerningbankruptcymaymoreoftenthannotresultin
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47IsuggesttransformingourSocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstill’ours.
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. 1
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Accordingtothetextwhatencouragesdoctorsandinsurersisthat
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