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Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 14
WhatdoNationalSemiconductorMaxwellHouseCoffeeDeloitteToucheandHearstMagazineshaveincommonAlltheseorganizationsareheadedbywomen.46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.Despiteallthisthereisevidencethatwomenarenotcommonlyfoundattheexecutivelevel.Nofortune500companieshasafemaleCEO;womenexecutivesareextremelyunderrepresentedinsomeindustriessuchasmanufacturingengineeringandfinancialservices;andresponsestotheCatalystsurveyshowthatsixintenwomenbelievewomensufferdiscriminationinobtainingexecutivebusinesspositions. 47AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.Notonlydowomenrepresentalargeuntappedpooloftalenttheyalsobringanalternativeperspectivetomanagementteams.Inadditionwomenaccountforabout80percentofU.S.consumerspendingmakingtheirinputattheexecutivelevelinvaluable. Industryexpertshavepinpointedseveralstumblingblockstowomen’sprogressupthecorporateladder.Amongthesebarriersarethestereotypesandpreconceivednotionsofwomenthatsomemeninmanagerialpositionsstillbringtotherecruitingprocess.48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.Otherimpedimentsincludedifficultiesinbalancingcareerandfamilywomenarestilltheprimarycaregiversinoursocietylackofgeneralmanagementexperiencereluctancetotravelortorelocateand’inhospitablecorporateculturesthatdrivewomenawaybeforetheyarereadyforexecutiveposition. Althoughagrowingnumberofwomenchoosetostepoffthetraditionalcareerbystartingtheirownbusinessesmanyarefindingwaystokeepclimbingtothetop.Catalyst’sinterviewswithwomeninexecutivepositionssuggest’threeessentialfactorsfortheiradvancement.49Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments.ValerieSalembeirpublisherofEsquireadviseswomentolookforcompaniesthathavethereputationofbeinggoodplacesforthemtowork.LindaSrereexecutivevicepresidentoftheadvertisingagencyYoung&Rubiconstressestheneedtotakerisks. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.Theyknowthatofallthereasonsgivenforwhywomenshouldruncompaniesthesinglebestreasonissimplythattheycan. 48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.
WhatdoNationalSemiconductorMaxwellHouseCoffeeDeloitteToucheandHearstMagazineshaveincommonAlltheseorganizationsareheadedbywomen.46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.Despiteallthisthereisevidencethatwomenarenotcommonlyfoundattheexecutivelevel.Nofortune500companieshasafemaleCEO;womenexecutivesareextremelyunderrepresentedinsomeindustriessuchasmanufacturingengineeringandfinancialservices;andresponsestotheCatalystsurveyshowthatsixintenwomenbelievewomensufferdiscriminationinobtainingexecutivebusinesspositions. 47AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.Notonlydowomenrepresentalargeuntappedpooloftalenttheyalsobringanalternativeperspectivetomanagementteams.Inadditionwomenaccountforabout80percentofU.S.consumerspendingmakingtheirinputattheexecutivelevelinvaluable. Industryexpertshavepinpointedseveralstumblingblockstowomen’sprogressupthecorporateladder.Amongthesebarriersarethestereotypesandpreconceivednotionsofwomenthatsomemeninmanagerialpositionsstillbringtotherecruitingprocess.48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.Otherimpedimentsincludedifficultiesinbalancingcareerandfamilywomenarestilltheprimarycaregiversinoursocietylackofgeneralmanagementexperiencereluctancetotravelortorelocateand’inhospitablecorporateculturesthatdrivewomenawaybeforetheyarereadyforexecutiveposition. Althoughagrowingnumberofwomenchoosetostepoffthetraditionalcareerbystartingtheirownbusinessesmanyarefindingwaystokeepclimbingtothetop.Catalyst’sinterviewswithwomeninexecutivepositionssuggest’threeessentialfactorsfortheiradvancement.49Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments.ValerieSalembeirpublisherofEsquireadviseswomentolookforcompaniesthathavethereputationofbeinggoodplacesforthemtowork.LindaSrereexecutivevicepresidentoftheadvertisingagencyYoung&Rubiconstressestheneedtotakerisks. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.Theyknowthatofallthereasonsgivenforwhywomenshouldruncompaniesthesinglebestreasonissimplythattheycan. 46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 4
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. WhatdidscientistslearnaboutearthquakesattheRockyMountainArsenal
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:TheRighttoDieontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow: 医学的技术进步可以使人们能比过去活得长然而一些人们包括一些医生不支持那些延长生命的做法认为人有权利选择死亡这种争论仍将继续
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41____. Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42_____.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43_____.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44_____. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45_____.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 42
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoawoman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattrativeones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanmasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistreeeveninpolitics."Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. Bowman'sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopoliticsattractiveness
