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Text 2 The U.S. government has recently helped people learn more about the dangers of earthquak...
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Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 42
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 10
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Todaytherehasbeenachangeofattitudetowardsnature.Thisisshownin
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 6
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Accordingtothepassagecustomersareattractedtoaproductbecauseitappearsto
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. BasedontheinformationinthepassagewhatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture
Text2 Galileoperhapsmorethananyothersinglepersonwasresponsibleforthebirthofmodernscience.HisrenownedconflictwiththeCatholicChurchwascentraltohisphilosophyforGalileowasoneofthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworksandmoreoverthatwecoulddothisbyobservingtherealworld. GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheorythattheplanetsorbitedthesunsinceearlyonbutitwasonlywhenhefoundtheevidenceneededtosupporttheideathathestartedtopubliclysupportit.HewroteaboutCopernicus’stheoryinItaliannottheusualacademicLatinandsoonhisviewsbecame’widelysupportedoutsidetheuniversities.ThisannoyedtheAristotelianprofessorswhounitedagainsthimseekingtopersuadetheCatholicChurchtobanCopernicanism. GalileoworriedbythistraveledtoRometospeaktotheecclesiasticalauthorities.HearguedthattheBiblewasnotintendedtotellusanythingaboutscientifictheoriesandthatitwasusualtoassumethatwheretheBibleconflictedwithcommonsenseitwasbeingallegorical.ButtheChurchwasafraidofascandalthatmightundermineitsfightagainstProtestantismandsotookrepressivemeasures.ItdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616andcommandedGalileoneveragainto"defendor“hold"thedoctrine.Galileoacquiesced. In1623alongtimefriendofGalileo’sbecamethePope.ImmediatelyGalileotriedtogetthe1616decreerevoked.HefailedbuthedidmanagetogetpermissiontowriteabookdiscussingbothAristotelianandCopernicantheoriesontwoconditions:hewouldnottakesidesandwouldcometotheconclusionthatmancouldinanycasenotdeterminehowtheworldworkedbecauseGodcouldbringaboutthesameeffectsinwaysunimaginedbymanwhocouldnotplacerestrictionsonGod’somnipotence. ThebookDialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystemswascompletedandpublishedin1632withthefullbackingofthecensors-andwasimmediatelygreetedthroughoutEuropeasaliteraryandphilosophicalmasterpiece.SoonthePoperealizingthatpeoplewereseeingthebookasaconvincingargumentinfavorofCopernicanismregrettedhavingalloweditspublication.ThePopearguedthatalthoughthebookhadtheofficialblessingofthecensorsGalileohadneverthelesscontravenedthe1616decree.HebroughtGalileobeforetheInquisitionwhosentencedhimtohousearrestforlifeandcommandedhimtopubliclyrenounceCopernicanism.ForasecondtimeGalileoacquiesced. GalileoremainedafaithfulCatholicbuthisbeliefintheindependenceofsciencehadnotbeencrushed.Fouryearsbeforehisdeathin1642whilehewasstillunderhousearrestthemanuscriptofhissecondmajorbookwassmuggledtoapublisherinHolland.ItwasthisworkreferredtoasTwoNewSciencesevenmorethanhissupportforCopernicusthatwastobethegenesisofmodernphysics. ThebookDialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystems
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 4
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach.