WhatdoNationalSemiconductorMaxwellHouseCoffeeDeloitteToucheandHearstMagazineshaveincommonAlltheseorganizationsareheadedbywomen.46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.Despiteallthisthereisevidencethatwomenarenotcommonlyfoundattheexecutivelevel.Nofortune500companieshasafemaleCEO;womenexecutivesareextremelyunderrepresentedinsomeindustriessuchasmanufacturingengineeringandfinancialservices;andresponsestotheCatalystsurveyshowthatsixintenwomenbelievewomensufferdiscriminationinobtainingexecutivebusinesspositions. 47AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.Notonlydowomenrepresentalargeuntappedpooloftalenttheyalsobringanalternativeperspectivetomanagementteams.Inadditionwomenaccountforabout80percentofU.S.consumerspendingmakingtheirinputattheexecutivelevelinvaluable. Industryexpertshavepinpointedseveralstumblingblockstowomen’sprogressupthecorporateladder.Amongthesebarriersarethestereotypesandpreconceivednotionsofwomenthatsomemeninmanagerialpositionsstillbringtotherecruitingprocess.48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.Otherimpedimentsincludedifficultiesinbalancingcareerandfamilywomenarestilltheprimarycaregiversinoursocietylackofgeneralmanagementexperiencereluctancetotravelortorelocateand’inhospitablecorporateculturesthatdrivewomenawaybeforetheyarereadyforexecutiveposition. Althoughagrowingnumberofwomenchoosetostepoffthetraditionalcareerbystartingtheirownbusinessesmanyarefindingwaystokeepclimbingtothetop.Catalyst’sinterviewswithwomeninexecutivepositionssuggest’threeessentialfactorsfortheiradvancement.49Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments.ValerieSalembeirpublisherofEsquireadviseswomentolookforcompaniesthathavethereputationofbeinggoodplacesforthemtowork.LindaSrereexecutivevicepresidentoftheadvertisingagencyYoung&Rubiconstressestheneedtotakerisks. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.Theyknowthatofallthereasonsgivenforwhywomenshouldruncompaniesthesinglebestreasonissimplythattheycan. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 10
Text3 Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Forcenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibersbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonworld’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabis大麻relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherfroceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialproducing--producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproduceproducing;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Whatdrugcanbeobtainedfromarelativeofhemp
Text1 Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthierhavebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecirclebeautycanbecomealiability. Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladderitisharmfultoawoman. Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattrativeones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck. Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestinglythoughtheriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.WhyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeableAnattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thusanattractivewomanmasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired. Thisistreeeveninpolitics."Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelookspeopletreatmenandwomendifferently"saysAnneBowmanwhorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographsoneofmenandoneofwomeninorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagainintheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemenbutthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople'sviewsonbeautyareoften
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 2
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 16
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 6
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 20
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Accordingtotheauthorgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducation
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 12
Text3 Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Forcenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenfeasiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibersbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonworld’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabis大麻relatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherfroceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialproducing--producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproduceproducing;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Waydoagriculturaliststhinkthathempwouldbebetterforpaperproductionthantrees
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 8
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 8
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 6
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41____. Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42_____.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43_____.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44_____. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45_____.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 44
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. WhatcanbesaidabouttheexperimentsatRockyMountainArsenal
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 18
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. 10
Text2 TheU.S.governmenthasrecentlyhelpedpeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofearthquakesbypublishingamap.Thismapshowsthechancesofanearthquakeineachpartofthecountry.Theareasofthemapwhereearthquakesaremostlikelytooccurarecalledearthquake"belts"wheregovernmentisspendingagreatdealofmoneyandisworkinghardtohelpdiscovertheanswertothesetwoquestions; 1.Canwepredictearthquakes 2.Canwecontrolearthquakes Toanswerthefirstquestionscientistsarelookingverycloselyatthemostactivefault断层systemsinthecountrysuchastheSanAndreasfaultinCalifornia.Afaultisa.breakbetweentwosectionsoftheearth’ssurface.Thesebreaks.betweensectionsaretheplaceswhereearthquakesoccur.Scientistslookatthefaultsforchangeswhichmightshowthatanearthquakewasabouttooccur.Butitwillprobablybemanyyearsbeforewecanpredictearthquakesaccurately.Andthecontrol’ofearthquakesisevenfartheraway. Neverthelesstherehavebeensomeinterestingdevelopmentsinthefieldofcontrollingearthquakes.ThemostinterestingdevelopmentconcernstheRockyMountainArsenalearthquakes.Herewaterwasputintoalayerofrocks4000metersbelowthesurfaceoftheground.Shortlyafterthisinjectionofwatertherewereasmallnumberofearthquakes.Scientists.havedecidedthatthewaterwhichwasinjectedintotherocksworkedlikeoiloneachother.Whenthewater"oiled"thefaultthefaultbecameslipperyandtheenergyofanearthquakewasreleased.Scientistsarestillexperimentingatthesiteoftheseearthquakes.Theyhaverealizedthatthereisaconnectionbetweentheinjectionofthewaterandtheearthquakeactivity.Theyhavesuggestedthatitmightbepossibletousethisknowledgetopreventverybigdestructiveearthquakesthatisscientistscouldinjectsomekindoffluid-likewaterintofaultsandchangeonebigearthquakeintoanumberofsmallharmlessearthquakes. Whatisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Becauseofchangesineconomyandtechnologicalevolutionchallengevocationaleducationhasto
TheprofessortalkedtoAmericanandBrazilianstudentsaboutlatenessinbothaninformalandaformalsituation:lunchwithafriendandinauniversityclassrespectively.Hegavethemanexampleandaskedthemhowtheywould1iftheyhadalunchappointmentwithafriendtheaverageAmericanstudent2latenessas19minutesafterthe3time.OntheotherhandtheaverageBrazilianstudentfeltthefriendwaslateafter33minutes. InanAmericanuniversity.studentsareexpectedtoarriveattheappointed4Classesnotonlybeginbutalsoendatthe5timeintheUnitedStates.IntheBrazilianclassonlyafewstudentslefttheclassatnoon;many6past12:30todiscussquestions.7arrivinglatemaynotbeveryimportantinBrazil8isstayinglate.The9forthesedifferencesiscomplicated.PeoplefromBrazilianandNorthAmerican10havedifferentfeelingaboutlateness.InBrazilthestudentsbelievethatapersonwhousually11thanapersonwhoisalways12.Infact..Braziliansexpectapersonwith13orprestigetoarrivelatewhileintheUnitedStateslatenessisusually14disrespectfulandunacceptable.15ifaBrazilianislateforanappointmentwithaNorthAmericantheAmericanmaymisinterpretthe16andbecomeangry. AsaresultofhisstudytheprofessorlearnedthattheBrazilianstudentswerenotbeing17tohim.Insteadtheyweresimplybehavinginthe18wayforaBrazilianstudentinBrazil.Eventuallytheprofessorwasableto19hisownbehaviorsothathecouldfeel20inthenewculture. 4
Text4 ChangesintheeconomyEurope’sreunificationandtechnologicalevolutionchallengeoureducationalsystem.Vocationaleducationwillbeparticularlytouched.Itwillbethennecessarytointerveneinthefieldofhighervocationaleducation.Theirlevelofeducationhastobequalitativelyredefinedandadaptedtocurrentdemands.Professionalswillhavenewchancesofpromotionthroughthesereforms.Atthispointvocationaleducationhastodefineitselfasbeingequaltohighschool-universitycourseswhilekeepingitsparticularities. Asfarasemploymentopportunitiesareconcerneditisassumedthatgraduatesfromcollegesofhighereducationhavemoreorlessthesamechancestofindajobasuniversitygraduates.Insomeareastheformerwillprobablyevenfindemploymenteasierastheirpracticalworkexperienceisbyfarlargerthanuniversitystudents.Thesemaypossessamuchlargertheoreticalbackgroundastheystartworkingbutwouldinmostcasesneedmoretimetogetfamiliarwiththepracticalsideoftheirjob. Thoseamonghighervocationalschoolsthatsatisfytheprerequisiteforcoursesandresearch-developmentstudieswillbeupgradedtocollegesofhighereducation. Wearehappytoseethatourhighervocationalcollegesengineeringschoolforexamplehavealreadygoodcontactswitheconomicalcricles.Byputtingtogetherdifferentsubjectsandresearch-developmentfacilitiesintoadozenofcollegesofhighereducationwewillbeabletoguaranteequalityeducationandabetteruseofalreadyexistingtechnicalandfinancialmeans.Wethushavetogroupschoolstogethermostofwhicharebeingatpresentgeographicallyseparated. Vocationaleducationalsogivingthepossibilitytodeepenprofessionalknowledgethroughattractivecoursesmustofferarealalternativetogeneralcultureschools.Thecreationofthenewadvancedvocationaldiplomaaswellasthecollegesofhighereducationmustcontributetotheeducationofourfutureelite.Everyyoungsterwillthushavethepossibilitytobetterdevelophis/herownabilities. Whichofthefollowingcanbestconcludethemainideaofthepassage
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