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. Accordingtothepassagemodemadvertisingisauthoritativebecauseofthewayit
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 16
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 2
Text1 MillionsoffamiliessatdownintheirlivingroomsoneeveninglastAugusttowatchaliveMadonnaConcertfromFrancetelecastonthecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice.BecauseMadonna.issuchahugeinternationalstar--andbecausethetelecastwasheavilypromotedandairedinprimetimeonaweekend--millionsofchildrencertainlywatchedwiththeirparents. WhathappenedonallthosescreenswasthatMadonnarepeatedlyusedtheoneobscenewordthathasbeenroutinelybarredfromthepublicairwaves. Weliveinananything-goesagesotheshow’switlessandpurposelyvulgarcontentwasnotsurprising.Thelanguageitselfwasnothingthathasnotbeenheardinmoviesoroncable-TVcomedyspecials.ThesurprisingthingwasthatsofewparentscalledHBOtoobject.Aspokespersonforthenetworksaidthecomplaints"werenotbyanystretchoftheimaginationoverwhelming"--andthattheMadonnaconcertwasthehighest-ratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork’shistory.ApparentlyAmerica’sparentshavetotallygivenuphopethattheycancontrolwhattheirchildrenareexposedtoonTV. Mypointisn’treallyaboutMadonna..ThoughIdon’thappentofindhercalculatedoutrageparticularlyinterestingsheisfreetomakehermoneyanywayshechooses.Marginallytalentedsingershavebeenpackagingrebellionfordecadesanditalwaysseemstosellespeciallytoyoungpeople.Madonnahasdoneaverygoodjobmarketingherproduct. WhatismosttroublingisthatherproductappearedinAmerica’shomesduringprimetimeonaSundayandpeopleseemedtothinkitwasnobigdeal.Televisioninawaythatnowseemsquaintwasonceconsideredalmostsacredgroundwhenitcametocertainmaterial-preciselybecausechildrenwerewatching.Butthecountryhasbeensobeatendownbyalesseningofpublicstandardsthatobscenitiescanbetelecasttomillionsoffamilieswithoutcausingevenarippleofprotest. WhatoftheargumentthatparentsshouldjustturnofftheTViftheydon’tliketheprogrammingIt’svalid--buttherewasnowarningbeforeMadonnalaunchedintoherfirstrapid-fireroundofobscenities.Althoughthetelecastwaspromotedasbeingliveitactuallywastapedhoursbefore.Thenetworkknewwhatitwassendingout.Yetitdidsowithoutdeletionsoranadvisorynoticeatthebeginningoftheshow.Thiswas"acreativedecision"HBOsays. Thosechildrenwillhearworseintheirlifetimes--theyprobablyalreadyhave.TotelecastaconcertlikeMadonna’sisnolongerconsideredparticularlycontroversial.Buttowonderpubliclyaboutthewisdomofit--tosaythatdeliveringsuchaperformancetothenation’schildreniswrong—thatisconsideredcontroversial.Tosayitiswrongistoseemoutofstepwiththerestoftheworld.Butitiswrong.Itisdeadwrong. Thewriterseemstothinkthat
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensus舆论thatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployer41___________________________________________. Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.42___________________________________________.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom. Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.43___________________________________________. Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.44___________________________________________.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. 45___________________________________________.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcludedaproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheutopian空想的goalofcreatingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. A.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife. B.Should.wenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentresofproductionandwork C.Menandwomenareallequalwhenapplyingforajob. D.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheunemploymentproblem. E.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureofwork. F.Itwasnotonly-womenwhosework’statussuffered. G.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes. 44
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 12
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 20
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedwhentheauthorexplainsthereasonsoftherapidgrowingnumberofEnglishspeaker
Text1 Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. TheauthorcitestheexampleofIndiatoshow
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.
Text3 Formillions’ofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfastwecutdowntreesnatureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromtheseanaturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotherivernaturewouldpurifyitjustasshewouldpurifytheairhowevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingforthatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish. Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.WhoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfromtobeginwithTheyshould--forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyearthankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycaraircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing. Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth’scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygenjustaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthistspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmustinthelongrunberecycledeitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut’surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjust’ashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanewsoalltheearth’sresourcesmustberecycledsoonerorlater.Uptonowtheslowpaceofnature’sownrecyclinghasservedcoupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital".ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmeninevenlargernumbersaregoingtorequireevenlargerquantitiesthepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened. Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmospherenomorethansevenmileshighathincrustoflandonlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveonandalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewaterwhichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearthwehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandoreswhichwesteadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannaturerestoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewaterthewaterirrigatestheplantstheplantshelptorenewtheair. Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstancewecutdowntheforestswhichtranspirewaterandoxygenwebuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimalswepavetheearthandbuildreservoirsalteringthewatercycle.’Sofarnaturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrongsocleverandsonumerousthattheyarebeginningtohurt. Thepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickenedbecause
Text2 Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcenturyelectronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.NowanothertypeofmicroscopeonethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectronsoffersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld. ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopmenthoweverwasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’selectronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscopewhiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.InrecentyearshoweverinterestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevivedlargelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.AsaresultthebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubeswhichformostofthecenturyweretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftXrays. ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.UnlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopyX-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwaterwhichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationusedso-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstromsanangstromisoneten-billionthofameterisalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysusedsoftX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rathertheirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments. Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph
Text4 Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayisofcoursethevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboards’alldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales. Advertising.hasbeenamongEngland’sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewarintermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproductthereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinisheditbypretendingthatitconfersstatusorattractsloveorsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenoughthemanufacturerisinclover. Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.Ifthereforeforonereasonoranothersomealterationseemscalledfor--howmuchbettertochangetheimagethepacketorthepitchmadebytheproductratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself. Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:ChurchBarandMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriestsmosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresentindeedmandatoryinallistheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBaranessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeoplewithemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourselfjustoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicineanydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemrightjustasadvertisingdoes--"RundownYouneed...""NoonewilldancewithyouAdab-winmakeyoupopular." Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post--forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityorfailingthattheywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse. TheadvertisingmanissaidtosharewiththeChurchtheBarandMedicinetheabilityto
Text1 MillionsoffamiliessatdownintheirlivingroomsoneeveninglastAugusttowatchaliveMadonnaConcertfromFrancetelecastonthecablenetworkHomeBoxOffice.BecauseMadonna.issuchahugeinternationalstar--andbecausethetelecastwasheavilypromotedandairedinprimetimeonaweekend--millionsofchildrencertainlywatchedwiththeirparents. WhathappenedonallthosescreenswasthatMadonnarepeatedlyusedtheoneobscenewordthathasbeenroutinelybarredfromthepublicairwaves. Weliveinananything-goesagesotheshow’switlessandpurposelyvulgarcontentwasnotsurprising.Thelanguageitselfwasnothingthathasnotbeenheardinmoviesoroncable-TVcomedyspecials.ThesurprisingthingwasthatsofewparentscalledHBOtoobject.Aspokespersonforthenetworksaidthecomplaints"werenotbyanystretchoftheimaginationoverwhelming"--andthattheMadonnaconcertwasthehighest-ratedoriginalentertainmentprograminthenetwork’shistory.ApparentlyAmerica’sparentshavetotallygivenuphopethattheycancontrolwhattheirchildrenareexposedtoonTV. Mypointisn’treallyaboutMadonna..ThoughIdon’thappentofindhercalculatedoutrageparticularlyinterestingsheisfreetomakehermoneyanywayshechooses.Marginallytalentedsingershavebeenpackagingrebellionfordecadesanditalwaysseemstosellespeciallytoyoungpeople.Madonnahasdoneaverygoodjobmarketingherproduct. WhatismosttroublingisthatherproductappearedinAmerica’shomesduringprimetimeonaSundayandpeopleseemedtothinkitwasnobigdeal.Televisioninawaythatnowseemsquaintwasonceconsideredalmostsacredgroundwhenitcametocertainmaterial-preciselybecausechildrenwerewatching.Butthecountryhasbeensobeatendownbyalesseningofpublicstandardsthatobscenitiescanbetelecasttomillionsoffamilieswithoutcausingevenarippleofprotest. WhatoftheargumentthatparentsshouldjustturnofftheTViftheydon’tliketheprogrammingIt’svalid--buttherewasnowarningbeforeMadonnalaunchedintoherfirstrapid-fireroundofobscenities.Althoughthetelecastwaspromotedasbeingliveitactuallywastapedhoursbefore.Thenetworkknewwhatitwassendingout.Yetitdidsowithoutdeletionsoranadvisorynoticeatthebeginningoftheshow.Thiswas"acreativedecision"HBOsays. Thosechildrenwillhearworseintheirlifetimes--theyprobablyalreadyhave.TotelecastaconcertlikeMadonna’sisnolongerconsideredparticularlycontroversial.Buttowonderpubliclyaboutthewisdomofit--tosaythatdeliveringsuchaperformancetothenation’schildreniswrong—thatisconsideredcontroversial.Tosayitiswrongistoseemoutofstepwiththerestoftheworld.Butitiswrong.Itisdeadwrong. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Text2 Galileoperhapsmorethananyothersinglepersonwasresponsibleforthebirthofmodernscience.HisrenownedconflictwiththeCatholicChurchwascentraltohisphilosophyforGalileowasoneofthefirsttoarguethatmancouldhopetounderstandhowtheworldworksandmoreoverthatwecoulddothisbyobservingtherealworld. GalileohadbelievedCopernicantheorythattheplanetsorbitedthesunsinceearlyonbutitwasonlywhenhefoundtheevidenceneededtosupporttheideathathestartedtopubliclysupportit.HewroteaboutCopernicus’stheoryinItaliannottheusualacademicLatinandsoonhisviewsbecame’widelysupportedoutsidetheuniversities.ThisannoyedtheAristotelianprofessorswhounitedagainsthimseekingtopersuadetheCatholicChurchtobanCopernicanism. GalileoworriedbythistraveledtoRometospeaktotheecclesiasticalauthorities.HearguedthattheBiblewasnotintendedtotellusanythingaboutscientifictheoriesandthatitwasusualtoassumethatwheretheBibleconflictedwithcommonsenseitwasbeingallegorical.ButtheChurchwasafraidofascandalthatmightundermineitsfightagainstProtestantismandsotookrepressivemeasures.ItdeclaredCopernicanism"falseanderroneous"in1616andcommandedGalileoneveragainto"defendor“hold"thedoctrine.Galileoacquiesced. In1623alongtimefriendofGalileo’sbecamethePope.ImmediatelyGalileotriedtogetthe1616decreerevoked.HefailedbuthedidmanagetogetpermissiontowriteabookdiscussingbothAristotelianandCopernicantheoriesontwoconditions:hewouldnottakesidesandwouldcometotheconclusionthatmancouldinanycasenotdeterminehowtheworldworkedbecauseGodcouldbringaboutthesameeffectsinwaysunimaginedbymanwhocouldnotplacerestrictionsonGod’somnipotence. ThebookDialogueConcerningtheTwoChiefWorldSystemswascompletedandpublishedin1632withthefullbackingofthecensors-andwasimmediatelygreetedthroughoutEuropeasaliteraryandphilosophicalmasterpiece.SoonthePoperealizingthatpeoplewereseeingthebookasaconvincingargumentinfavorofCopernicanismregrettedhavingalloweditspublication.ThePopearguedthatalthoughthebookhadtheofficialblessingofthecensorsGalileohadneverthelesscontravenedthe1616decree.HebroughtGalileobeforetheInquisitionwhosentencedhimtohousearrestforlifeandcommandedhimtopubliclyrenounceCopernicanism.ForasecondtimeGalileoacquiesced. GalileoremainedafaithfulCatholicbuthisbeliefintheindependenceofsciencehadnotbeencrushed.Fouryearsbeforehisdeathin1642whilehewasstillunderhousearrestthemanuscriptofhissecondmajorbookwassmuggledtoapublisherinHolland.ItwasthisworkreferredtoasTwoNewSciencesevenmorethanhissupportforCopernicusthatwastobethegenesisofmodernphysics. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 14
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 8
Inourincreasinglycomplexworldinformationisbecomingthebasicbuildingblockofthesociety.46Howeveratatimewhentheacquisitionofnewscientificinformationaloneisapproachingarateof250millionpagesannuallythetideofknowledgeis.overwhelmingthehumancapabilityofdealingwithit.Somanmustturntoamachineifhehopestocontainthetideandchannelittobeneficialends. 47TheelectroniccomputerhandlingmillionsoffactswiththeswiftnessoflighthasgivencontemporarymeaningtoAristotle’svisionoftheliberatingpossibilitiesofmachines:"Whenloomsweavebythemselvesman’sslaverywillend."Bytransformingthewayinwhichhegathersstoresretrievesandusesinformationthisversatileinstrumentishelpingmantoovercomehismentalandphysicallimitations.48Itisvastlywideninghisintellectualhorizonenablinghimbettertocomprehendhisuniverseandprovidingthemeanstomasterthatportionofitlyingwithinhisreach. Althoughweareonlyintheseconddecadeofelectronicdateprocessingtheoutlinesofitsinfluenceonourculturearebeginningtoemerge.49Farfromdepersonalizingtheindividualanddehumanizinghissocietythecomputerpromisesadegreeofpersonalizedserviceneverbeforeavailabletomankind. Bytheendofcenturyfortheequipmentofafewdollarsamonththeindividualwillhaveavastcomplexofcomputerservicesathiscommand.Informationutilitieswillmakecomputingpoweravailablelikeelectricitytothousandsofuserssimultaneously.50Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare.High-speedcommunicationdeviceslinkedtosatellitesinspacewilltransmitdatatoandfromvirtuallyanypointonearthwiththeeaseofadialsystem. Thecomputerinthehomewillbejoinedanationalandglobalcomputersystemthatprovidesservicesrangingfrombankingandtravelfacilitiestolibraryresearchandmedicalcare
Mostchildrenwithhealthyappetitesarereadytoeatalmostanythingthatisofferedthemandachildrarelydislikesfood1itisbadlycooked.The2amealiscookedandservedismostimportantandan3servedmealwilloftenimproveachild’sappetite.Neveraskachild4helikesordislikeafoodandnever5likesanddislikesinfrontofhimorallow6elsetodoso.Ifthefathersayshehatesfatmeatorthemother7vegetablesinthechild’shearingheis8tocopythisprocedure.Takeit9grantedthathelikeseverythingandheprobably10.Nothinghealthfulshouldbeomittedfromthemealbecauseofa11dislike.Atmealtimesitisagood12togiveachildasmallportionandlethim13backforasecondhelpingratherthangivehimas14asheislikelytoeatallatonce.Donottalktoomuchtothechild15mealtimesbutlethimgetonwithhisfood:anddonot16himtoleavethetableimmediatelyafteramealorhewill17learntoswallowhisfood18hecanhurrybacktohistoys.Under19circumstancesmustachildbecoaxed20forcedtoeat. 18
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